一、五大基本概念
1、主语：放在谓语动词之前的成分
（1）I love you.
（2）To see is to believe.
（3）The flower smells great.
（4）Being able to love you is the happiest thing in this world.
2、谓语：就是动词，主要分为实意动词和系动词
（1）I love you.
（2）To see is to believe.
（3）The flower smells great.
（4）Being able to love you is the happiest thing in this world.
3、宾语：放在实意动词之后的成分
（1）I love you.
（2）To see is to believe.
（3）The flower smells great.
（4）Being able to love you is the happiest thing in this world.
4、表语：放在系动词之后的成分
（1）I love you.
（2）To see is to believe.
（3）The flower smells great.
（4）Being able to love you is the happiest thing in this world.
5、宾补：补充说明宾语的成分
注：如果宾语和宾语之后成分加 be 动词后能够构成一个逻辑完整的句子，则宾语之后的成分为宾补
（1）I find you beautiful.
（2）I consider him a liar.
（3）I hear her singing.
二、五大基本句型
注：五大简单基本句型是万句之源；一个句子的主干有且仅有一个谓语动词，be doing 和 be done 整体看成谓语动词，动词+介词 的形式总体看成谓语动词（depend on）
1、主+谓
（1）He cried.
（2）The bus stopped.
（3）It is raining now.
（4）We have worked for 5 days.
（5）Dark clouds hung overhead.
（6）Gradually a smile appeared on her face.
（7）He is smiling all over his face.
（8）I did well in English.
（9）He talked loudly in the classroom yesterday.
2、主+谓+宾
（1）I love you.
（2）People all over the world speak English.
（3）He did not know what to say.
（4）He practices speaking English every day.
（5）He is having dinner at home now.
3、主+谓+宾+宾
（1）He lent me some money.
（2）She ordered herself a new dress.
（3）She cooked her husband a delicious meal.
（4）I showed him my pictures.
（5）He showed me how to run the machine.
4、主+谓+宾+宾补
（1）He asked me to lend him some money.
（2）Our teacher encourages us to do more reading.
（3）I heard someone calling for help.
（4）We saw her entering the room.
（5）His father named him DongMing.
（6）Let the fresh air in.
（7）We saw him out.
（8）He kept his hands behind his back.
（9）I want your homework done on time.
（10）I'll have my bike repaired.
5、主+系+表
（1）His advice proved right.
（2）The shop stays open till 8 o'clock.
（3）The machine went wrong.
（4）All these efforts seem in vain.
（5）The room soon became crowded.
（6）The days are getting longer and longer.
（7）He fell ill yesterday.
（8）Trees turn green in spring.
（9）What you said sounds great.
（10）He tasted the food，and the food tasted delicious.
6、表达人的个人心情时常常用一类特殊的固定句型
（1）I'm afraid (that) he won't pass the exam.
（2）We are sure that he will be successful soon.
（3）I am glad that you come to see me.
三、并列句：简单句+并列连词+简单句
并列连词：and、or、but。。
（1）He helped me and I helped him.
（2）You can watch TV or you can do exercise.
（3）You are nice but I don't love you.
四、名词性从句（主、宾、表、同）
一个句子做了名词的功能就叫做名词性从句
1、陈述句：Yaoming is tall.
变化规则：that + 陈述句 = 名词
注：陈述句中，只有宾语从句可以省略 that ，其他从句均不可省略
（1）姚明很高是一个事实。
That Yaoming is tall is a fact. ——> 主语从句
（2）我们知道姚明很高。
We know （that） Yaoming is tall. ——> 宾语从句
（3）我的观点是姚明很高。
My opinion is that Yaoming is tall. ——> 表语从句
（4）姚明很高这个观点是正确的。
The opinion that Yaoming is tall is right. ——> 同位语从句
2、一般疑问句：Will you come to Beijing tomorrow?
变化规则：whether / if + 疑问句的陈述语序 = 名词
注：一般疑问句中，只有宾语从句可以使用 if 或 whether ，其他从句只能使用 whether
（1）你明天是否来北京对我来说很重要。
Whether you will come to Beijing tomorrow is important to me. ——> 主语从句
（2）我想知道你明天是否来北京。
I want to know if / whether you will come to Beijing tomorrow. ——> 宾语从句
（3）我的问题是你明天是否来北京。
My question is whether you will come to Beijing tomorrow. ——> 表语从句
（4）你明天是否来北京这个问题让我很烦心。
The question whether you will come to Beijing tomorrow bothers me. ——> 同位语从句
3、特殊疑问句：Why are you so clever?
变化规则：陈述语序的特殊疑问句 = 名词
（1）你问什么这么聪明是一个谜。
Why you are so clever is a mystery. ——> 主语从句
（2）我们不知道你为什么这么聪明。
We don't know why you are so clever. ——> 宾语从句
（3）我的问题是你为什么这么聪明。
My question is why you are so clever. ——> 表语从句
（4）你为什么这么聪明这个问题让我感兴趣。
The question why you are so clever interests me. ——> 同位语从句
4、同位语从句补充：
（1）在句子中遇到 “抽象名词” 时，应条件反射地想到后面可能跟了同位语从句，常跟同位语从句的抽象名词有：
belief，fact，idea，problem，information，conclusion，decision，news，thought，explanation 等
（2）当同位语从句充当的主语过长时，同位语从句和它所修饰的名词常常隔开
An idea came to her that she could solve the problem in another way.
五、形容词性从句（定语从句）
一个句子做了形容词的功能就叫做形容词性从句
关系词指代前面的先行词，必须放到两句话之间，即便做后面句子的宾语，起到两节车厢之间链条的作用
1、关系代词：正常形容词
who：This is the man who saved my life.
whom：This is the man whom I saved.
whose：This is the man whose life was saved by me.
that：This is the book that I read.
which：This is the book which is very popular.
as：You always work hard，as everybody knows.
as 用法总结：
（1）as 不可指代具体的某个词，一般指某件事，其引导的定语从句可以置于句首（其他定语从句不可以），也可以置于句末，一般翻译为 “正如”
As is planned，wo got there before eight. 正如计划，我们在8点前到那了。
They won the game，as we had expected. 他们赢了比赛，正如我们预料的那样。
As you've pointed out，he proves to be the best student here.
As we all know，the earth is round.
（2）当句子中出现 such / the same 时，用 as，as 指代的就是前面的名词
He is not such a fool as he looks. 他并没有看上去那么傻。
He is such a nice person as is popular.
It is such a beautiful picture as attracted many people.
注：
（1）关系代词后面不是一句完整的话，它和后面的内容共同构成一个完整的句子
（2）that 既可以指人也可以指物
The man who / that is speaking at the meeting is a worker.
There are the trees which / that were planted last year.
The woman whom / that they wanted to visit is a teacher.
（3）先行词做在从句中做宾语时关系代词可以省略
The woman they wanted to visit is a teacher.
The woman (whom / that) they wanted to visit is a teacher.
（4）that 不与 "逗号" 和 "介词" 连用，此时一般用 which，指人时用 whom
I like climbing mountain，which is good for my health.
This is the room，in which I spent my whole childhood.
The man to whom I talked is Mr.Li.
（5）限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句，非限制性定语从句一般翻译成两句话（有逗号），经常表示原因
I like the girl who is beautiful. 我喜欢这个漂亮的女孩。
I like the girl，who is beautiful. 我喜欢这个女孩，因为她漂亮。
（6）当 way 和 time（次数） 做先行词时，关系词常常省略，因为此时在从句中做状语
I don't like the way (that / in which) he treated me.
The way (that / in which) he explained to us is quite simple.
This is the first time (that) I come here.
This is the last time (that) I shall give you a lesson.
2、关系副词：另类形容词
when：I can never forget the day when I met her.
where：I can never forget the place where I met her.
why：I can never forget the reason why she dumped me.
注：
（1）when 前面一定是一个表示时间的词，where 前面一定是一个表示地点的词，why 前面一定是 reason
（2）when，where，why 关系副词后面是一句完整的话，不能用 which 等替代
（3）判断后面是不是一个完整的句子，决定是否使用关系副词
I'll never forget the days which we spent together.
I'll never forget the day when I joined the league.
六、副词性从句（状语从句）
1、副词（状语）
I love you deeply.
You are beautiful enough.
I have breakfast everyday.
（1）那些修饰动词、形容词和整个句子的可有可无的成分叫做副词，也叫状语
（2）出去五大基本概念和定语后剩下的成分就是副词，也是状语
（3）说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状态等
2、副词性从句结构
一个句子做了副词的功能就叫做副词性从句
I love you very much.
I love you as a mouse loves rice.
注：连词可能跟后面的句子构成从句，也可能跟前面的句子构成从句
3、副词性从句的类型
（1）时间：After I finish my homework，I will play games with you.
（2）地点：You should have put the book where you found it.
（3）原因：I didn't come to work because I was ill.
（4）目的：He looked down so that she conld not see his eyes.
（5）条件：If plastics are burned，they give off poisonous gases.
（6）结果：I didn't sleep well last night，so I feel sleepy this morning.
（7）比较：You look younger than you are.
（8）让步：Although he studied hard，he didn't pass the examination.
（9）方式：You must try to hold the tool as I do.
1、While / When / As John was watching TV，his wife was cooking. 2、You'd better think twice before you make your decision. 3、It is a month since I met him last time.（√） 4、It has been five years since I taught English.（√） 5、I found the world was amazing after I went abroad. 6、I waited until he came. 7、I didn't have a boyfriend until I was 17 years old.（√） 8、Whenever a visitor comes into a house，he is served with a cup of tea. 9、Each time I went there I saw him working. 10、Every time I listened to your advice I got into trouble. 11、By the time he was taken to the hospital he was almost dead.（by the time 到...时候为止） 12、Next time you come to class，please remember to take your notes. 13、The first time I saw you I fell in love with you. 14、He didn't tell me the news the last time I saw him. 15、People check messages as soon as we wake up.（一..就..） 16、The children ran away from the garden the moment they saw the guard.（一..就..） 17、I want to see him the minute he arrives.（一..就..） 18、Once he arrives we can start.（一..就..） 19、Hardly had he reached the school gate when the bell rang.（一..就..） 他一到学校大门铃声就响了。 20、I had no sooner arrived home than it began to rain.（一..就..） 我一到家就下雨了。
注：时间状语连词最为重要
1、常见的简单时间状语连词：when / while / as / before / after / since / till / until
2、“一。。就。。”系列：as soon as / the moment / the minute / the second / once / hardly ... when ... / no sooner ... than ...
3、time 系列：every time / each time / next time / the last time / the first time / by the time
地点： 21、Generally，air will be heavily polluted where there are factories. 22、Wherever you go，you should work hard. 23、Where there is no rain，farming is difficult or impossible. 原因： 24、My friends dislike me because I'm handsome and successful. 25、Now that everybody has come，let's begin our conference.（now that 既然） 26、The higher income tax is harmful in that it may discourage people from trying to earn more.（in that 因为） 目的： 27、The teacher uses simple examples so that his students could understand him. 28、He got up so early that he caught the first bus. 29、It's such a good chance that we must not miss it.（后面接名词是用 such） 条件： 30、We'll start our project if the president agrees. 31、You will certainly succeed as long as you keep on trying.（as long as 只要） 让步： 32、The old man always enjoys swimming even though the weather is bad. 33、No matter how hard he tried，she could not change her mind. 34、He won't listen whatever you may say. 35、I will support you no matter which you choose.
注：地点状语从句中 where 前面可以是任何词，它是修饰前面的完整句子；另类形容词中的 where 前面必须是一个表示地点的名词，它是做定语修饰前面的地点名词
You should have put the book where you found it.
I can never forget the place where I met you.
to + 名词：此处 to 是介词，表示朝向，做状语
I live in Beijing.
I go to school.
I talked to him.
We have worked for 5 days.
动名词做主语永远是第三人称单数
rather than，表示并列（而不是）
I rather than he love rather than hate you rather than her.
than，和。。相比
1、than + n：此时是介词，做比较状语
2、than + 句子：此时是连词