5.2 任意角的三角函数


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知识剖析

任意角的三角函数的概念

\(α\)是一个任意角,\(α∈R\),它的终边\(OP\)与单位圆相交于点\(P(x,y)\).
① 把点\(P\)的纵坐标\(y\)叫做\(α\)的正弦函数,记作\(\sin α\),即\(y=\sin α\)
② 把点\(P\)的纵坐标\(x\)叫做\(α\)的余弦函数,记作\(\cos α\),即\(x=\cos α\)
③ 把点\(P\)的纵坐标\(\dfrac{y}{x}\)叫做\(α\)的正切函数,记作\(\tanα\),即\(\dfrac{y}{x}=\tan \alpha(x \neq 0)\).

正弦函数\(f(x)=\sin x,x∈R\)
余弦函数\(f(x)=\cos x,x∈R\)
正切函数\(f(x)=\tan x,x≠\dfrac{\pi}{2}+kπ\)
它们统称三角函数.
 

三角函数在各个象限的符号

根据三角函数定义可知它们在各个象限符号
(设\(α\)的终边上一点\(P(x,y)\)\(\sin α\)符号看\(y\)\(\cos α\)符号看\(x\)\(\tan α\)符号看\(\dfrac{y}{x}\))
 

特殊角的三角函数值表

利用三角函数的定义求\(\alpha=0, \dfrac{\pi}{2}, \pi, 2 \pi\)时对应的三角函数值.
\({\color{Red}{ Eg } }\) 如图所示,\(α=π\)的终边在\(x\)轴的负半轴,与\(x\)轴交点为\(P(-1,0)\)
\(\sin π=0\)\(\cosπ=-1\)\(\tanπ=0\).

 

同角三角函数基本关系式

\(\sin^2 α+\cos^2 α=1\) \(\tan \alpha=\dfrac{\sin \alpha}{\cos \alpha}\)
\({\color{Red}{ 拓展 } }\) \((\sin α+\cos α)^2=1+2\sin α\cos α\)
\((\sin α-\cos α)^2=1-2\sin α\cos α\).
 

经典例题

【题型一】求三角函数值

【典题1】 已知角\(α\)的终边与单位圆的交点为\(P\left(-\dfrac{4}{5}, \dfrac{3}{5}\right)\),则\(2\sinα+\tanα=\) \(\underline{\quad \quad}\) .
【解析】 \(α\)的终边与单位圆的交点为\(P\left(-\dfrac{4}{5}, \dfrac{3}{5}\right)\)
\(\sin \alpha=\dfrac{3}{5}\)\(\tan \alpha=-\dfrac{3}{4}\)
\(2 \sin \alpha+\tan \alpha=\dfrac{6}{5}-\dfrac{3}{4}=\dfrac{9}{20}\)
 

【典题2】 已知角\(θ\)的始边为\(x\)轴非负半轴,终边经过点\(P(1,2)\),则\(\dfrac{\sin \theta}{\sin \theta+\cos \theta}=\) \(\underline{\quad \quad}\) .
【解析】 \(∵\)\(θ\)的始边为\(x\)轴非负半轴,终边经过点\(P(1,2)\)
\(∴tanθ=2\)
\(\dfrac{\sin \theta}{\sin \theta+\cos \theta}=\dfrac{\tan \theta}{\tan \theta+1}=\dfrac{2}{2+1}=\dfrac{2}{3}\)
【点拨】
\(P(1,2)\)不在单位圆上,故\(\sin θ≠2,\cos θ≠1\).
② 设\(α\)是任意角,它的终边上任意一点\(P(x,y)\),它与原点的距离是\(r\)
\(\sin \alpha=\dfrac{y}{r}\)\(\cos \alpha=\dfrac{x}{r}\)\(\tan \alpha=\dfrac{y}{x}\).
 

【题型二】确认三角函数的符号

【典题1】 \(\sin 2 \cdot \cos 3\cdot \tan 4\)的值(  )
A.小于0 \(\qquad \qquad \qquad\) B.大于0 \(\qquad \qquad \qquad\) C.等于0 \(\qquad \qquad \qquad\) D.不存在
【解析】 因为\(\dfrac{\pi}{2}<2<\pi\)\(\dfrac{\pi}{2}<3<\pi\),\(\pi<4<\dfrac{3 \pi}{2}\)
所以\(2、3\)是第二象限角,4是第三象限角,
所以\(\sin 2>0\)\(\cos 3<0\)\(\tan 4>0\)
从而\(\sin 2 \cdot \cos 3\cdot \tan 4\),选\(A\).
 

【典题2】\(\cos θ<0\)\(\tan θ<0\),则\(\dfrac{\theta}{2}\)终边在(  )
A.第一象限 \(\qquad \qquad\) B.第二象限 \(\qquad \qquad\) C.第一或第三象限 \(\qquad \qquad\) D.第三或第四象限
【解析】 \(∵\cos θ<0\), \(∴θ\)是第二或三象限,
\(∵\tan θ<0\)\(∴θ\)是第二或四象限,
\(∴θ\)是第二象限,即\(2 k \pi+\dfrac{\pi}{2}<\theta<2 k \pi+\pi\)
\(\therefore k \pi+\dfrac{\pi}{4}<\dfrac{\theta}{2}<k \pi+\dfrac{\pi}{2}\)
\(∴\)可得\(\dfrac{\theta}{2}\)终边在第一或第三象限.故选:\(C\)
 

【题型三】同角三角函数基本关系式

【典题1】 已知\(α∈(0,π)\)\(\tan α=-2\),则\(\cos \alpha=\) \(\underline{\quad \quad}\) .
【解析】 \({\color{Red}{ 方法1 } }\)
\(∵\tan α=-2\)\(\therefore \dfrac{\sin \alpha}{\cos \alpha}=-2\),即\(\sin \alpha=-2 \cos \alpha\)
\(\sin ^{2} \alpha+\cos ^{2} \alpha=1 \Rightarrow \cos \alpha=\pm \dfrac{\sqrt{5}}{5}\)
\(∵α∈(0,π)\),且\(\tan \alpha=-2<0\)
\(∴α\)为第二象限角,\(\therefore \cos \alpha<0\)
\(\therefore \cos \alpha=-\dfrac{\sqrt{5}}{5}\).
\({\color{Red}{ 方法2 } }\) \(∵\tan α=-2\) ,构造直角三角形\(R t \Delta A B C\)如下图,

在直角三角形中,\(\cos \alpha=\dfrac{B C}{A C}=\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{5}}=\dfrac{\sqrt{5}}{5}\)
\(∵α∈(0,π)\),且\(\tan \alpha=-2<0\)
\(∴α\)为第二象限角,
\(\therefore \cos \alpha<0\) \(\therefore \cos \alpha=-\dfrac{\sqrt{5}}{5}\).
【点拨】
① 若知\(\sin \alpha, \cos \alpha, \tan \alpha\)三者中一个的值,可求另外两个的值,即“知一得二”;
② 在非解答题中用方法二解题速度更快些,只是要多留意三角函数的符号.
 

【典题2】已知\(\sin \theta, \cos \theta\)是关于\(x\)的方程\(x^{2}-2 \sqrt{2} a x+a=0\)的两个根.
(1)求实数\(a\)的值;
(2)若\(\theta \in\left(-\dfrac{\pi}{2}, 0\right)\),求\(\sin \theta-\cos \theta\)的值.
【解析】 (1)\(∵\sin \theta, \cos \theta\)是关于\(x\)的方程\(x^{2}-2 \sqrt{2} a x+a=0\)的两个根,
\(\therefore \sin \theta+\cos \theta=2 \sqrt{2} a\) ①,\(\sin \theta \cos \theta=a\) ②,
\(△=b^2-4ac=8a^2-4a≥0\)
\(a≤0\)\(a \geq \dfrac{1}{2}\)
\(\therefore(\sin \theta+\cos \theta)^{2}=1+2 \sin \theta \cos \theta=1+2 a=8 a^{2}\)
\(8a^2-2a-1=0\),解得\(a=-\dfrac{1}{4}\)\(\dfrac{1}{2}\)
(2)\(\because \theta \in\left(-\dfrac{\pi}{2}, 0\right)\)
\(\therefore \sin \theta<0, \quad \cos \theta>0\)
可得\(\sin \theta \cos \theta=a<0\)
由(1)可得\(a=-\dfrac{1}{4}\)
\(\therefore \sin \theta \cos \theta=-\dfrac{1}{4}\)
\(\therefore(\sin \theta-\cos \theta)^{2}=1-2 \sin \theta \cos \theta=1+\dfrac{1}{2}=\dfrac{3}{2}\)
\(\sin \theta-\cos \theta<0\)
\(\therefore \sin \theta-\cos \theta=-\dfrac{\sqrt{6}}{2}\).
(注意判断\(\sin \theta-\cos \theta\)的正负)
【点拨】
\((\sin α+\cos α)^2=1+2\sin α\cos α\); $ (\sin α-\cos α)^2=1-2\sin α\cos α$.
\(\sin \theta+\cos \theta\)\(\sin \theta-\cos \theta\)\(\sin \theta\cos \theta\)也是“知一得二”.
 

【典题3】已知\(\tan α\)是关于\(x\)的方程\(2x^2-x-1=0\)的一个实根,且\(α\)是第三象限角.
(1) 求\(\dfrac{2 \sin \alpha-\cos \alpha}{\sin \alpha+\cos \alpha}\)的值;
(2) 求\(3 \sin ^{2} \alpha-\sin \alpha \cos \alpha+2 \cos ^{2} \alpha\)的值.
【解析】 (1)\(\because \tan \alpha\)是关于\(x\)的方程\(2x^2-x-1=0\)的一个实根,且\(α\)是第三象限角,
\(\therefore \tan \alpha=1\)\(\tan \alpha=-\dfrac{1}{2}\)(舍去),
\(\therefore \dfrac{2 \sin \alpha-\cos \alpha}{\sin \alpha+\cos \alpha}=\dfrac{2 \tan \alpha-1}{\tan \alpha+1}=\dfrac{1}{2}\)
(2)\(3 \sin ^{2} \alpha-\sin \alpha \cos \alpha+2 \cos ^{2} \alpha\)
\(=\dfrac{3 \sin ^{2} \alpha-\sin \alpha \cos \alpha+2 \cos ^{2} \alpha}{\sin ^{2} \alpha+\cos ^{2} \alpha}\)
\(=\dfrac{3 \tan ^{2} \alpha-\tan \alpha+2}{\tan ^{2} \alpha+1}\)
\(=\dfrac{3-1+2}{2}=2\)
【点拨】
① 弦化切技巧
若已知\(\tan \alpha\),可求\(\dfrac{a \cdot \sin \alpha+b \cdot \cos \alpha}{c \cdot \sin \alpha+d \cdot \cos \alpha}\)\(\dfrac{a \cdot \sin ^{2} \alpha+b \cdot \sin \alpha \cos \alpha+c \cdot \cos ^{2} \alpha}{d \cdot \sin ^{2} \alpha+e \cdot \sin \alpha \cos \alpha+f \cdot \cos ^{2} \alpha}\)分子分母齐次的形式,可分子分母同
除以\(\cos \alpha\)\(\cos ^{2} \alpha\),化为关于\(\tan \alpha\)的式子.
② 本题巧妙利用了\(\sin ^{2} \alpha+\cos ^{2} \alpha=1\),当遇到类似\(3 \sin ^{2} \alpha-\sin \alpha \cos \alpha+2 \cos ^{2} \alpha\)化为分子分母齐次的形式.对\(\sin ^{2} \alpha+\cos ^{2} \alpha=1\)的巧用要注意.
③ 本题若是选择填空题当然也可以通过\(\tan \alpha=1\),求出\(\sin \alpha\)\(\cos \alpha\)的值,容易想到且计算量也不大,值得考虑.
 

【典题4】 已知\(3 \sin \alpha+4 \cos \alpha=5\),求\(\tan \alpha\).
【解析】 \({\color{Red}{ 方法1 \quad 解方程组法 } }\)
\(\left\{\begin{array}{l} 3 \sin \alpha+4 \cos \alpha=5 \\ \sin ^{2} \alpha+\cos ^{2} \alpha=1 \end{array}\right.\)
\(25 \sin ^{2} \alpha-30 \sin \alpha+9=0\)
解得\(\sin \alpha=\dfrac{3}{5}\)
\(\therefore \cos \alpha=\dfrac{4}{5}\) \(\therefore \tan \alpha=\dfrac{3}{4}\).
\({\color{Red}{ 方法2 \quad “对偶式”法 } }\)
\(4 \sin \alpha-3 \cos \alpha=x\),等式两边平方得\(16 \sin ^{2} \alpha-24 \sin \alpha \cos \alpha+9 \cos ^{2} \alpha=x^{2}\)
\(3 \sin \alpha+4 \cos \alpha=5\)两边平方,得\(9 \sin ^{2} \alpha+24 \sin \alpha \cos \alpha+16 \cos ^{2} \alpha=25\)
由①+②得,\(25=x^2+25\),解得\(x=0\)
\(\therefore 4 \sin \alpha-3 \cos \alpha=0\)
\(\therefore \tan \alpha=\dfrac{3}{4}\)
\({\color{Red}{ 方法3 \quad “弦化切”法 } }\)
\(3 \sin \alpha+4 \cos \alpha=5\)两边平方,得\(9 \sin ^{2} \alpha+24 \sin \alpha \cos \alpha+16 \cos ^{2} \alpha=25\)
\(\dfrac{9 \sin ^{2} \alpha+24 \sin \alpha \cos \alpha+16 \cos ^{2} \alpha}{\sin ^{2} \alpha+\cos ^{2} \alpha}=25\)
\(\dfrac{9 \tan ^{2} \alpha+24 \tan \alpha+16}{\tan ^{2} \alpha+1}=25\)
解得\(\tan \alpha=\dfrac{3}{4}\).
 

巩固练习

1(★) 已知角\(α\)的项点与坐标原点重合,始边与\(x\)轴的非负半轴重合,若点\(P(2,-1)\)在角\(α\)的终边上,则\(\tanα=\)(  )
A.\(2\)\(\qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad\) B.\(\dfrac{1}{2}\) \(\qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad\) C\(-\dfrac{1}{2}\) \(\qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad\)D.\(-2\)
 

2(★)\(θ\)为第二象限角,则下列结论一定成立的是(  )
A.\(\sin \dfrac{\theta}{2}>0\) \(\qquad \qquad\) B.\(\cos \dfrac{\theta}{2}>0\) \(\qquad \qquad\) C.\(\tan \dfrac{\theta}{2}>0\) \(\qquad \qquad\) D.\(\sin \dfrac{\theta}{2} \cos \dfrac{\theta}{2}<0\)
 

3(★) 已知\(\cos \alpha=-\dfrac{4}{5}\),且\(α\)为第二象限角,那么\(\tan \alpha=\) \(\underline{\quad \quad}\) .
 

4(★) 如果角\(θ\)满足\(\sin \theta+\cos \theta=\sqrt{2}\),那\(\tan \theta+\dfrac{1}{\tan \theta}=\) \(\underline{\quad \quad}\) .
 

5(★★) 已知\(\alpha \in\left(\dfrac{\pi}{2}, \pi\right)\),且\(\sin \alpha+\cos \alpha=\dfrac{1}{5}\),则\(\sin \alpha-\cos \alpha=\) \(\underline{\quad \quad}\) .
 

6(★★)\(\alpha \in\left(\dfrac{\pi}{2}, \pi\right)\),且\(\cos ^{2} \alpha-\sin \alpha=\dfrac{1}{4}\),则\(\tan \alpha=\) \(\underline{\quad \quad}\) .
 

7(★★)已知\(\tan \alpha=2\),则\(\dfrac{1}{\sin ^{2} \alpha-\cos ^{2} \alpha}=\) \(\underline{\quad \quad}\) .
 

8(★★)\(\cos \theta-2 \sin \theta=1\),则\(\tan \theta=\) \(\underline{\quad \quad}\).
 
 

挑战学霸
\(0<x<\dfrac{\pi}{2}\),证明\(\sin x<x<\tan x\).
 

答案

  1. \(C\)
  2. \(C\)
  3. \(-\dfrac{3}{4}\)
  4. \(2\)
  5. \(\dfrac{7}{5}\)
  6. \(-\dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{3}\)
  7. \(\dfrac{5}{3}\)
  8. \(0\)\(\dfrac{4}{3}\)

【挑战学霸】
解 如上图,在单位圆中,\(\sin x=A B\) ̂,\(\tan x=C D\)\(x=\widehat{A D}\)
显然\(\sin x<x<\tan x\).


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