這門課是北京郵電大學葉培大創新創業學院開設的課程，導致現在放了寒假還要刷這上百個material，也算是繁忙的上學期的余音吧……（笑）
在這里開個blog記錄下學習筆記附贈答案（但是輔修不計入保研成績所以我也佛了，刷個90分得了），不會很詳細，因為這個寒假我還有美賽等一堆破事要搞，屬實裂開
第一天
1.part of speech 詞性 also known as part of writing
Usually, there are eight parts of speech that are commonly discussed in grammar books: noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction, and article.
| adjective | adverb | agreement 肯定句 |
| article 冠詞 | auxiliary verb 補語 | comparative |
| compound noun 合成詞 | conditional 條件狀語 | conjunction 連詞 |
| continuous 進行時 | contraction 否定 | count noun 數詞 |
| demonstrative pronoun 指示代詞 | determiner 所有格以及wh-ever詞 | direct object 具體名詞 |
| future tense/aspect 將來時 | gerund [ˈdʒerənd] 動名詞（v-ing） |
infinitive 不定形（to do） |
| intransitive verb vi 不及物動詞 | irregular noun 不規則變復數的名詞 | irregular verb 不規則動詞 |
| mass noun 單復同型 | modal 情態動詞 | modifier 修飾詞（five new classroom, eager student） |
| noun | participle 分詞 past participle如she was merited的merited | past tense |
| perfect tense | phrasal verb 動詞短語 | plural |
| possessive 所有格 | preposition 介詞prep | present tense |
| pronoun 人稱代詞 | proper noun 專有名詞 | reflexive pronoun 反身代詞 |
| relative pronoun 從句的先行詞（好像） that,whose,one之類 | subjunctive 虛擬語氣后的動詞，比如should do的這個do，xx that you do的do | superlative 最高級 |
| transitive verb 及物動詞 vt | verb |
2.Parts of the sentence
Subject 主語
imperative 祈使句
predicate 謂語
phrase 短語
clauses 從句，分為independent和dependent
二者的區別：
可能是動名詞不算動詞吧。。。離譜
新學單詞
yarn 紗線
sequel (書、電影、戲劇等的)續篇，續集; 后續的事; 隨之而來的事; 結果
imperative 迫切的; 重要緊急的; 急需處理的; 表示權威的; 表示命令的; 祈使的
moderator 調解人; 調停人; 仲裁人; 評分監督;
第二天
1.what makes an effective sntence?
clear, precise vocabulary, strong verbs, correct length
2.6 Steps to More Concise Writing
"Concise" means using no more words than necessary to convey your meaning. Here are six ways to achieve conciseness.
1. Avoid redundancy. Look at this table--the words in parentheses aren't necessary. They say the same thing as the main phrase.
| ten p.m. (at night) | tall (in height) |
| our (final) conclusion | (the month of) June |
| square (in shape) | to combine (together) |
| to ask (a question) | a consensus (of opinion) |
2. Watch out for wordy phrases. Wordiness(冗長) happens when you use more words than you need to say something. For example, "in view of the fact that" means simply, "because."
| Wordy | Concise |
|---|---|
| based on the fact that | because |
| despite the fact that | although |
| in the event that | if |
| at the present time | now |
| until such a time as | until |
| on a weekly basis | weekly |
| it is often the case that | often |
| have the ability to | can |
| during the course of | during |
| take under consideration | consider |
| to be of the opinion | to think |
| to make reference to | to refer to |
| in the final analysis | finally |
3. Make your subject clear and defined.
Unclear: The practice of revision would improve our writing.
Clear: Revision would improve our writing.
Avoid empty subjects it and there (called expletives) when possible.
Empty: There is no way to become a better writer than to practice.
Defined: We can become better writers if we practice.
4. Use strong verbs. Avoid using sentences that rely overly on some form of the word 'to be' in combination with nouns or prepositions.
to be + nouns: What we found was a solution to the problem.
Strong verb: We solved the problem.
5. Avoid vague words. Words like "thing," "stuff," "material," "people," "get," or "did" should be replaced with precise nouns or verbs.
Vague: I needed to get some stuff at the store.
Clear: I needed to buy some groceries at the farmer's market.
6. Remove unnecessary modifiers. Too many modifiers weaken the force of your writing; they bury your main ideas in a mountain of words that don't mean much. Look for modifiers like "many," "really," "quite," "in my opinion," etc. and edit them out of your writing.
Unnecessary: In my opinion, that movie was really quite good. I'm very glad we saw it.
Concise: That movie was great! I'm glad we saw it.
3.coherence and development
A good paragraph has strong organization that makes sense to the reader. Each sentence should lead logically to the next, and should be connected through transition words or other connections. Besides a topic sentence and one main idea, an effective paragraph has coherence and development.
Coherence(連貫性)
Coherence makes a paragraph understandable to a reader. You can help create coherence in your paragraphs by creating logical and verbal connections. You can develop logical connections by making sure that each sentence in a paragraph relates in some way to the topic sentence. You can also create these connections through the use of words ("verbal connections"). For example, you can:
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Repeat key words
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Use synonyms for key words
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Use pronouns(代詞) to link sentences together
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Link sentences with transition words
Development
Development refers to the support you have for your topic sentence. A well-developed paragraph should have an adequate number of sentences to support the main idea. What's an "adequate number"? That depends on the idea, and how much development it needs. Here are some ways you can make sure your paragraphs are developed. You can:
-
Use examples
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Give data (for example, statistics, data, information, examples)
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Quote others, either directly or through paraphrasing
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Tell a story
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Define your key words
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Compare or contrast ideas
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Examine causes and effects
4.signposts and transitions
Two other important pieces of academic paragraphs are transitions and signposts. Here is a picture of a signpost:
How does this image relate to writing?
A signpost helps travelers find their way. In writing, a signpost helps readers find their way; it can be a phrase, sentence, or paragraph that explains to the reader where the writer has been, or where the writer is going. Here are some example signposts:
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The purpose of this paper is....
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The previous research has shown...
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The next section will illustrate...
Signposts are important for readers, as they help them understand your organization and thought process.
Transitions are phrases or sentences that help you move from from one idea to the next. Transitions are often used at the ends of paragraphs to create a connection between ideas, from one paragraph to the next. Common transitions include:
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moreover
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nevertheless
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in addition
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similarly
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on the other hand
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in conclusion
新學單詞
slander 口頭誹謗; 詆毀
skiff (尤指單人的)小划艇，小帆船;
stoop 彎腰; 俯身; (站立或行走時)弓背;
charging bull 外面是銅,里面是其他的填充材料。charging有填充的意思，銅牛是華爾街地標
borne 承受; 忍受; 不適於某事(或做某事); 承擔責任;由……攜帶的
camouflage (軍事上的)偽裝，隱蔽; (動物的)保護色，保護形狀; 隱瞞;
drab 單調乏味的; 無光彩的; 無生氣的;
第三天
1.What isn't a thesis statement(論文觀點)?
A FACT OR OBSERVATION IS NOT A THESIS STATEMENT
A thesis makes an argument or analysis. If you state something that is obvious, or that
everyone accepts as a fact, you do not have a thesis.
Examples:
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In Moby Dick, Melville writes about a sailor named Ishmael. [This is true.]
-
The largest country by land area is Russia, and the smallest is Vatican City. [These are facts about cities. No one could argue with this.]
-
Philosophy is the study of knowledge and reality. [Someone could argue that philosophy includes other topics, but no one could argue that knowledge and reality are not part of the study of philosophy.]
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In 2006, Pluto was reclassified as a dwarf planet. [Some people disagree with Pluto's reclassification, but they cannot argue that it was reclassified.]
These four statements are all facts or observations. That is, they are simply "true", and therefore don't leave much to write about.
An explanation of the Subject is not a thesis statment
A thesis has a point of view. It has an opinion about the subject, but it is not the subject.
| Explanation | Thesis statement |
| My thesis is about the best place to take a vacation. |
The best place for a perfect vacation is Paris because of the beautiful architecture, wonderful restaurants, and abundance of museums. |
| I want to share some of my ideas about education. |
By narrowing the educational gap between the wealthy and the underprivileged, everyone can have an equal chance to become successful and contribute to society. |
| The topic of this paper is the effect of video games on young children. |
Children should be prevented from playing video games for more than an hour a day, as it may keep them from developing their creativity. |
2.more on thesis statement
Every academic essay you write should have a main idea, which is supported through an argument(s) you make. Your thesis statement will reflect the arguments you are making about your main idea in a clear way.
A thesis statement should present your argument in one or two sentences. A thesis generally has two parts: a statement of the topic, and an argument or position about that topic. Look at this example. The topic is underlined, and the argument is in bold:
Continuing changes in pension plans make it almost impossible to plan wisely for retirement.
The bold part of the sentence is the argument because it makes a specific claim about the topic. One way to test whether you have an argument or not is to ask whether a differentclaim could be made about it. For example, this thesis statement might also have been:
Continuing changes in pension plans save corporations and governments money that can be used more efficiently elsewhere.
or
Continuing changes in pension plans are necessary because of the smaller number of younger workers in the workforce.
If you cannot think of an alternative thesis statement, chances are that you have an observation about your topic, or an argument for which no one would have an alternative explanation. Look at these examples, and think about why they are not as effective:
In the current economy, pension plans are changing.
(This is true--but so what? Why is this interesting, important, or controversial?)
Jack London was the best American writer of his generation.
(This is too vague--what does "best" mean? It is nearly impossible to argue something based completely on individual taste. What is best to you may not be best to me.)
Can you think of ways to rewrite these weak thesis statements to make them stronger?
Remember also that your thesis statement should express one main idea. If you have more than one main idea about a topic, narrow it down before you begin writing.
新學單詞
hybrid automobile 混合動力汽車
pension 養老金; 退休金; 撫恤金;
citation 引文; 引語; 引述; 表彰; 表揚; (尤指對戰爭中英勇表現的)嘉獎令; (被)引用，引證;
disciplinary 有關紀律的; 執行紀律的; 懲戒性的;
mastery 精通; 熟練掌握; 控制; 駕馭; 控制力量;
第四天
今天就着重強調了不要plagiarism(抄襲; 剽竊; 剽竊作品;)
第五天
1.Revise Your Draft
8-point Checklist for Revision
1. Does your essay have one clear and concise main idea? Is this idea addressed in a good, arguable thesis statement?
2. Does your introduction create interest in the topic and make your readers want to read more? (This will be covered in the next unit.)
3. Is your essay well organized? Did you use an outline or other tool to help with the organization?
4. Is the main idea of each paragraph clear? Have you developed each paragraph with supporting information?
5. How have you transitioned between paragraphs? Have you used key words and pronouns to create connections between sentences and paragraphs?
6. Are the sentences clear and well written? Have you varied your sentence structure? Could any sentences be improved by combining or rewriting them?
7. Is your vocabulary accurate? Have you used precise words to express your meaning?
8. Does your essay have a strong conclusion? Does it bring the essay to a satisfying close, and give your reader something to think about? (This will be addressed in the next unit.)
2.Proofreading Techniques
When proofreading your paper, think of “OUT”.
1. Print it out
Some people find it easier to read from paper, or to see their mistakes. If you can, print out your writing for proofreading.
2. Read it out
Some people hear their errors better than they read them. Read your essay aloud and mark anything that sounds awkward or wrong. Even better, have someone else read it aloud while you read along.
3. Watch out...
Watch out for common mistakes. Look for common writing errors on relevant websites, and make sure your essay has none of these.
3.Creating strong introductions and conclusions
Appendix：答案
並不確定答案是否會亂序，所以僅供參考
Parts of Speech Quiz：ABE AD B BCEF C BDE
Quiz on Sentence Parts：subject predicate B B A
Sentence Parts Quiz: B A B A A B
Effective Sentences Quiz: A C B D B
Quiz: Paragraph Order: 8 2 1 6 3 4 7 5
Quiz: Thesis Statements： BEF
Understanding Academic Writing： C A BC ACE
Understanding Arguments： BDC
Quiz: Outlining：C A B
T/F quiz： × × √ × √ ×
Quiz: Proofreading B C A C