Python 單例模式實現的五種方式

一、classmethod裝飾器

# 全局變量
ip = '192.168.13.98'
port = '3306'
class MySQL:
    __instance = None

    def __init__(self, ip, port):
        self.ip = ip
        self.port = port

    @classmethod
    def instance(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        if args or kwargs:
            cls.__instance = cls(*args, **kwargs)
        return cls.__instance


obj1 = MySQL.instance(ip, port)
obj2 = MySQL.instance()
obj3 = MySQL.instance()
print(obj1)
print(obj2, obj2.__dict__)
print(obj3, obj3.__dict__)

　　

輸出結果

<main.MySQL object at 0x058D6F30>
<main.MySQL object at 0x058D6F30> {'ip': '192.168.13.98', 'port': '3306'}
<main.MySQL object at 0x058D6F30> {'ip': '192.168.13.98', 'port': '3306'}

　　

二、類的裝飾器

def singlegon(cls):
    _instance = cls(ip, port)

    def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
        if args or kwargs:
            return cls(*args, **kwargs)
        return _instance

    return wrapper


@singlegon
class MySQL1:
    def __init__(self, ip, port):
        self.ip = ip
        self.port = port


obj1 = MySQL1()
obj2 = MySQL1()
obj3 = MySQL1('1.1.1.3', 8080)
print(obj1)
print(obj2, obj2.__dict__)
print(obj3, obj3.__dict__)

　　

運行結果
  

<main.MySQL1 object at 0x04C102B0>
<main.MySQL1 object at 0x04C102B0> {'ip': '192.168.13.98', 'port': '3306'}
<main.MySQL1 object at 0x04C10310> {'ip': '1.1.1.3', 'port': 8080}

　　

三、元類

class Mymetaclass(type):
    def __init__(self, class_name, class_bases, class_dic):
        super().__init__(class_name, class_bases, class_dic)
        self.__instance = self(ip, port)

    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        if args or kwargs:
            obj = self.__new__(self)
            self.__init__(obj, *args, **kwargs)
            self.__instance = obj
        return self.__instance


class MySQL2(metaclass=Mymetaclass):
    def __init__(self, ip, port):
        self.ip = ip
        self.port = port


obj1 = MySQL2()
obj2 = MySQL2()
obj3 = MySQL2('1.1.1.3', 80)
print(obj1)
print(obj2, obj2.__dict__)
print(obj3, obj3.__dict__)

　　

運行結果

<main.MySQL2 object at 0x04D003B0>
<main.MySQL2 object at 0x04D003B0> {'ip': '192.168.13.98', 'port': '3306'}
<main.MySQL2 object at 0x04D003D0> {'ip': '1.1.1.3', 'port': 80}

　　

四、模塊導入

# instance.py

class MySQL:
    def __init__(self, ip, port):
        self.ip = ip
        self.port = port


ip = '192.168.13.98'
port = 3306
instance = MySQL(ip, port)


# 測試代碼
import os, sys

sys.path.append(os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(__file__)))
from test import instance


obj1 = instance.instance
obj2 = instance.instance
obj3 = instance.MySQL('1.1.1.3', 80)
print(obj1)
print(obj2, obj2.__dict__)
print(obj3, obj3.__dict__)

運行結果

<day30.instance.MySQL object at 0x052B0AB0>
<day30.instance.MySQL object at 0x052B0AB0> {'ip': '192.168.13.98', 'port': 3306}
<day30.instance.MySQL object at 0x052B03F0> {'ip': '1.1.1.3', 'port': 80}

五、重寫__new__()

class MySQL3(object):
    __instance = None
    __first_init = True

    def __init__(self, ip, port):
        if self.__first_init:
            self.ip = ip
            self.port = port
            self.__first_init = False

    def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        if not cls.__instance:
            cls.__instance = object.__new__(cls)
        return cls.__instance

obj1 = MySQL3(ip, port)
obj2 = MySQL3(ip, port)
obj3 = MySQL3('1.1.1.3', 80)
print(obj1)
print(obj2, obj2.__dict__)
print(obj3, obj3.__dict__)

　　

運行結果

<main.MySQL3 object at 0x059603F0>
<main.MySQL3 object at 0x059603F0> {'ip': '192.168.13.98', 'port': '3306', '_MySQL3__first_init': False}
<main.MySQL3 object at 0x059603F0> {'ip': '192.168.13.98', 'port': '3306', '_MySQL3__first_init': False}

　　

注：前四種可以實現單例模式，但都不是絕對單例模式，可以創建新的對象，但是第五種方式是絕對單例模式，全局只能真正創建一次對象