The universe remains.宇宙长存 S+V
The food is delicious.这个食物很好吃 S+V+P
He took his bag and left. 他拿着书包离开了.
Her father bought her a dictionary. S主+V谓+I.o间接宾语+D.o直接宾语
We made him our monitor.我们选择他做班长 S+V+O宾语+C补语
Nothing is impossible to a willing heart.有志者事竟成
**************
名词：是表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称的词。
名词分类：
Ⅰ普通名词：
a.可数名词countable noun：apple，pencil，student
①个体名词：表示单个人或事物的名词。 man/men、computer/computers
②集体名词：表示一群人或一些事物总称的名词。 people、family、staff、audience、
b.不可数名词uncountable noun：salt，coffee，water，history，love
①物质名词：表示无法分为个体的物质、材料等的名词。 air、water、sand、tea
②抽象名词：表示人或事物的感情、状态、品质、动作等抽象概念的名词。 work、sadness、information、peace、freedom
Ⅱ专有名词：用来专门指代某一人、物、地点、机构、节日等的名词，首字母大写。 Beijing、WTO、Tony
复数名词的变化规则：
①一般末尾加后缀-s：friends ②以s、z、x、ch、sh结尾的词，在该词后加-es：buses ③辅音字母+y结尾的名词：y变i加-es：candy-candies
④以o结尾的名词，如果不是外来词或缩写词，加-es：tomatoes、potatoes、heroes、Negroes
a cup of coffee two cups of coffee
名词不规则变化：sheep、fish、
名词的格
a.所有格的形式：
①所有格有两种不同的形式：在名词后+'s；由介词+名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西后者多用来表示无生命的东西
Tom's car a women's collage the top of the hill the environment of the city
②但表示时间、节日、距离、国家等的名词或人性化的名词，虽然属于无生命的名词，也常用's表示所有格
today's newspaper Teachers' Day ten minutes' walk China's economy spring's smiles
b.双重所有格：of+名词的所有格（或名词性物主代词）
①特定人的不特定的所有关系：a friend of George's a work of my teacher's
②表达特殊的感情：The sweet eyes of Lily's impressed me That old watch of my father's gains a lot every day
Andy and Sandy's room 安迪和桑迪的房间（共有）； Andy's and Sandy's room安迪和桑迪各自的房间
a friend of my brother 我弟弟的朋友（强调朋友关系）； a friend of my brother's我弟弟的一个朋友（强调多个朋友中的一个）
a picture of my brother 我弟弟的照片； a picture of my brother's 我弟弟的照片（不一定是本人）
Ice is water in its solid state冰是水的固体状态；The situations at home and abroad are changing all the time国内、国际局势在不断变化
He takes the position that what his sister does is of no concern of his 他认为他妹妹所做的事与他无关
Congress has power to declare war国会有宣战权 He seems to have a lot on his mind他似乎心事重重
House repairs，holidays and other expenses reduced her bank balance to almost nothing装修房屋、度假和其他开销使她在银行的存款所剩无几
******冠词******
冠词：虚词，不能单独作句子成分，只能附在一个名词上说明这个名词。
不定冠词：a/an表示泛指，用于单数可数名词前。Everything in life is a choice
定冠词：the表示特指。The Map is very useful. catch sb by the arm.
零冠词：名词前不加冠词。Money is not everything. Spring is the best season of the year.
go to church做礼拜；go to the church到教堂去；go to prison坐牢；go to the prison到监狱去；
*****代词*********
代词：在句子中替代名词或相当于名词的词、短语或句子的词称为代词。（人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、相互代词、指示代词、不定代词、疑问代词、连接代词、关系代词）
人称代词：
主格：I you he/she/it 复数：we/you/they
he is a teacher. They are teachers.
宾格：me you him/her/it 复数：us you them
He likes me. We like her. I like them/it. They know him.
物主代词：
形容词性物主代词：单：my、your、his、her、its、one's 复：our、your、their； Our enemy is ourselves；
名词性物主代词：单：mine、yours、his、hers、its、one's 复：ours、yours、theirs； This computer is mine，yours is over there.
反身代词：可做同位语；myself、yourself、himself、herself、itself；复数反身代词：ourselves、yourselves、themselves
by oneself 独自；for oneself 亲自；in oneself 本身固有；of oneself 自动地；
Take good care of yourself.照看好自己 She gained control of herself.她控制住了自己.
指示代词：this/that；these/those
this/these指时间或空间上较接近的人或物；This gift is for you and that one is for Andy。
刚提到过的事或已经完成的事用that，而即将发生的或将要发生的事用this； You have to believe in yourself.That's the secret of success.
that/those常常用来替换已经提到过的名词； The population of China is larger than that of any other country in the world.
不定代词：one泛指人、一个人、人们；表示具体的一个人或事物；指代前面提及的人或事物。复数ones;
both/all either/any none/neither another/other much/many little/few some/any everyone/everybody someone/somebody/anybody/anyone
something/nothing anything but 决不 nothing but 就/只 for nothing 白费/徒劳
She is anything but stupid 她绝不是傻瓜 She is nothing but stupid 她就是个傻瓜
One is never too old to learn. This is the one you're looking for. When you make new friends, don't forget the old ones. Both his eyes were severely burned. Neither answer is correct.
Everybody's business is nobody's business. There are trees on either side of the street. none of； no one一个也不，一点也不；None of us have/has arrived.
it可以指代一切除人以外的事物，可以替代this/that；可以指代时间、距离和现象等；可以替代上文提到过的事物、情况；作形式主语/宾语；
There/Here + be
***************
数词：
基数词：one、two、twelve、twenty、hundred、thousand、million、billion
three thousand people two dozen people dozens of thousands of hundreds of
in one's twenties in the nineteen eighties = in the 1980's a three years old boy=a three-year old boy
序数词：first、second、third、fourth、ninth、twelfth、twentieth、hundredth、thousandth
分数：2/3 读作 two thirds 1/5 读作 a(one) fifth 125/6 读作 twelve and five-sixths 21/4 读作 two and a quarter 22/9读作 twenty-two over nine 33/89读作 thirty-three over eighty-nine
小数： 6.666读作 six point six returning 214.396读作 two hundred and fourteen point three nine six
倍数：The earth is 49 times the size of the moon. During this period, its territory increased five times.（扩大了４倍，是原来的５倍）
***************
介词：结构词，不能独立担任句子成分。
简单介词：at时间点/节日、 in月份/年/季节、 on某天、 for、 since、before、with、within、by、until、over、under、above、below、across、behind、through、between、among、beyond、as
合成介词：inside without into nearby
双重介词：as for as、as from、until after、from behind、expect for
短语介词：at the beginning of、because of、in spite of、instead of、thanks to、with regard to
be beyond sb 某事对某人来说难以理解 It's beyond me why she married him.
***************
连词：用来连接词语和句子的词
简单连词：and、but、or、because、so、if、while、yet、for
关联连词：both...and...、not only...but also、not...but、neither...nor、either...or
分词连词：providing/provided、given、supposing
短语连词：as if、even if、as long as、as through、even through、
**************
形容词：修饰名词，描述人或事物的状态、性质、大小等，通常在名词前，be动词后
the beautiful girl = The girl is beautiful
The+adj=复数名词，表示一类：the poor、the rich、the old、the young
The old need more care than the young. The rich sometimes complain their empty life.
***************
副词：可以修饰动词、形容词，其他副词及其他结构表示程度、时间、地点等
副词的位置：助动词之后，实意动词前后均可；形容词之前或其它副词前后；多个助动词时，在第一个助动词之后。
常见副词：always、usually、ofen、sometimes、never等
He runs fast. She is very beautiful. They work very hard.
They have already left. They have already been repaired.
******动词*********
动词根据功能分为四类：实意动词（Notional Verb）、系动词（Link Verb）、助动词（Auxiliary Verb）、情态动词（model verb）
动词有数量和时态的变化，时态通常有三大时态：现在、过去、将来时。 根据动词进行的状态可分为：一般时、进行时和完成时。
He goes to school every day. He went to hospital last night.
实意动词：come read go watch play fly
一般现在时：He comes from Shanghai. 现在进行时：She is reading story books. 一般过去式：They went to America yesterday.
现在完成时：We have watched the game for three times. 一般将来时：My mother will fly back to China next month.
实意动词的否定/提问/回答
使用助动词进行否定：don't doesn't didn't
I don't go to school by bus. She doesn't watch TV everyday. They didn't swim last night.
提问：He often plays golf. Does he often play golf. Yes，he does； No，he doesn't.
Sam had breakfast yesterday. Did Sam have breakfast yesterday. Yes he did / No，he didn't.
使用疑问词进行提问和回答：when where who what how；how long，how far，how often，why
He bought three books yesterday. Who bought three books yesterday？ What did he buy yesterday？ How many books did he buy？ When did he buy three books？
They have been in China for three years. How long have they been in China？
They come to visit me once a week. How often do they come to visit me？
She came late，because she missed the bus. Why did she come late？
情态动词：can/could=be able to：表示能力或请求
He can/could/is able to swim. He can/could come tomorrow. Can/could I stay here？
may/might表示可能性，may的可能性大，might更委婉
He may/might come here by bus. May/might I join you？ Yes，please/No you can't/No，you mustn't
must/have to表示必须、必要。
You mustn't go. You don't have to go. You must get up early. It's going to rain，I have to go home now.
should表示劝告、建议、命令，同义词ought to：should强调主观看法，ought to强调客观要求。
You should/ought to do the job right now. Should they stay here now？
need需要，也可以做实意动词
情态动词：He need come here early. He needn't come here early Need he come here early？Yes，he need/ No he needn't
实意动词：He needs to come here early. He doesn't need to come here early. Does he need to come here early？Yes，he does
回答must和have to的提问句时，否定式使用needn't，don't have to等回答方式。
Must I come here early tomorrow？No，you needn't/don't have to.
had better表示“最好做某事”had虽然是过去式，但不表征过去，后跟动词原形
He had better eat more. You'd better finish it right now. He had better not eat more.
would rather表示“宁愿，宁可，最好、还是...为好”
You would rather deal with it now. You would rather not deal with it now.
used to/would表示过去习惯性动作，可翻译为“过去常常...”；would表示反复发生的动作。如果某一动作没有反复，则使用used to
The novel used to be popular. He would practise English every week. I used to live in Beijing.
People used to believe that the earth was flat. He would go to the park as soon as he was free.
情态动词的否定和疑问
否定：情态动词+not+动词原形
He can't sing an English song. He may not know her. He mustn't go there. He doesn't have to go there.
疑问：情态动词+主语+动词原形
Can he sing an English song？Yes，he can/No，he can't.
Must he go there？Yes，he must/No，he needn't.
Does he have to go there？Yes，he does/No，he doesn't.
情态动词+have+完成时：表达过去事实；表示推测的含义
He can/could have arrived. He may/might have arrived. He must have arrived.
should+have+过去分词：本应该... needn't have + 过去分词：本不需要...
He should have arrived. They should have finished the work. You needn't have done so.
must have+过去分词：准是已经... can't have 过去分词：不可能已经...
He must have arrived. He can't have arrived.
********动词的时态和语态*******
| 态\时 | 一般 | 进行 | 完成 | 完成进行 |
| 现在 | ①一般现在时 | ③现在进行时 | ⑦现在完成时 | ⑨现在完成进行时 |
| 过去 | ②一般过去时 | ④过去进行时 | ⑧过去完成时 | ⑩过去完成进行时 |
| 将来 | ⑤一般将来时 | ⑫将来进行时 | ⑪将来完成时 | ⑬将来完成进行时 |
| 过去将来 | ⑥过去将来时 | ⑭过去将来进行时 | ⑮过去将来完成时 | ⑯过去将来完成进行时 |
①一般现在时
一般现在时态：表示通常性、规律性、习惯性的状态或动作。主语是第三人称单数时，动词有单三的变化，主语是非第三人称单数时，动词用原形。
They often get up at 7:00. He often gets up at 7:00.
第三人称单数规则：一般在动词后加s；以字母s、x、ch或o结尾的动词加es；以辅音字母+y结尾，先变y为i，再加es。 study-studies
否定句：He doesn't like the car. 疑问句：Does He like the car？ yes，he does / No，he doesn't.
②一般过去时
一般过去时：表示过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性行为。基本结构：主语+动词过去式+其他
动词过去式变化规则：一般在动词后加ed；在以e结尾的动词后只加d：like-liked；在以辅音字母+y结尾的动词后，改y为i，再加ed：supply-supplied；
在以重读闭音节结尾只有一个辅音字母的动词后，双写最后一个辅音字母，再加ed：plan-planned
不规则变化：come-came go-went
He worked very hard last night. They came here by car.
③现在进行时
现在进行时：表示现在正在进行或发生的动作。句子中通常有now等时间副词呼应，基本结构为be+doing
They are watching TV. He is watching TV. I am watching TV.
动词现在分词的变化规则：一般在动词后加ing；动词以不发声的e结尾，要去e加ing：take-taking；重读闭音节的动词，要双写词尾字母再加ing：
cut-cutting；以ie结尾的动词，变y再加ing：lie-lying
否定句：They aren't watching TV. 疑问句：Are they watching TV？
④过去进行时
过去进行时：表示在过去某一时刻或某一时间内进行或发生的动作。结构为 was/were+doing
They were waiting for you. He was talking with his friends just now.
⑤一般将来时
一般将来时：表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态，或将来某一段时间内经常发生的动作或状态。常常和表示将来的时间状语连用（tomorrow next week in the
future）。 结构：will/shall+动词原形
They will go to Shanghai by ship tomorrow. We shall leave for Shanghai next month.
或 be going to+动词原形：表示近期或事先考虑过的将要发生的动作以及已有迹象表明必将发生某事，意为“打算，就要”
They are going to play football this afternoon. She is going to learn French next year.
be doing表示位置转移的动词go come leave start arrive 。可以用现在进行时表示将来时。
They are leaving for Japan. She is arriving tomorrow.
⑥过去将来时
⑦现在完成时
现在完成时：表示动作过去发生，已经完成，对现在造成影响或后果，动作可能还会持续。 结构：have/has+过去分词p.p. 常用的时间状语：already yet等
They have already arrived in Shanghai. She has played soccer for 3 hours. She hasn't finished the homework yet.
⑧过去完成时
过去完成时：表示句中的动作发生在过去之前，即过去的过去，已经完成，对过去造成了一定的影响或后果. 结构：had+过去分词
They had arrived in Shanghai. She had played soccer for 3 hours. They hadn't finished the work yet.
The hotel wasn't particularly good，but I had stayed in many worse hotels 这家旅馆不是特别好，但我住过许多更差的旅馆
⑨现在完成进行时 ⑩过去完成进行时 ⑪将来完成时 ⑫将来进行时 ⑬将来完成进行时 ⑭过去将来进行时 ⑮过去将来完成时 ⑯过去将来完成进行时
被动语态：主语是动作的承受着。格式：be+动词过去分词...by sb
He is taken to America by his mother.
被动语态的各种时态
The information is needed by us. The book was being read by him. The computer has been used by her. The room will be cleaned. The computer could have been used by them.
被动语态和情态动词结合：can/could+be+动词过去分词
may/might；must/have to；should/ought to；had better/would rather；used to/would；need+doing/to be+动词过去分词
The food could be taken away. The food might be taken away. The food must be taken away.
The food should be taken away. The food needs taking away. The food had better be taken away. Books used to be returned in two days.
当动作的行为者不分明或不重要或上下文提到了行为者时，“by + 行为者”可以省略
The information is needed. The book is being read. The door was opened.
被动语态的一般疑问句：助动词+主语+（其它助动词）+动词过去分词
Is the information needed by him？ Yes，it is/No，it isn't
Has the computer been used by her？ Yes，it has/No，it hasn't
Will the room be cleaned？Yes，it will/No，it won't.
被动语态的特殊疑问句：疑问词+助动词+主语+其它助动词+动词的过去分词
The information is needed by them. What is needed by them？
The girl is taken to Shanghai. Where is the girl taken？
The book has been read three thimes. How many times has the book been read？
******文都考研语法****************
A gentleman is， rather than does.绅士是内在的气质，不是能装的出来的
I did American in 3 weeks.我用三个礼拜周游/逛了一下美国
change变化，改变、modify修改、transform形态改变、switch因交换而改变、shift、alter、fashion时尚；变化
industry 工业，行业，产业，勤勉 Success is due to industry 天道酬勤
invite引；邀请； It invites us to think that 它引导我们去思考...
Wearing less may invite lady-killer.穿着暴露容易引来色狼
shower仪式感；洗澡；流星雨； Let's go to see a shower让我们一起去看流星雨
Before my best friend getting married we should take a shower together for her.结婚前的单身派对
句子成分：
主干成分：主谓宾
主S：名词性词性（n prop）
谓V：动词性词性（vi vt）动态；vi不及物；vt及物+O；（先找谓语，再找主宾）
宾O：名词性词性（n pron）；I.o间接宾语；D.o直接宾语
修饰成分：定状补
定语adj：修饰限定名词性成分（主/宾）；前置/短 中心名词 后置/长
the brightest star in the night sky
词组：1+1≠2 turn up cut up set up make up 短语：1+1=2 on the desk
Dog don't eat dog.虎毒不食子
a tea cup 一个茶杯 a cup of tea 一杯茶
状：adv
补C：
补充成分：主系表；同位语
系be/静态：be am is are was were being been其联系作用； 后接名词、形容词、地点副词或短语做补足语
The man is a teacher. Mary's new dresses are colorful. My mother was in the kitchen. He has been a teacher for 3 years.
be动词的否定：am not，isn't，aren't，wasn't，weren't He isn't a teacher.
疑问句be提到句首：Is he a teacher？ Were they teachers？
表P/
同位语：由名词性词性充当； 主/宾同位语
*****END**********