英語語法


簡單句

什么是英語句子

必須有主謂結構,並且主語一定是謂語動詞的發出者,如果有賓語的話,賓語一定是謂語動作的承受着

句子的結構

  • 主謂
  • 主謂賓
  • 主系表
    • 表狀態:be
    • 表感官:look, seem, appear, smell, taste, sound, feel
    • 表變化:become, get, turn, grow, fall
    • 表保持:stay, remain, keep, stand
  • 主謂賓賓補
  • 主謂雙賓

句子的成分(詞性的問題)

  1. 謂語

    • 謂語的成分:有時態系動詞,或者實義動詞

    • 一句話的動詞能不能多?

      不能,一句話只能有一個動詞存在並且充當謂語,多余的動詞全部要變成非謂語動詞,包括:to do(表目的), V-ing(主動), V-ed(被動)

      謂語只能是動詞

      動詞只能做謂語

      所以要把一句話中所有不做謂語的動詞全部變成非謂語動詞

      e.g.1 他穿上衣服,鎖上門,離開了家。

      He putting on his jacket, locking the door, left home.

      e.g.2 大熊貓是熊科中最罕見的成員,主要生存在中國雲南地區的森林里。 

      Pandas are the rarest members in bear family, mainly living in the forest of Chinese Southwest.

      e.g.3 我愛你,你愛我

      I loving you, you love me. [獨立主格]

    • 動詞能不能少?

      不能,當一句話需要動詞而又沒有時,加上be動詞,但是be動詞無實際意思

⭕總結:一句話中,有且只能有一個有時態的實義動詞或系動詞存在,並且充當謂語成分。

  1. 主語
  • 主語的成分:名詞、代詞、非謂語動詞、從句(引導詞)

  • 主語能不能少?

    不能,祈使句只是省略了主語,是為了強調語氣。

  • 當沒有主語時怎么辦?

    • it:與天氣、溫度、時間有關

      e.g. 今天很熱。

      It is very hot day.

    • There be/exist/seem/remain,表示“有”

      e.g. 有很多大學生喜歡我。

      There exist a host of undergraduates being fascinated with me.

    • 轉為被動,當一句話無主語,或聽到人稱代詞作主語時,考慮被動⭐

      e.g.1 必須指出堅持很重要。

      Persistence must be pointed out outstandingly crucial.

      e.g.2 越來越多人認為過度捕撈很嚴重。

      Overfishing **is claimed **more than fearful by an increasing amount of professors.

  1. 賓語
  • 成分:名詞、代詞、非謂語動詞、從句
  1. 表語
  • 成分:名詞、代詞、非謂語動詞、從句、形容詞、介詞短語

簡單句在寫作中的作用

  1. 寫作
  • 所有寫不來的長難句暫時寫成簡單句,一定保證語法的正確
  • 所有寫不來的單詞轉換為自己會寫的
  1. 長難句分析

    第一步找謂語動詞,從而找到該句主謂賓,如果一句話中有多個動詞,就確定主句謂語動詞(前面無引導詞)

並列句

什么是並列句?

用於連接兩個句子

I love you,  but you love that men.

常見的並列連詞

  • 平行關系
    • 連詞:and, not only ... but also ...
    • 副詞:similarly, equally, likewise
    • 介詞及短語:at the same time, in the meanwhile
  • 轉折關系
    • 連詞:but, yet, while, whereas
    • 介詞及短語:however, nevertheless, on the contrary, conversely, unexpectedly, unfortunately, by contrast
  • 選擇關系
    • 連詞:or, whether ... or ...
    • 副詞:alternatively
  • 因果關系
    • 連詞:for, so
    • 副詞:therefore, thus, consequently
    • 介詞短語:as a result
  • 遞進關系
    • 連詞:then
    • 副詞:besides, furthermore, moreover, additionally, subsequently
    • 介詞短語:in addition

並列句考點

  1. 寫作:只要上下句有邏輯關系,就一定要用邏輯關系詞[連詞、副詞、介詞及其短語]

e.g.1 愛情已經不再了,他還在留意過去。

  • Romance has evaporated, but he still misses the past.
  • Romance has evaporated. on the contrary he still misses the pass.

⭐連詞和其他邏輯關系詞的區別:

  • 連詞前有無逗號均可
  • 其他邏輯關系詞前,要么加and,要么加句號

e.g.2 有朋自遠方來,不亦說乎。

  • There remain an army of companies coming from afar, and consequently I feel more than delighted.
  1. 完形填空

    只需要讀懂邏輯關系詞前后兩句話的意思即可

  2. 長難句分析

    在分析長難句的時候,只要見到並列詞的出現,通常有省略

    第二步找連詞,但是當連詞連接兩個單詞時,該單詞裝作沒看見,那么如何查找省略的內容?

    [1] 一句話只要有省略,就一定省略在連詞后,而不是連詞前

    [2] 所以連詞后有的成分,連詞前通常都要有,如果連詞后只有一個成分,連詞前一定找得到;如果連詞后有多個成分,連詞前至少能找到一個

    [3] 連詞前面有而連詞后面沒有的就是省略的部分

    e.g.1 Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts.

    • requires 是謂語
    • and 作為連接詞,and 后面有省略,根據前后結構都是n. + 定語,所以后面省略了this requires
    • Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence this requires the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts.

    e.g.2 The data suggest, for example, that physically attractive individuals are more likely to be treated well by their parents, sought out as friends, and pursued romantically.

    • suggest 是謂語
    • and 是連詞,根據 and 前后的結構都是V-ed + 狀語,所以省略了 be動詞
    • The data suggest, for example, that physically attractive individuals are more likely to be treated well by their parents, be sought out as friends, and be pursued romantically.

    e.g.3 Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.

    • will continue 是謂語
    • and 是連詞,根據前后都是n + 定語,所以句子省略了will continue to be rejected
    • Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems will continue to be rejected.

名詞[短語]和名詞性從句

名詞能夠充當的成分

  1. 主語 The movie look terrific.

  2. 賓語 I admire his mother.

  3. 表語 Gump is a man.

  4. 同位語 I enjoy the part, the beginning.

    • 同位語:用來解釋名詞的部分
    • 只要在作文中見到名詞,都可以有意識地在它后面加同位語,對該名詞進行補充說明
    • 同位語的成分:名詞、代詞、非謂語動詞、從句

什么是名詞性從句

名詞在句子中充當的成分,名詞性從句都可以充當

  1. What I saw looks terrific. 主語從句
  2. I admire what she said. 賓語從句
  3. Gump is who we should learn from. 表語從句
  4. I enjoy the part, the a bid is flying. 同位語從句

名詞性從句引導詞

  1. that:當從句是陳述句,並且,that 在從句中充當任何成分也沒有意思

    That he has got divorced is my fault.

  2. whether:當從句是一般疑問句時,並且,whether 在從句中不充當成分,意思是“是否”

    Whether he has got divorced is obvious.

  3. 所有特殊疑問詞:當從句是特殊疑問句時

    Who he will marry is a secret.

所有從句都必須是陳述句:引導詞 + 主 + 謂

名詞性從句的考點分析

  1. 寫作
  • 主語從句:把主語從句放句末,加it做形式主語

    It remains common knowledge that ladies tend to be right.

    • 句型

      • It ... that ...
      • It is apparent that ...
      • It looks beyond dispute that ...
  • It has been widely accepted that ...

    • It is universally acknowledge that ...
    • It keeps my argument that ...

    e.g. 顯而易見,關於勤奮這個話題已經引起廣泛的關注。

    It looks beyond dispute that the issue about diligence has been brought into the limelight.

  • 同位語從句

    • e.g.1 沒有什么能夠掩蓋這個事實,她正在變老。

      Nothing can hide the truth that she is getting old.

    • 同位語從句既可以放名詞后,也可以放句末。

  1. 長難句分析:能夠識別各個名詞性從句且能夠通順翻譯
  • 如何識別主語從句:

    • 只要見到有引導詞放在句首,並且從句沒有被逗號隔開,就一定是主語從句
    • 主語從句從句首開始,到謂語動詞前結束
    • 見到it ... that ...通常是主語從句,主語從句從that開始
  • 如何識別賓語從句:

    • 只要實義動詞后面后引導詞,就暫時定為賓語從句(當然也可能是狀語從句)
  • 如何識別表語從句:

    • 只要系動詞后面有引導詞,就為表語從句
  • 如何識別同位語從句:

    • 只要名詞后面有引導詞,就暫定為同位語從句(也可能是定語從句)

定語和定語從句

什么是定語

  • 修飾名詞
  • ... 的 + n.

定語的成分

  1. 形容詞 The innocent nightingale died.

  2. 名詞 The singing of the nightingale can make the rose bloom.

  3. 介詞短語 The nightingale out of the window heard the sighs of the man.

  4. 非謂語動詞 The singing nightingale lost its life.

  5. 從句作定語

  6. 形容詞性物主代詞

定語的位置

  1. 前小后大原則:

    • 一個單詞修飾時,放在名詞前
    • 多個單詞修飾時,放在名詞后

    e.g.1 這是一個關於玫瑰和夜鶯的故事。

    It is a story about a rose and a nightingale.

    e.g.2 那個懂得愛的年輕人離開了王子的舞會。

    The youngster grasping romance left the party of the prince.

    e.g.3 被拒絕的男人看起來很可憐。

    The man rejected looks pitiful.

    ⭐當過去分詞作定語時,即使一個單詞也放在名詞后。

    e.g.4 我有一些重要的事情告訴你。

    I have something important to tell you.

    ⭐當形容詞修飾不定代詞時,即使一個單詞也放名詞后。

定語從句

  1. 定語從句的構成:n. + 引導詞 + 從句

  2. 定語從句的引導詞:按照先行詞[即要修飾的名詞]歸類

    • 人:who, whom, whose, that
    • 物:that, which, whose
    • 時間:that, which, when
    • 地點:that, which, where
    • 原因:that, which, why
  3. 誰決定了引導詞的用法:

    • 先行詞
    • 引導詞在從句中充當的成分
  4. 定語從句引導詞新的分類標准:按照引導詞的詞性分類

    • 代詞(主、賓、表):who, whom, that, which
    • 副詞(不充當任何成分):where, when, why
    • 形容詞(修飾離它最近的):whose

    e.g.1 夜鶯用生命換來的玫瑰花被扔掉了。

    The rose that the nightingale exchanged with its life was discarded.

    e.g.2 這些圓形的建築物很漂亮。

    Buildings whose roofs are round look beautiful.

    e.g.3 成功屬於有夢想的人已經被無數事實證明了

    It has been validated by numerous factors that glories belong to those who have dreams.

  5. 定語從句的特殊用法

    • that 引導定語從句時,如果充當賓語,that 可以省略

      I enjoy the book (that) my mom brought for me.

      • 在分析長難句時,若看到有2個名詞或代詞連在一起,中間沒有逗號隔開,通常是省略 that 的定語從句
    • 區別限制和非限制性定語從句

      • I love she, who is beautiful. 非限制性
      • I love she who is beautiful. 限制性
      • 在分析長難句時,非限制性定語從句相當於插入語,可以不看
    • 先行詞和引導詞之間有介詞的情況

      • 人:whom
      • 物:which

      e.g.1 He is the man from whom we should learn.

      e.g.2 I never forget the day on which I met you.

    • 區別the same ... as ...the same ... that ...引導的定語從句

      • He is the same man as I love. 他像我愛的男人。
      • He is the same man that I love. 他是我愛的男人。
    • aswhich引導的非限制性定語從句

      • which 引導的非限制性定語從句,as 也可以,which 只能前面,as 可前可后
  6. 區別定語從句和同位語從句

    • 相同點:先行詞 + 引導詞 + 句子
    • 不同點:
      • 看從句本身意思:定語從句是對前面名詞進行修飾,同位語從句是對前面名詞的解釋
      • 看引導詞 that 在從句中是否充當成分:如果充當成分則是定語從句,若不充當則為同位語從句
      • 定語從句的先行詞可以是所有名詞,而同位語從句的先行詞只能是抽象名詞
      • 定語從句引導詞有8個,而同位語從句的引導詞一般都是that
  7. 定語從句的難點——尋找先行詞

    • 離它最近的名詞
    • 前面並列的幾個名詞 n. + n. + n. + 定語從句
    • 前面的從句
    • 前面的整個句子
    • 先行詞和引導詞被隔開
  8. 定語和定語從句考點分析——寫作中的應用

    • 只要在作文中看到名詞,都可以有意識地加個定語從句把句子拉長。
  9. 定語和定語從句的中英差異

    • 漢語:講究意合 VS 英語:講究形合
    • 漢語主動,英語被動
    • 漢語多短句,英語多長句:利用非謂語動詞、加連詞、從句等方法將句子變長
  10. 定語從句的長難句分析

    • 關鍵是找名詞,只要名詞后面有一連串東西(只要不是動詞),就暫定為定語(也可能是狀語),定語從名詞后開始,到主句謂語動詞前結束
    • 如果定語在主句謂語動詞后,定語從名詞后開始到句末結束(通常)
    • 一個大定語通常有多個小定語,每個小定語到下一個名詞結束

狀語及狀語從句

形容詞和副詞的成分

  1. 形容詞
    • 表語
    • 定語
  2. 副詞
    • 修飾實義動詞 He cried sadly.
    • 修飾形容詞 He looks especially sad.
    • 修飾副詞 He cried rather sadly.
    • 修飾句子 Actually, he cried.

狀語的含義

狀語就是一個在句子中,用來修飾實義動詞、形容詞、副詞、句子的成分,狀語除了不能修飾名詞外,其他都能修飾

狀語的成分

  1. 副詞
  2. 介詞短語 She cried like a boy losing his toy.
  3. 非謂語動詞 She cried, sitting there.
  4. 從句 She cried when she sat there.

狀語的位置

隨便放

狀語從句

引導詞按意思分為9類

  1. 時間狀語從句
    • when, while, as 當 ... 的時候
    • before, after 在 ... 之前/之后
    • since 自從
    • the moment ... 的時刻
    • by the time ... 為止
    • until, not ... until 直到 ... 才
  • 時態問題:

    When love comes, I will hold her hands.

    • 在所有狀語從句中,如果主句和從句動作都尚未發生,主句用一般將來時,從句用一般現在時

    When love came, I failed to hold her hands.

    • 在所有狀語從句中,如果主句和從句動作都已經發生,直接按照相應時態寫
  • 區別untilnot ... until

    • I will wait here until you come.
    • I will not leave until you come.
    • I did not realize the greatness of mothers until I grew up.
    • 看主句的動詞是延續性動詞還是瞬時動詞,如果是瞬間動詞則用 not ... until
  • when 引導的時間狀語從句省略情況

    • When I was a kid, I enjoyed singing songs.
    • when 引導的時間狀語從句,若主從句主語一致,並且從句的謂語有 be 動詞,此時,從句的主語和 be 動詞可以同時省略
  1. 地點狀語從句
    • The kind of trees grow well in moist places.
    • The kind of trees grow well where it is moist.
    • 做地點狀語,通常是介詞短語,很少用地點狀語從句
  2. 原因狀語從句
  • because, as, since, in that, seeing that, considering that, now that, given that
  • for 連詞
  • because of, due to, owing to, thanks to , for the sake of, as a result of + n / doing
  1. 目的狀語從句
  • to, in order to, so as to + V-原

  • 引導詞 so that, in order that 表目的,通常放在句末而非句首

    We will asscend higher in order to overlook fatther.

    We will asscend higher in order that we overlook fatther.

  1. 結果狀語從句
  • so + adj. / adv. + that 如此 ... 以至於
  • such + n + that 如此 ... 以至於
  1. 讓步狀語從句
  • although, though, even though, even if, as, while 雖然、盡管
  • while
    • 連詞,放在兩句中間,“但是”
    • “當 ... 的時候”,后面跟 V-ing
    • 放句首,一般都是"盡管、雖然"
  • as 引導的讓步狀語從句,從句的表語可以放在句首構成部分倒裝
    • As I seem ugly, I keep gentle.
    • Ugly as I seem, I keep gentle.
  1. 方式狀語從句
  • as, the way, as if, as though 好像,似乎
  • by, though, by means of, in ... way, manner 介詞短語作狀語
  • She looks as if she were made of ice.
  1. 條件狀語從句
  • suppose that, supposing that 如果
  • if, provided that 如果
  • as long as, so long as 如果
  • unless 除非
  • If there is a ghost of hope, I will never give up.
  1. 比較狀語從句
  • as ... as ... 原級比較
  • than

寫作中的作用

作文中任何一句話都可以加一個狀語把句子拉長

長難句分析

  1. 能夠快速識別一句話的狀語成分,並通順翻譯
  2. 只要見到以下成分一定是狀語:副詞,比較,條件,結果,原因,讓步,目的,方式,伴隨(with)
  3. 如果見到 n + 時間 / 地點,要區分定語還是狀語
  4. 如果無法確定狀語還是定語,則定語優先,只有當定語翻譯極其不通順時才做狀語

as 專題

  1. as 的意思總結
    • as + n. 作為
    • v. + ... + as
    • as + 句子 當 ... 的時候 / 因為 / 盡管、雖然 / 好像、似乎

than 專題

  1. not so much as = not even 甚至不 / 沒有
  2. not so much A as B 與其說 A 倒不如說 B
  3. more A than B 與其說 B 倒不如說 B
  4. more than + adj. / adv 非常
  5. more than + n 不僅僅是
  6. more than + 數詞 多於

強調句型

  1. It is ... that / who

    • 跟過去有關則 was,只能是 is 或 was
    • 強調句型可以強調句子所有成分,除了謂語
    • that 可以用於物 / 人,who 用於人

    e.g.1 我昨天在街上遇到了我的舊情人。

    • I met my old flame in the street yesterday.
    • It was I that met my old flame in the street yesterday.

    e.g.2 有很多的原因解釋這種現象。

    • There remains abundant elements to account for the issue.
    • It is abundant elements that there remains to account for the issue.
  2. 強調句型考點分析

  • 寫作:所有句子都可以寫成強調句子

    e.g.1 你至今仍然沒有意識到就是因為你交友不慎,你才沒有考上心目中的理想大學。

    So far, you have never realized that It was because you have had unfavorable friends that you failed to go to your dreamful university.

  • 長難句分析

    But it is the arrival of new satellite channels -- funded partly by advertising and partly by viewers' subscriptions -- that will bring about the biggest changes in the long term.

倒裝句

什么是倒裝句

倒裝句就是把一句話寫成一般疑問句的形式,也就是給一句話加個助動詞或把 be 動詞放在句首

  • Is your father a teacher ?

倒裝句的具體使用

  1. 否定詞放在句首用倒裝

    • e.g.1 I can hardly speak English.

      Hardly can I speak English.

    • e.g.2 Playing phones not only influences the physical and mental health of youngsters but also wastes their percious time.

      Not only does playing phones influence the physical and mental health of youngsters, but also wastes theirs precious time.

  2. so, nor / neither 位於句首,表明承前句子的肯定或否定時用倒裝

    • He can speak English, so can I.
    • He can not cook , nor can I.
  3. 含有 so ... that... 句型把 so 引導的部分放在句首用倒裝

    • I feel so rejoiced that I lose my sleep for the whole night.
    • So rejoiced do I feel that I lose my sleep for the whole night.
  4. Only 引出狀語從句放在句首用倒裝

    • The problem could be resolved only in this way.
    • Only in this way could the problem be resolved.
  5. as 引導讓步狀語從句,從句的表語放在句首可以構成倒裝

    • As I look ugly, I am quite gentle.
    • Ugly as I look, I am quite gentle.
  6. 省略 if 的虛擬語氣用倒裝

    • If you had obeyed my instruction, you could have passed the exam.
    • Had you obeyed my instruction, you could have passed the exam.

寫作

e.g. 文化交流不僅能夠促進我們國家經濟的發展,而且還能開闊個人的眼界。

​ Not only can cultural exchange promote economic advance, but also makes our eye sight broad.

長難句分析

  • 還原倒裝部分后再做翻譯

虛擬語氣

定義

  • 虛擬表示與事實相反,雖然語氣委婉

一般用法

  1. if 引導的條件狀語從句
  • e.g.1 如果你是我眼中的一滴淚,我就不會流淚。

    If you are a tear in my eyes, I would never shed it.

    把時態變成過去式,即為虛擬語氣

    If you were a tear in my eyes, I would never shed it.

總結:只需要把寫好的句子時態變成過去式,就是虛擬語氣,並且虛擬語氣中,be 的過去只有 were, could 等於 would 也等於 might

特殊用法

  1. 以下情況從句用should + v.表示虛擬,並且 should 可以省略
  • 以防:in case, lest, for fear that
  • 命令:order, direct, command
  • 建議:advise, suggest, propose
  • 要求:ask, request, demand, require
  • 必要:It is necessary / important that
  1. 以下情況從句用過去式表虛擬:

    • would rather, It is high time that

      It is high time that the independence of kid should be were cultivated by senior citizens.

  2. 以下情況要區別對待

    就是把它本來的時態寫成過去式就好了

    • wish 希望
    • but for 要不是
    • if only 如果 ... 該多好
    • or / otherwise 否則
    • as if / as though 好像、似乎

長難句分析

無論句子有無虛擬語氣,都可直接翻譯

情態動詞

  • 表明說話人主觀態度的詞匯
  • 情態動詞 + V-原
  • 情態動詞相當於助動詞
  1. 現在將來的推測 [情態動詞 + V-原]
  2. 情態動詞表示對過去的推測
  • He must have been self-abased in his college.
    • must have been 一定做過
    • must 的否定是 can not
    • must not 是 禁止做... 的意思
  • You need not have shown your love in this way.
    • need not have done 本來沒必要做,但是做了...
  • I could have become a prominent poets.
    • could have become 本來能夠做 ..., 但卻沒有做 ... 表示遺憾
  • We should have got married if there exists a chance.
    • should be done 本應做,卻沒做


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