这门课是北京邮电大学叶培大创新创业学院开设的课程，导致现在放了寒假还要刷这上百个material，也算是繁忙的上学期的余音吧……（笑）
在这里开个blog记录下学习笔记附赠答案（但是辅修不计入保研成绩所以我也佛了，刷个90分得了），不会很详细，因为这个寒假我还有美赛等一堆破事要搞，属实裂开
第一天
1.part of speech 词性 also known as part of writing
Usually, there are eight parts of speech that are commonly discussed in grammar books: noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction, and article.
| adjective | adverb | agreement 肯定句 |
| article 冠词 | auxiliary verb 补语 | comparative |
| compound noun 合成词 | conditional 条件状语 | conjunction 连词 |
| continuous 进行时 | contraction 否定 | count noun 数词 |
| demonstrative pronoun 指示代词 | determiner 所有格以及wh-ever词 | direct object 具体名词 |
| future tense/aspect 将来时 | gerund [ˈdʒerənd] 动名词（v-ing） |
infinitive 不定形（to do） |
| intransitive verb vi 不及物动词 | irregular noun 不规则变复数的名词 | irregular verb 不规则动词 |
| mass noun 单复同型 | modal 情态动词 | modifier 修饰词（five new classroom, eager student） |
| noun | participle 分词 past participle如she was merited的merited | past tense |
| perfect tense | phrasal verb 动词短语 | plural |
| possessive 所有格 | preposition 介词prep | present tense |
| pronoun 人称代词 | proper noun 专有名词 | reflexive pronoun 反身代词 |
| relative pronoun 从句的先行词（好像） that,whose,one之类 | subjunctive 虚拟语气后的动词，比如should do的这个do，xx that you do的do | superlative 最高级 |
| transitive verb 及物动词 vt | verb |
2.Parts of the sentence
Subject 主语
imperative 祈使句
predicate 谓语
phrase 短语
clauses 从句，分为independent和dependent
二者的区别：
可能是动名词不算动词吧。。。离谱
新学单词
yarn 纱线
sequel (书、电影、戏剧等的)续篇，续集; 后续的事; 随之而来的事; 结果
imperative 迫切的; 重要紧急的; 急需处理的; 表示权威的; 表示命令的; 祈使的
moderator 调解人; 调停人; 仲裁人; 评分监督;
第二天
1.what makes an effective sntence?
clear, precise vocabulary, strong verbs, correct length
2.6 Steps to More Concise Writing
"Concise" means using no more words than necessary to convey your meaning. Here are six ways to achieve conciseness.
1. Avoid redundancy. Look at this table--the words in parentheses aren't necessary. They say the same thing as the main phrase.
| ten p.m. (at night) | tall (in height) |
| our (final) conclusion | (the month of) June |
| square (in shape) | to combine (together) |
| to ask (a question) | a consensus (of opinion) |
2. Watch out for wordy phrases. Wordiness(冗长) happens when you use more words than you need to say something. For example, "in view of the fact that" means simply, "because."
| Wordy | Concise |
|---|---|
| based on the fact that | because |
| despite the fact that | although |
| in the event that | if |
| at the present time | now |
| until such a time as | until |
| on a weekly basis | weekly |
| it is often the case that | often |
| have the ability to | can |
| during the course of | during |
| take under consideration | consider |
| to be of the opinion | to think |
| to make reference to | to refer to |
| in the final analysis | finally |
3. Make your subject clear and defined.
Unclear: The practice of revision would improve our writing.
Clear: Revision would improve our writing.
Avoid empty subjects it and there (called expletives) when possible.
Empty: There is no way to become a better writer than to practice.
Defined: We can become better writers if we practice.
4. Use strong verbs. Avoid using sentences that rely overly on some form of the word 'to be' in combination with nouns or prepositions.
to be + nouns: What we found was a solution to the problem.
Strong verb: We solved the problem.
5. Avoid vague words. Words like "thing," "stuff," "material," "people," "get," or "did" should be replaced with precise nouns or verbs.
Vague: I needed to get some stuff at the store.
Clear: I needed to buy some groceries at the farmer's market.
6. Remove unnecessary modifiers. Too many modifiers weaken the force of your writing; they bury your main ideas in a mountain of words that don't mean much. Look for modifiers like "many," "really," "quite," "in my opinion," etc. and edit them out of your writing.
Unnecessary: In my opinion, that movie was really quite good. I'm very glad we saw it.
Concise: That movie was great! I'm glad we saw it.
3.coherence and development
A good paragraph has strong organization that makes sense to the reader. Each sentence should lead logically to the next, and should be connected through transition words or other connections. Besides a topic sentence and one main idea, an effective paragraph has coherence and development.
Coherence(连贯性)
Coherence makes a paragraph understandable to a reader. You can help create coherence in your paragraphs by creating logical and verbal connections. You can develop logical connections by making sure that each sentence in a paragraph relates in some way to the topic sentence. You can also create these connections through the use of words ("verbal connections"). For example, you can:
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Repeat key words
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Use synonyms for key words
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Use pronouns(代词) to link sentences together
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Link sentences with transition words
Development
Development refers to the support you have for your topic sentence. A well-developed paragraph should have an adequate number of sentences to support the main idea. What's an "adequate number"? That depends on the idea, and how much development it needs. Here are some ways you can make sure your paragraphs are developed. You can:
-
Use examples
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Give data (for example, statistics, data, information, examples)
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Quote others, either directly or through paraphrasing
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Tell a story
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Define your key words
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Compare or contrast ideas
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Examine causes and effects
4.signposts and transitions
Two other important pieces of academic paragraphs are transitions and signposts. Here is a picture of a signpost:
How does this image relate to writing?
A signpost helps travelers find their way. In writing, a signpost helps readers find their way; it can be a phrase, sentence, or paragraph that explains to the reader where the writer has been, or where the writer is going. Here are some example signposts:
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The purpose of this paper is....
-
The previous research has shown...
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The next section will illustrate...
Signposts are important for readers, as they help them understand your organization and thought process.
Transitions are phrases or sentences that help you move from from one idea to the next. Transitions are often used at the ends of paragraphs to create a connection between ideas, from one paragraph to the next. Common transitions include:
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moreover
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nevertheless
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in addition
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similarly
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on the other hand
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in conclusion
新学单词
slander 口头诽谤; 诋毁
skiff (尤指单人的)小划艇，小帆船;
stoop 弯腰; 俯身; (站立或行走时)弓背;
charging bull 外面是铜,里面是其他的填充材料。charging有填充的意思，铜牛是华尔街地标
borne 承受; 忍受; 不适于某事(或做某事); 承担责任;由……携带的
camouflage (军事上的)伪装，隐蔽; (动物的)保护色，保护形状; 隐瞒;
drab 单调乏味的; 无光彩的; 无生气的;
第三天
1.What isn't a thesis statement(论文观点)?
A FACT OR OBSERVATION IS NOT A THESIS STATEMENT
A thesis makes an argument or analysis. If you state something that is obvious, or that
everyone accepts as a fact, you do not have a thesis.
Examples:
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In Moby Dick, Melville writes about a sailor named Ishmael. [This is true.]
-
The largest country by land area is Russia, and the smallest is Vatican City. [These are facts about cities. No one could argue with this.]
-
Philosophy is the study of knowledge and reality. [Someone could argue that philosophy includes other topics, but no one could argue that knowledge and reality are not part of the study of philosophy.]
-
In 2006, Pluto was reclassified as a dwarf planet. [Some people disagree with Pluto's reclassification, but they cannot argue that it was reclassified.]
These four statements are all facts or observations. That is, they are simply "true", and therefore don't leave much to write about.
An explanation of the Subject is not a thesis statment
A thesis has a point of view. It has an opinion about the subject, but it is not the subject.
| Explanation | Thesis statement |
| My thesis is about the best place to take a vacation. |
The best place for a perfect vacation is Paris because of the beautiful architecture, wonderful restaurants, and abundance of museums. |
| I want to share some of my ideas about education. |
By narrowing the educational gap between the wealthy and the underprivileged, everyone can have an equal chance to become successful and contribute to society. |
| The topic of this paper is the effect of video games on young children. |
Children should be prevented from playing video games for more than an hour a day, as it may keep them from developing their creativity. |
2.more on thesis statement
Every academic essay you write should have a main idea, which is supported through an argument(s) you make. Your thesis statement will reflect the arguments you are making about your main idea in a clear way.
A thesis statement should present your argument in one or two sentences. A thesis generally has two parts: a statement of the topic, and an argument or position about that topic. Look at this example. The topic is underlined, and the argument is in bold:
Continuing changes in pension plans make it almost impossible to plan wisely for retirement.
The bold part of the sentence is the argument because it makes a specific claim about the topic. One way to test whether you have an argument or not is to ask whether a differentclaim could be made about it. For example, this thesis statement might also have been:
Continuing changes in pension plans save corporations and governments money that can be used more efficiently elsewhere.
or
Continuing changes in pension plans are necessary because of the smaller number of younger workers in the workforce.
If you cannot think of an alternative thesis statement, chances are that you have an observation about your topic, or an argument for which no one would have an alternative explanation. Look at these examples, and think about why they are not as effective:
In the current economy, pension plans are changing.
(This is true--but so what? Why is this interesting, important, or controversial?)
Jack London was the best American writer of his generation.
(This is too vague--what does "best" mean? It is nearly impossible to argue something based completely on individual taste. What is best to you may not be best to me.)
Can you think of ways to rewrite these weak thesis statements to make them stronger?
Remember also that your thesis statement should express one main idea. If you have more than one main idea about a topic, narrow it down before you begin writing.
新学单词
hybrid automobile 混合动力汽车
pension 养老金; 退休金; 抚恤金;
citation 引文; 引语; 引述; 表彰; 表扬; (尤指对战争中英勇表现的)嘉奖令; (被)引用，引证;
disciplinary 有关纪律的; 执行纪律的; 惩戒性的;
mastery 精通; 熟练掌握; 控制; 驾驭; 控制力量;
第四天
今天就着重强调了不要plagiarism(抄袭; 剽窃; 剽窃作品;)
第五天
1.Revise Your Draft
8-point Checklist for Revision
1. Does your essay have one clear and concise main idea? Is this idea addressed in a good, arguable thesis statement?
2. Does your introduction create interest in the topic and make your readers want to read more? (This will be covered in the next unit.)
3. Is your essay well organized? Did you use an outline or other tool to help with the organization?
4. Is the main idea of each paragraph clear? Have you developed each paragraph with supporting information?
5. How have you transitioned between paragraphs? Have you used key words and pronouns to create connections between sentences and paragraphs?
6. Are the sentences clear and well written? Have you varied your sentence structure? Could any sentences be improved by combining or rewriting them?
7. Is your vocabulary accurate? Have you used precise words to express your meaning?
8. Does your essay have a strong conclusion? Does it bring the essay to a satisfying close, and give your reader something to think about? (This will be addressed in the next unit.)
2.Proofreading Techniques
When proofreading your paper, think of “OUT”.
1. Print it out
Some people find it easier to read from paper, or to see their mistakes. If you can, print out your writing for proofreading.
2. Read it out
Some people hear their errors better than they read them. Read your essay aloud and mark anything that sounds awkward or wrong. Even better, have someone else read it aloud while you read along.
3. Watch out...
Watch out for common mistakes. Look for common writing errors on relevant websites, and make sure your essay has none of these.
3.Creating strong introductions and conclusions
Appendix：答案
并不确定答案是否会乱序，所以仅供参考
Parts of Speech Quiz：ABE AD B BCEF C BDE
Quiz on Sentence Parts：subject predicate B B A
Sentence Parts Quiz: B A B A A B
Effective Sentences Quiz: A C B D B
Quiz: Paragraph Order: 8 2 1 6 3 4 7 5
Quiz: Thesis Statements： BEF
Understanding Academic Writing： C A BC ACE
Understanding Arguments： BDC
Quiz: Outlining：C A B
T/F quiz： × × √ × √ ×
Quiz: Proofreading B C A C