Python 5種方法實現單例模式

基本介紹

一個對象只允許被一次創建，一個類只能創建一個對象，並且提供一個全局訪問點。

單例模式應該是應用最廣泛，實現最簡單的一種創建型模式。

特點：全局唯一，允許更改

優缺點

優點：

避免對資源的多重占用，如寫入文件操作
節省內存
防止命名空間被污染
缺點：

沒有接口，不能繼承，與單一職責原則沖突，一個類應該只關心內部邏輯，而不關心外面怎么樣來實例化

Python實現

方式1，元類實現：

class MetaClass(type):
    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        """
        self : class Singleton
        """
        if not hasattr(self, "ins"):
            insObject = super(__class__, self).__call__(*args, **kwargs)
            setattr(self, "ins", insObject)
        return getattr(self, "ins")


class Singleton(object, metaclass=MetaClass):
    pass


if __name__ == "__main__":
    ins = Singleton()
    print(id(ins))
    ins = Singleton()
    print(id(ins))

方式2，繼承實現：

class ParentClass:
    def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs) -> object:
        """
        cls : class Singeton
        """
        if not hasattr(cls, "ins"):
            insObject = super(__class__, cls).__new__(cls, *args, **kwargs)
            setattr(cls, "ins", insObject)
        return getattr(cls, "ins")


class Singleton(ParentClass):
    pass


if __name__ == "__main__":
    ins = Singleton()
    print(id(ins))
    ins = Singleton()
    print(id(ins))

方式3，裝飾器實現：

def warpper(clsObject):
    def inner(*args, **kwargs):
        if not hasattr(clsObject, "ins"):
            insObject = clsObject(*args, **kwargs)
            setattr(clsObject, "ins", insObject)
        return getattr(clsObject, "ins")
    return inner


@warpper
class Singleton:
    pass


if __name__ == "__main__":
    ins = Singleton()
    print(id(ins))
    ins = Singleton()
    print(id(ins))

方式4，模塊實現：

- foo.py --> ins = Singleton()
- bar.py --> from foo import ins

方式5，@classmethod實現單例模式：

class Singleton:

    @classmethod
    def getSingletonInstanceObject(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        if not hasattr(cls, "ins"):
            insObject = cls(*args, **kwargs)
            setattr(cls, "ins", insObject)
        return getattr(cls, "ins")


if __name__ == "__main__":
    ins = Singleton.getSingletonInstanceObject()
    print(id(ins))
    ins = Singleton.getSingletonInstanceObject()
    print(id(ins))