一、五大基本概念
1、主語：放在謂語動詞之前的成分
（1）I love you.
（2）To see is to believe.
（3）The flower smells great.
（4）Being able to love you is the happiest thing in this world.
2、謂語：就是動詞，主要分為實意動詞和系動詞
（1）I love you.
（2）To see is to believe.
（3）The flower smells great.
（4）Being able to love you is the happiest thing in this world.
3、賓語：放在實意動詞之后的成分
（1）I love you.
（2）To see is to believe.
（3）The flower smells great.
（4）Being able to love you is the happiest thing in this world.
4、表語：放在系動詞之后的成分
（1）I love you.
（2）To see is to believe.
（3）The flower smells great.
（4）Being able to love you is the happiest thing in this world.
5、賓補：補充說明賓語的成分
注：如果賓語和賓語之后成分加 be 動詞后能夠構成一個邏輯完整的句子，則賓語之后的成分為賓補
（1）I find you beautiful.
（2）I consider him a liar.
（3）I hear her singing.
二、五大基本句型
注：五大簡單基本句型是萬句之源；一個句子的主干有且僅有一個謂語動詞，be doing 和 be done 整體看成謂語動詞，動詞+介詞 的形式總體看成謂語動詞（depend on）
1、主+謂
（1）He cried.
（2）The bus stopped.
（3）It is raining now.
（4）We have worked for 5 days.
（5）Dark clouds hung overhead.
（6）Gradually a smile appeared on her face.
（7）He is smiling all over his face.
（8）I did well in English.
（9）He talked loudly in the classroom yesterday.
2、主+謂+賓
（1）I love you.
（2）People all over the world speak English.
（3）He did not know what to say.
（4）He practices speaking English every day.
（5）He is having dinner at home now.
3、主+謂+賓+賓
（1）He lent me some money.
（2）She ordered herself a new dress.
（3）She cooked her husband a delicious meal.
（4）I showed him my pictures.
（5）He showed me how to run the machine.
4、主+謂+賓+賓補
（1）He asked me to lend him some money.
（2）Our teacher encourages us to do more reading.
（3）I heard someone calling for help.
（4）We saw her entering the room.
（5）His father named him DongMing.
（6）Let the fresh air in.
（7）We saw him out.
（8）He kept his hands behind his back.
（9）I want your homework done on time.
（10）I'll have my bike repaired.
5、主+系+表
（1）His advice proved right.
（2）The shop stays open till 8 o'clock.
（3）The machine went wrong.
（4）All these efforts seem in vain.
（5）The room soon became crowded.
（6）The days are getting longer and longer.
（7）He fell ill yesterday.
（8）Trees turn green in spring.
（9）What you said sounds great.
（10）He tasted the food，and the food tasted delicious.
6、表達人的個人心情時常常用一類特殊的固定句型
（1）I'm afraid (that) he won't pass the exam.
（2）We are sure that he will be successful soon.
（3）I am glad that you come to see me.
三、並列句：簡單句+並列連詞+簡單句
並列連詞：and、or、but。。
（1）He helped me and I helped him.
（2）You can watch TV or you can do exercise.
（3）You are nice but I don't love you.
四、名詞性從句（主、賓、表、同）
一個句子做了名詞的功能就叫做名詞性從句
1、陳述句：Yaoming is tall.
變化規則：that + 陳述句 = 名詞
注：陳述句中，只有賓語從句可以省略 that ，其他從句均不可省略
（1）姚明很高是一個事實。
That Yaoming is tall is a fact. ——> 主語從句
（2）我們知道姚明很高。
We know （that） Yaoming is tall. ——> 賓語從句
（3）我的觀點是姚明很高。
My opinion is that Yaoming is tall. ——> 表語從句
（4）姚明很高這個觀點是正確的。
The opinion that Yaoming is tall is right. ——> 同位語從句
2、一般疑問句：Will you come to Beijing tomorrow?
變化規則：whether / if + 疑問句的陳述語序 = 名詞
注：一般疑問句中，只有賓語從句可以使用 if 或 whether ，其他從句只能使用 whether
（1）你明天是否來北京對我來說很重要。
Whether you will come to Beijing tomorrow is important to me. ——> 主語從句
（2）我想知道你明天是否來北京。
I want to know if / whether you will come to Beijing tomorrow. ——> 賓語從句
（3）我的問題是你明天是否來北京。
My question is whether you will come to Beijing tomorrow. ——> 表語從句
（4）你明天是否來北京這個問題讓我很煩心。
The question whether you will come to Beijing tomorrow bothers me. ——> 同位語從句
3、特殊疑問句：Why are you so clever?
變化規則：陳述語序的特殊疑問句 = 名詞
（1）你問什么這么聰明是一個謎。
Why you are so clever is a mystery. ——> 主語從句
（2）我們不知道你為什么這么聰明。
We don't know why you are so clever. ——> 賓語從句
（3）我的問題是你為什么這么聰明。
My question is why you are so clever. ——> 表語從句
（4）你為什么這么聰明這個問題讓我感興趣。
The question why you are so clever interests me. ——> 同位語從句
4、同位語從句補充：
（1）在句子中遇到 “抽象名詞” 時，應條件反射地想到后面可能跟了同位語從句，常跟同位語從句的抽象名詞有：
belief，fact，idea，problem，information，conclusion，decision，news，thought，explanation 等
（2）當同位語從句充當的主語過長時，同位語從句和它所修飾的名詞常常隔開
An idea came to her that she could solve the problem in another way.
五、形容詞性從句（定語從句）
一個句子做了形容詞的功能就叫做形容詞性從句
關系詞指代前面的先行詞，必須放到兩句話之間，即便做后面句子的賓語，起到兩節車廂之間鏈條的作用
1、關系代詞：正常形容詞
who：This is the man who saved my life.
whom：This is the man whom I saved.
whose：This is the man whose life was saved by me.
that：This is the book that I read.
which：This is the book which is very popular.
as：You always work hard，as everybody knows.
as 用法總結：
（1）as 不可指代具體的某個詞，一般指某件事，其引導的定語從句可以置於句首（其他定語從句不可以），也可以置於句末，一般翻譯為 “正如”
As is planned，wo got there before eight. 正如計划，我們在8點前到那了。
They won the game，as we had expected. 他們贏了比賽，正如我們預料的那樣。
As you've pointed out，he proves to be the best student here.
As we all know，the earth is round.
（2）當句子中出現 such / the same 時，用 as，as 指代的就是前面的名詞
He is not such a fool as he looks. 他並沒有看上去那么傻。
He is such a nice person as is popular.
It is such a beautiful picture as attracted many people.
注：
（1）關系代詞后面不是一句完整的話，它和后面的內容共同構成一個完整的句子
（2）that 既可以指人也可以指物
The man who / that is speaking at the meeting is a worker.
There are the trees which / that were planted last year.
The woman whom / that they wanted to visit is a teacher.
（3）先行詞做在從句中做賓語時關系代詞可以省略
The woman they wanted to visit is a teacher.
The woman (whom / that) they wanted to visit is a teacher.
（4）that 不與 "逗號" 和 "介詞" 連用，此時一般用 which，指人時用 whom
I like climbing mountain，which is good for my health.
This is the room，in which I spent my whole childhood.
The man to whom I talked is Mr.Li.
（5）限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句，非限制性定語從句一般翻譯成兩句話（有逗號），經常表示原因
I like the girl who is beautiful. 我喜歡這個漂亮的女孩。
I like the girl，who is beautiful. 我喜歡這個女孩，因為她漂亮。
（6）當 way 和 time（次數） 做先行詞時，關系詞常常省略，因為此時在從句中做狀語
I don't like the way (that / in which) he treated me.
The way (that / in which) he explained to us is quite simple.
This is the first time (that) I come here.
This is the last time (that) I shall give you a lesson.
2、關系副詞：另類形容詞
when：I can never forget the day when I met her.
where：I can never forget the place where I met her.
why：I can never forget the reason why she dumped me.
注：
（1）when 前面一定是一個表示時間的詞，where 前面一定是一個表示地點的詞，why 前面一定是 reason
（2）when，where，why 關系副詞后面是一句完整的話，不能用 which 等替代
（3）判斷后面是不是一個完整的句子，決定是否使用關系副詞
I'll never forget the days which we spent together.
I'll never forget the day when I joined the league.
六、副詞性從句（狀語從句）
1、副詞（狀語）
I love you deeply.
You are beautiful enough.
I have breakfast everyday.
（1）那些修飾動詞、形容詞和整個句子的可有可無的成分叫做副詞，也叫狀語
（2）出去五大基本概念和定語后剩下的成分就是副詞，也是狀語
（3）說明地點、時間、原因、目的、結果、條件、方向、程度、方式和伴隨狀態等
2、副詞性從句結構
一個句子做了副詞的功能就叫做副詞性從句
I love you very much.
I love you as a mouse loves rice.
注：連詞可能跟后面的句子構成從句，也可能跟前面的句子構成從句
3、副詞性從句的類型
（1）時間：After I finish my homework，I will play games with you.
（2）地點：You should have put the book where you found it.
（3）原因：I didn't come to work because I was ill.
（4）目的：He looked down so that she conld not see his eyes.
（5）條件：If plastics are burned，they give off poisonous gases.
（6）結果：I didn't sleep well last night，so I feel sleepy this morning.
（7）比較：You look younger than you are.
（8）讓步：Although he studied hard，he didn't pass the examination.
（9）方式：You must try to hold the tool as I do.
1、While / When / As John was watching TV，his wife was cooking. 2、You'd better think twice before you make your decision. 3、It is a month since I met him last time.（√） 4、It has been five years since I taught English.（√） 5、I found the world was amazing after I went abroad. 6、I waited until he came. 7、I didn't have a boyfriend until I was 17 years old.（√） 8、Whenever a visitor comes into a house，he is served with a cup of tea. 9、Each time I went there I saw him working. 10、Every time I listened to your advice I got into trouble. 11、By the time he was taken to the hospital he was almost dead.（by the time 到...時候為止） 12、Next time you come to class，please remember to take your notes. 13、The first time I saw you I fell in love with you. 14、He didn't tell me the news the last time I saw him. 15、People check messages as soon as we wake up.（一..就..） 16、The children ran away from the garden the moment they saw the guard.（一..就..） 17、I want to see him the minute he arrives.（一..就..） 18、Once he arrives we can start.（一..就..） 19、Hardly had he reached the school gate when the bell rang.（一..就..） 他一到學校大門鈴聲就響了。 20、I had no sooner arrived home than it began to rain.（一..就..） 我一到家就下雨了。
注：時間狀語連詞最為重要
1、常見的簡單時間狀語連詞：when / while / as / before / after / since / till / until
2、“一。。就。。”系列：as soon as / the moment / the minute / the second / once / hardly ... when ... / no sooner ... than ...
3、time 系列：every time / each time / next time / the last time / the first time / by the time
地點： 21、Generally，air will be heavily polluted where there are factories. 22、Wherever you go，you should work hard. 23、Where there is no rain，farming is difficult or impossible. 原因： 24、My friends dislike me because I'm handsome and successful. 25、Now that everybody has come，let's begin our conference.（now that 既然） 26、The higher income tax is harmful in that it may discourage people from trying to earn more.（in that 因為） 目的： 27、The teacher uses simple examples so that his students could understand him. 28、He got up so early that he caught the first bus. 29、It's such a good chance that we must not miss it.（后面接名詞是用 such） 條件： 30、We'll start our project if the president agrees. 31、You will certainly succeed as long as you keep on trying.（as long as 只要） 讓步： 32、The old man always enjoys swimming even though the weather is bad. 33、No matter how hard he tried，she could not change her mind. 34、He won't listen whatever you may say. 35、I will support you no matter which you choose.
注：地點狀語從句中 where 前面可以是任何詞，它是修飾前面的完整句子；另類形容詞中的 where 前面必須是一個表示地點的名詞，它是做定語修飾前面的地點名詞
You should have put the book where you found it.
I can never forget the place where I met you.
to + 名詞：此處 to 是介詞，表示朝向，做狀語
I live in Beijing.
I go to school.
I talked to him.
We have worked for 5 days.
動名詞做主語永遠是第三人稱單數
rather than，表示並列（而不是）
I rather than he love rather than hate you rather than her.
than，和。。相比
1、than + n：此時是介詞，做比較狀語
2、than + 句子：此時是連詞