The universe remains.宇宙長存 S+V
The food is delicious.這個食物很好吃 S+V+P
He took his bag and left. 他拿着書包離開了.
Her father bought her a dictionary. S主+V謂+I.o間接賓語+D.o直接賓語
We made him our monitor.我們選擇他做班長 S+V+O賓語+C補語
Nothing is impossible to a willing heart.有志者事竟成
**************
名詞：是表示人、事物、地點或抽象概念的名稱的詞。
名詞分類：
Ⅰ普通名詞：
a.可數名詞countable noun：apple，pencil，student
①個體名詞：表示單個人或事物的名詞。 man/men、computer/computers
②集體名詞：表示一群人或一些事物總稱的名詞。 people、family、staff、audience、
b.不可數名詞uncountable noun：salt，coffee，water，history，love
①物質名詞：表示無法分為個體的物質、材料等的名詞。 air、water、sand、tea
②抽象名詞：表示人或事物的感情、狀態、品質、動作等抽象概念的名詞。 work、sadness、information、peace、freedom
Ⅱ專有名詞：用來專門指代某一人、物、地點、機構、節日等的名詞，首字母大寫。 Beijing、WTO、Tony
復數名詞的變化規則：
①一般末尾加后綴-s：friends ②以s、z、x、ch、sh結尾的詞，在該詞后加-es：buses ③輔音字母+y結尾的名詞：y變i加-es：candy-candies
④以o結尾的名詞，如果不是外來詞或縮寫詞，加-es：tomatoes、potatoes、heroes、Negroes
a cup of coffee two cups of coffee
名詞不規則變化：sheep、fish、
名詞的格
a.所有格的形式：
①所有格有兩種不同的形式：在名詞后+'s；由介詞+名詞構成。前者多表示有生命的東西后者多用來表示無生命的東西
Tom's car a women's collage the top of the hill the environment of the city
②但表示時間、節日、距離、國家等的名詞或人性化的名詞，雖然屬於無生命的名詞，也常用's表示所有格
today's newspaper Teachers' Day ten minutes' walk China's economy spring's smiles
b.雙重所有格：of+名詞的所有格（或名詞性物主代詞）
①特定人的不特定的所有關系：a friend of George's a work of my teacher's
②表達特殊的感情：The sweet eyes of Lily's impressed me That old watch of my father's gains a lot every day
Andy and Sandy's room 安迪和桑迪的房間（共有）； Andy's and Sandy's room安迪和桑迪各自的房間
a friend of my brother 我弟弟的朋友（強調朋友關系）； a friend of my brother's我弟弟的一個朋友（強調多個朋友中的一個）
a picture of my brother 我弟弟的照片； a picture of my brother's 我弟弟的照片（不一定是本人）
Ice is water in its solid state冰是水的固體狀態；The situations at home and abroad are changing all the time國內、國際局勢在不斷變化
He takes the position that what his sister does is of no concern of his 他認為他妹妹所做的事與他無關
Congress has power to declare war國會有宣戰權 He seems to have a lot on his mind他似乎心事重重
House repairs，holidays and other expenses reduced her bank balance to almost nothing裝修房屋、度假和其他開銷使她在銀行的存款所剩無幾
******冠詞******
冠詞：虛詞，不能單獨作句子成分，只能附在一個名詞上說明這個名詞。
不定冠詞：a/an表示泛指，用於單數可數名詞前。Everything in life is a choice
定冠詞：the表示特指。The Map is very useful. catch sb by the arm.
零冠詞：名詞前不加冠詞。Money is not everything. Spring is the best season of the year.
go to church做禮拜；go to the church到教堂去；go to prison坐牢；go to the prison到監獄去；
*****代詞*********
代詞：在句子中替代名詞或相當於名詞的詞、短語或句子的詞稱為代詞。（人稱代詞、物主代詞、反身代詞、相互代詞、指示代詞、不定代詞、疑問代詞、連接代詞、關系代詞）
人稱代詞：
主格：I you he/she/it 復數：we/you/they
he is a teacher. They are teachers.
賓格：me you him/her/it 復數：us you them
He likes me. We like her. I like them/it. They know him.
物主代詞：
形容詞性物主代詞：單：my、your、his、her、its、one's 復：our、your、their； Our enemy is ourselves；
名詞性物主代詞：單：mine、yours、his、hers、its、one's 復：ours、yours、theirs； This computer is mine，yours is over there.
反身代詞：可做同位語；myself、yourself、himself、herself、itself；復數反身代詞：ourselves、yourselves、themselves
by oneself 獨自；for oneself 親自；in oneself 本身固有；of oneself 自動地；
Take good care of yourself.照看好自己 She gained control of herself.她控制住了自己.
指示代詞：this/that；these/those
this/these指時間或空間上較接近的人或物；This gift is for you and that one is for Andy。
剛提到過的事或已經完成的事用that，而即將發生的或將要發生的事用this； You have to believe in yourself.That's the secret of success.
that/those常常用來替換已經提到過的名詞； The population of China is larger than that of any other country in the world.
不定代詞：one泛指人、一個人、人們；表示具體的一個人或事物；指代前面提及的人或事物。復數ones;
both/all either/any none/neither another/other much/many little/few some/any everyone/everybody someone/somebody/anybody/anyone
something/nothing anything but 決不 nothing but 就/只 for nothing 白費/徒勞
She is anything but stupid 她絕不是傻瓜 She is nothing but stupid 她就是個傻瓜
One is never too old to learn. This is the one you're looking for. When you make new friends, don't forget the old ones. Both his eyes were severely burned. Neither answer is correct.
Everybody's business is nobody's business. There are trees on either side of the street. none of； no one一個也不，一點也不；None of us have/has arrived.
it可以指代一切除人以外的事物，可以替代this/that；可以指代時間、距離和現象等；可以替代上文提到過的事物、情況；作形式主語/賓語；
There/Here + be
***************
數詞：
基數詞：one、two、twelve、twenty、hundred、thousand、million、billion
three thousand people two dozen people dozens of thousands of hundreds of
in one's twenties in the nineteen eighties = in the 1980's a three years old boy=a three-year old boy
序數詞：first、second、third、fourth、ninth、twelfth、twentieth、hundredth、thousandth
分數：2/3 讀作 two thirds 1/5 讀作 a(one) fifth 125/6 讀作 twelve and five-sixths 21/4 讀作 two and a quarter 22/9讀作 twenty-two over nine 33/89讀作 thirty-three over eighty-nine
小數： 6.666讀作 six point six returning 214.396讀作 two hundred and fourteen point three nine six
倍數：The earth is 49 times the size of the moon. During this period, its territory increased five times.（擴大了４倍，是原來的５倍）
***************
介詞：結構詞，不能獨立擔任句子成分。
簡單介詞：at時間點/節日、 in月份/年/季節、 on某天、 for、 since、before、with、within、by、until、over、under、above、below、across、behind、through、between、among、beyond、as
合成介詞：inside without into nearby
雙重介詞：as for as、as from、until after、from behind、expect for
短語介詞：at the beginning of、because of、in spite of、instead of、thanks to、with regard to
be beyond sb 某事對某人來說難以理解 It's beyond me why she married him.
***************
連詞：用來連接詞語和句子的詞
簡單連詞：and、but、or、because、so、if、while、yet、for
關聯連詞：both...and...、not only...but also、not...but、neither...nor、either...or
分詞連詞：providing/provided、given、supposing
短語連詞：as if、even if、as long as、as through、even through、
**************
形容詞：修飾名詞，描述人或事物的狀態、性質、大小等，通常在名詞前，be動詞后
the beautiful girl = The girl is beautiful
The+adj=復數名詞，表示一類：the poor、the rich、the old、the young
The old need more care than the young. The rich sometimes complain their empty life.
***************
副詞：可以修飾動詞、形容詞，其他副詞及其他結構表示程度、時間、地點等
副詞的位置：助動詞之后，實意動詞前后均可；形容詞之前或其它副詞前后；多個助動詞時，在第一個助動詞之后。
常見副詞：always、usually、ofen、sometimes、never等
He runs fast. She is very beautiful. They work very hard.
They have already left. They have already been repaired.
******動詞*********
動詞根據功能分為四類：實意動詞（Notional Verb）、系動詞（Link Verb）、助動詞（Auxiliary Verb）、情態動詞（model verb）
動詞有數量和時態的變化，時態通常有三大時態：現在、過去、將來時。 根據動詞進行的狀態可分為：一般時、進行時和完成時。
He goes to school every day. He went to hospital last night.
實意動詞：come read go watch play fly
一般現在時：He comes from Shanghai. 現在進行時：She is reading story books. 一般過去式：They went to America yesterday.
現在完成時：We have watched the game for three times. 一般將來時：My mother will fly back to China next month.
實意動詞的否定/提問/回答
使用助動詞進行否定：don't doesn't didn't
I don't go to school by bus. She doesn't watch TV everyday. They didn't swim last night.
提問：He often plays golf. Does he often play golf. Yes，he does； No，he doesn't.
Sam had breakfast yesterday. Did Sam have breakfast yesterday. Yes he did / No，he didn't.
使用疑問詞進行提問和回答：when where who what how；how long，how far，how often，why
He bought three books yesterday. Who bought three books yesterday？ What did he buy yesterday？ How many books did he buy？ When did he buy three books？
They have been in China for three years. How long have they been in China？
They come to visit me once a week. How often do they come to visit me？
She came late，because she missed the bus. Why did she come late？
情態動詞：can/could=be able to：表示能力或請求
He can/could/is able to swim. He can/could come tomorrow. Can/could I stay here？
may/might表示可能性，may的可能性大，might更委婉
He may/might come here by bus. May/might I join you？ Yes，please/No you can't/No，you mustn't
must/have to表示必須、必要。
You mustn't go. You don't have to go. You must get up early. It's going to rain，I have to go home now.
should表示勸告、建議、命令，同義詞ought to：should強調主觀看法，ought to強調客觀要求。
You should/ought to do the job right now. Should they stay here now？
need需要，也可以做實意動詞
情態動詞：He need come here early. He needn't come here early Need he come here early？Yes，he need/ No he needn't
實意動詞：He needs to come here early. He doesn't need to come here early. Does he need to come here early？Yes，he does
回答must和have to的提問句時，否定式使用needn't，don't have to等回答方式。
Must I come here early tomorrow？No，you needn't/don't have to.
had better表示“最好做某事”had雖然是過去式，但不表征過去，后跟動詞原形
He had better eat more. You'd better finish it right now. He had better not eat more.
would rather表示“寧願，寧可，最好、還是...為好”
You would rather deal with it now. You would rather not deal with it now.
used to/would表示過去習慣性動作，可翻譯為“過去常常...”；would表示反復發生的動作。如果某一動作沒有反復，則使用used to
The novel used to be popular. He would practise English every week. I used to live in Beijing.
People used to believe that the earth was flat. He would go to the park as soon as he was free.
情態動詞的否定和疑問
否定：情態動詞+not+動詞原形
He can't sing an English song. He may not know her. He mustn't go there. He doesn't have to go there.
疑問：情態動詞+主語+動詞原形
Can he sing an English song？Yes，he can/No，he can't.
Must he go there？Yes，he must/No，he needn't.
Does he have to go there？Yes，he does/No，he doesn't.
情態動詞+have+完成時：表達過去事實；表示推測的含義
He can/could have arrived. He may/might have arrived. He must have arrived.
should+have+過去分詞：本應該... needn't have + 過去分詞：本不需要...
He should have arrived. They should have finished the work. You needn't have done so.
must have+過去分詞：准是已經... can't have 過去分詞：不可能已經...
He must have arrived. He can't have arrived.
********動詞的時態和語態*******
| 態\時 | 一般 | 進行 | 完成 | 完成進行 |
| 現在 | ①一般現在時 | ③現在進行時 | ⑦現在完成時 | ⑨現在完成進行時 |
| 過去 | ②一般過去時 | ④過去進行時 | ⑧過去完成時 | ⑩過去完成進行時 |
| 將來 | ⑤一般將來時 | ⑫將來進行時 | ⑪將來完成時 | ⑬將來完成進行時 |
| 過去將來 | ⑥過去將來時 | ⑭過去將來進行時 | ⑮過去將來完成時 | ⑯過去將來完成進行時 |
①一般現在時
一般現在時態：表示通常性、規律性、習慣性的狀態或動作。主語是第三人稱單數時，動詞有單三的變化，主語是非第三人稱單數時，動詞用原形。
They often get up at 7:00. He often gets up at 7:00.
第三人稱單數規則：一般在動詞后加s；以字母s、x、ch或o結尾的動詞加es；以輔音字母+y結尾，先變y為i，再加es。 study-studies
否定句：He doesn't like the car. 疑問句：Does He like the car？ yes，he does / No，he doesn't.
②一般過去時
一般過去時：表示過去某個時間里發生的動作或狀態；過去習慣性、經常性行為。基本結構：主語+動詞過去式+其他
動詞過去式變化規則：一般在動詞后加ed；在以e結尾的動詞后只加d：like-liked；在以輔音字母+y結尾的動詞后，改y為i，再加ed：supply-supplied；
在以重讀閉音節結尾只有一個輔音字母的動詞后，雙寫最后一個輔音字母，再加ed：plan-planned
不規則變化：come-came go-went
He worked very hard last night. They came here by car.
③現在進行時
現在進行時：表示現在正在進行或發生的動作。句子中通常有now等時間副詞呼應，基本結構為be+doing
They are watching TV. He is watching TV. I am watching TV.
動詞現在分詞的變化規則：一般在動詞后加ing；動詞以不發聲的e結尾，要去e加ing：take-taking；重讀閉音節的動詞，要雙寫詞尾字母再加ing：
cut-cutting；以ie結尾的動詞，變y再加ing：lie-lying
否定句：They aren't watching TV. 疑問句：Are they watching TV？
④過去進行時
過去進行時：表示在過去某一時刻或某一時間內進行或發生的動作。結構為 was/were+doing
They were waiting for you. He was talking with his friends just now.
⑤一般將來時
一般將來時：表示將來某一時刻的動作或狀態，或將來某一段時間內經常發生的動作或狀態。常常和表示將來的時間狀語連用（tomorrow next week in the
future）。 結構：will/shall+動詞原形
They will go to Shanghai by ship tomorrow. We shall leave for Shanghai next month.
或 be going to+動詞原形：表示近期或事先考慮過的將要發生的動作以及已有跡象表明必將發生某事，意為“打算，就要”
They are going to play football this afternoon. She is going to learn French next year.
be doing表示位置轉移的動詞go come leave start arrive 。可以用現在進行時表示將來時。
They are leaving for Japan. She is arriving tomorrow.
⑥過去將來時
⑦現在完成時
現在完成時：表示動作過去發生，已經完成，對現在造成影響或后果，動作可能還會持續。 結構：have/has+過去分詞p.p. 常用的時間狀語：already yet等
They have already arrived in Shanghai. She has played soccer for 3 hours. She hasn't finished the homework yet.
⑧過去完成時
過去完成時：表示句中的動作發生在過去之前，即過去的過去，已經完成，對過去造成了一定的影響或后果. 結構：had+過去分詞
They had arrived in Shanghai. She had played soccer for 3 hours. They hadn't finished the work yet.
The hotel wasn't particularly good，but I had stayed in many worse hotels 這家旅館不是特別好，但我住過許多更差的旅館
⑨現在完成進行時 ⑩過去完成進行時 ⑪將來完成時 ⑫將來進行時 ⑬將來完成進行時 ⑭過去將來進行時 ⑮過去將來完成時 ⑯過去將來完成進行時
被動語態：主語是動作的承受着。格式：be+動詞過去分詞...by sb
He is taken to America by his mother.
被動語態的各種時態
The information is needed by us. The book was being read by him. The computer has been used by her. The room will be cleaned. The computer could have been used by them.
被動語態和情態動詞結合：can/could+be+動詞過去分詞
may/might；must/have to；should/ought to；had better/would rather；used to/would；need+doing/to be+動詞過去分詞
The food could be taken away. The food might be taken away. The food must be taken away.
The food should be taken away. The food needs taking away. The food had better be taken away. Books used to be returned in two days.
當動作的行為者不分明或不重要或上下文提到了行為者時，“by + 行為者”可以省略
The information is needed. The book is being read. The door was opened.
被動語態的一般疑問句：助動詞+主語+（其它助動詞）+動詞過去分詞
Is the information needed by him？ Yes，it is/No，it isn't
Has the computer been used by her？ Yes，it has/No，it hasn't
Will the room be cleaned？Yes，it will/No，it won't.
被動語態的特殊疑問句：疑問詞+助動詞+主語+其它助動詞+動詞的過去分詞
The information is needed by them. What is needed by them？
The girl is taken to Shanghai. Where is the girl taken？
The book has been read three thimes. How many times has the book been read？
******文都考研語法****************
A gentleman is， rather than does.紳士是內在的氣質，不是能裝的出來的
I did American in 3 weeks.我用三個禮拜周游/逛了一下美國
change變化，改變、modify修改、transform形態改變、switch因交換而改變、shift、alter、fashion時尚；變化
industry 工業，行業，產業，勤勉 Success is due to industry 天道酬勤
invite引；邀請； It invites us to think that 它引導我們去思考...
Wearing less may invite lady-killer.穿着暴露容易引來色狼
shower儀式感；洗澡；流星雨； Let's go to see a shower讓我們一起去看流星雨
Before my best friend getting married we should take a shower together for her.結婚前的單身派對
句子成分：
主干成分：主謂賓
主S：名詞性詞性（n prop）
謂V：動詞性詞性（vi vt）動態；vi不及物；vt及物+O；（先找謂語，再找主賓）
賓O：名詞性詞性（n pron）；I.o間接賓語；D.o直接賓語
修飾成分：定狀補
定語adj：修飾限定名詞性成分（主/賓）；前置/短 中心名詞 后置/長
the brightest star in the night sky
詞組：1+1≠2 turn up cut up set up make up 短語：1+1=2 on the desk
Dog don't eat dog.虎毒不食子
a tea cup 一個茶杯 a cup of tea 一杯茶
狀：adv
補C：
補充成分：主系表；同位語
系be/靜態：be am is are was were being been其聯系作用； 后接名詞、形容詞、地點副詞或短語做補足語
The man is a teacher. Mary's new dresses are colorful. My mother was in the kitchen. He has been a teacher for 3 years.
be動詞的否定：am not，isn't，aren't，wasn't，weren't He isn't a teacher.
疑問句be提到句首：Is he a teacher？ Were they teachers？
表P/
同位語：由名詞性詞性充當； 主/賓同位語
*****END**********