定語從句
連接詞
| 分類 | 關系代詞 | 關系副詞 |
|---|---|---|
| 限制性定語從句 | that, which, who, whom, whose, as | when, where, why |
| 非限制性定語從句 | which, who, whom, whose, as | when, where |
限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句的區別
形式不同
限制性定語從句中主句和從句不用逗號隔開，口語中不停頓。
非限制性定語從句需要用逗號隔開，口語中停頓。
-例句
My sister who works in Shanghai sends me a e-mail almost every day.
我在上海工作的姐姐幾乎每天都給我發電子郵件。（暗示我還有其他姐姐。）
My sister, who works in Shanghai, sends me an e-mail almost every day.
我的姐姐在上海工作，她幾乎每天都給我發電子郵件。（暗示我只有一個姐姐。）
功能不同
限制性定語從句對先行詞的意義進行修飾、限制和識別，如果去掉會使得句意發生變化，甚至不能成立。
非限制性定語從句對先行詞起補充說明作用，如果省略對句意影響不大。
-例句
This is the place that/which she would like to visit.
這就是她想去游覽的地方。
This is New York, which I have visited for several times.
這就是紐約，我來過這里好多次了。
翻譯不同
一般把限制性定語從句翻譯在他所修飾的先行詞之前，而把非限制性定語從句與主句分開翻譯。
-例句
He is the man whose car was stolen.
他就是那個汽車被偷的人。
I've invited Jim, who lives in the next flat.
我邀請了J, 他就住在隔壁。
先行詞不同（重要）
限制性定語從句的先行詞只能是名詞或者代詞。
當先行詞為專有名詞、獨一無二的名詞或者被物主代詞修飾時，通常用非限制性定語從句。
非限制性定語從句的先行詞可以是名詞或代詞，也可以是短語或者句子。
-例句
Paper cuts of animals have been found in tombs which date back to the time of the Northern and Southern Dynasty!
人們已經在早至南北朝時期的墓中發現了動物剪紙！（先行詞是名詞）
He was generous with time, for which I was grateful.
他十分慷慨地給予時間，為此我非常感激。（先行詞是前面整個句子）
Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.
C.S.去年退休了，他曾經是我的老師。（先行詞是專有名詞）
My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.我去年買的那幢房子帶了個漂亮的花園。
關系代詞的用法
關系代詞指代的對象以及用法
| 關系代詞 | 指代對象 | 在從句中的作用 |
|---|---|---|
| who | 人 | 作主語、賓語、表語 |
| whom | 人 | 作賓語 |
| whose | 人或事物 | 作定語 |
| that | 人或事物 | 作主語、賓語、表語 |
| which | 事物 | 作主語、賓語、表語 |
| as | 人或事物 | 作主語、賓語、表語 |
注意事項：
- who/whom/that/which 在從句中作並賓語時可以省略。
- 當從句介詞提前時，不可以用 who/that, 應該使用 whom/which。
... （關系代詞的用法，平常較為熟練，這里只整理 as 相關的一些東西，其他筆者有時間再整理。）
as 的用法
as 引導限制性定語從句時主要用於 the same ... as ..., such ... as ..., as ... as ..., so ... as ... 結構中。as 在定語從句中既可以指人也可以指物，在從句中作主語、賓語、表語。as 還可以指代整個句子，引導非限制性定語從句。
-例句
Such people as have made great contributions to the world should be greatly respected.
那些對世界做出巨大貢獻的人應受到極大的尊重。
As I explained on the phone, your request will be considered at the next morning.
正如我在電話里解釋的那樣，下次開會將會考慮你的建議。
as 引導定語從句的一些固定搭配:
as we all know 正如大家所知
as is well known 眾所周知
as I can remeber 正如我所記得的
as often happens 正如經常發生的那樣
as we expect 正如我們所預料的那樣
as was expected 正如預料的那樣
as you see 如你所見
as has been said before 如前所述
as is often the case（對···而言）這是常有的事
as may be imagined 正如可以想象出來的那樣
as the old saying goes 正如古話所說；常言道
as sb. put(s) it 正如某人所說
關系代詞的特殊用法
只用 that 不用 which 的情況
1. 先行詞為 all, much, everything, anything, nothing, none, the one, something, little, few, any 等不定代詞或者被不定代詞修飾時。
- 例句
All that can be done has been done.
一切能做的都做了。
I refuse to accpet the blame for somthing that was someone else's fault.
我拒絕接受因為別人的過錯而對我進行的指責。
2. 先行詞被 the only, the very, the last, the same 等修飾時。
-例句
Australia is the only country that is also a continent.
澳大利亞是唯一一個既是國家又覆蓋整個大陸的國家。
The train is the last one that will go to Suzhou.
這是去蘇州的最后一趟火車。
3. 先行詞是序數詞或被序數詞修飾時。
-例句
The first thing (that) we should do now is to find a local guide.
我們現在應該做的第一件事時尋找一個當地的導游。
4. 先行詞是最高級或被最高級修飾時。
-例句
This is the best method that has been used to prevent pollution.
這是用過的最好的防止污染的辦法。
This is the best way that can solve the problem.
這是能夠解決這個問題的最好的辦法。
5. 先行詞既有人又有物時。
-例句
We often talk about persons and things (that) we remember.
我們常常談起我們記得的人或事物。
6. 在雙重定語從句中，其中一個關系代詞用 which 時，另一個用that，避免重復。
-例句
He built uo a factory which produved things that had never seen before.
他建了一個生產一些以前從沒見過的東西的工廠。
7. 以 here, there 開頭的句子，先行詞指物時。
-例句
There is a book on the desk that belongs to Frank.
桌子上有本書是屬於F的。
8. 主句是以 what 或 which 開頭的特殊疑問句時。
-例句
Which is the book that belongs to her?
哪本書是她的？
只用 which 不用 that 的情況
1. 當關系代詞前有介詞時。
-例句
Care of the soul is a gradual process in which even the small details of life should be considered.
心靈的護理是一個漸進的過程，在這個過程中，甚至生活中那些微小的細節都應該被顧及。
2. 引導非限定性定語從句時。
-例句
Football which is a very interesting sport, is played in many countries.
足球是一項很有趣的體育運動，很多國家的人們都在踢。
China Today attracts a worldwide readership, which shows that more and more people all over the world want to learn about China.
《今日中國》吸引了世界范圍內的讀者，這表明全世界越來越多的人想要了解中國。
3. 先行詞為 that, those 時。
-例句
What's that which was out in the car?
放在車子里的那個東西時什么？
4. 關系代詞后有插入語時。
-例句
Here is a CD which, as I have told you, is a great help to you.
這就是我告訴過你對你很有幫助的光盤。
指人時只用 who 的情況
1. 當先行詞是one, ones, anyone 或 those 時。
-例句
They offer help and advice to anyone who is intersted in becoming a teacher.
他們為任何一個對成為老師感興趣的人提供意見。
Those who dare to break the law will be punished.
那些膽敢違反法律的人將會受到懲罰。
2. 用在 there be 句型中，先行詞指人時。
-例句
There is a young man who wants to see you.
有一個年輕人想要見你。
3. 當先行詞是人，關系代詞在從句中作主語並於從句謂語動詞分隔時，用 who(whom)。
-例句
She is an artist who, if given enough time, will work wonders.
她是一位可以創造奇跡的藝術家，如果給予她足夠多的時間的話。
4. 當一個表示人的先行詞后面有兩個定語從句中，第二個定語從句多用 who 引導。
-例句
The man that spoke at the meeting is our new headmaster who has just come from Shanghai.
那個在會上講話的人是我們的新校長，塔剛從上海過來。
5. 當先行詞是人稱代詞 he, they 等時，在一些諺語中或在一些較長且復雜的句子中，定語從句多用 who 引導。
-例句
They who can suffer long years of patient toil and constant efforts will succeed.
那些能經受長年耐心操勞和不斷努力的人會成功。
He who play with fire gets burned.
玩火自焚。
He who laughs last laughs best.
誰笑到最后，誰笑得最好。
which 和 as 的區別
1. as 引導的定語從句可以置於主句前中后，which 引導的定語從句一般只能置於主句后。
2. 非限制性定語從句中出現 expect, think, suppose 等表示猜測、想象、預料的詞語，一般用 as
-例句
She succeed in doing her research work, as we expected.
正如我們料想的那樣，她完成了她的研究工作。