初級教程:ROS之編寫簡單的消息發布器和訂閱器 (C++)


聲明:本篇文章是學習wiki ROS上的相應教程。

第一步:創建一個catkin程序包(如過已經配置好catkin那就可跳過這一步)

本部分教程將演示如何使用catkin_create_pkg命令來創建一個新的catkin程序包以及創建之后都能做些什么。

首先切換到之前通過創建catkin工作空間教程創建的catkin工作空間中的src目錄下:

 # You should have created this in the Creating a Workspace Tutorial

$ cd ~/catkin_ws/src

現在使用catkin_create_pkg命令來創建一個名為'beginner_tutorials'的新程序包,這個程序包依賴於std_msgs、roscpp和rospy:

 $ catkin_create_pkg beginner_tutorials std_msgs rospy roscpp

這將會創建一個名為beginner_tutorials的文件夾,這個文件夾里面包含一個package.xml文件和一個CMakeLists.txt文件,這兩個文件都已經自動包含了部分你在執行catkin_create_pkg命令時提供的信息。

catkin_create_pkg命令會要求你輸入package_name,如果有需要你還可以在后面添加一些需要依賴的其它程序包:

 

# This is an example, do not try to run this
# catkin_create_pkg <package_name> [depend1] [depend2] [depend3]

catkin_create_pkg命令也有更多的高級功能,這些功能在catkin/commands/catkin_create_pkg中有描述。

第二步:編寫簡單的消息發布器和訂閱器 (C++)

http://wiki.ros.org/cn/ROS/Tutorials/WritingPublisherSubscriber%28c%2B%2B%29

 

 

1.編寫發布器節點

"節點(Node)" 是ROS中指代連接到ROS網絡的可執行文件的術語。接下來,我們將會創建一個發布器節點("talker"),它將不斷的在ROS網絡中廣播消息。

 

 

轉移到之前教程在catkin工作空間所創建的beginner_tutorials package路徑下:

 

cd ~/catkin_ws/src/beginner_tutorials

 

1.1源代碼

 

在beginner_tutorials package路徑下創建src目錄:

 

mkdir -p ~/catkin_ws/src/beginner_tutorials/src

這個目錄將會存儲beginner_tutorials package的所有源代碼.

在beginner_tutorials package里創建src/talker.cpp文件,並粘貼如下代碼:

https://raw.github.com/ros/ros_tutorials/groovy-devel/roscpp_tutorials/talker/talker.cpp

Toggle line numbers
 27 #include "ros/ros.h"  28 #include "std_msgs/String.h"  29   30 #include <sstream>  31   32 /**  33  * This tutorial demonstrates simple sending of messages over the ROS system.  34  */  35 int main(int argc, char **argv)  36 {  37  /**  38  * The ros::init() function needs to see argc and argv so that it can perform  39  * any ROS arguments and name remapping that were provided at the command line. For programmatic  40  * remappings you can use a different version of init() which takes remappings  41  * directly, but for most command-line programs, passing argc and argv is the easiest  42  * way to do it. The third argument to init() is the name of the node.  43  *  44  * You must call one of the versions of ros::init() before using any other  45  * part of the ROS system.  46  */  47  ros::init(argc, argv, "talker");  48   49  /**  50  * NodeHandle is the main access point to communications with the ROS system.  51  * The first NodeHandle constructed will fully initialize this node, and the last  52  * NodeHandle destructed will close down the node.  53  */  54  ros::NodeHandle n;  55   56  /**  57  * The advertise() function is how you tell ROS that you want to 58 * publish on a given topic name. This invokes a call to the ROS 59 * master node, which keeps a registry of who is publishing and who 60 * is subscribing. After this advertise() call is made, the master 61 * node will notify anyone who is trying to subscribe to this topic name, 62 * and they will in turn negotiate a peer-to-peer connection with this 63 * node. advertise() returns a Publisher object which allows you to 64 * publish messages on that topic through a call to publish(). Once 65 * all copies of the returned Publisher object are destroyed, the topic 66 * will be automatically unadvertised. 67 * 68 * The second parameter to advertise() is the size of the message queue 69 * used for publishing messages. If messages are published more quickly 70 * than we can send them, the number here specifies how many messages to 71 * buffer up before throwing some away. 72 */ 73 ros::Publisher chatter_pub = n.advertise<std_msgs::String>("chatter", 1000); 74 75 ros::Rate loop_rate(10); 76 77 /** 78 * A count of how many messages we have sent. This is used to create 79 * a unique string for each message. 80 */ 81 int count = 0; 82 while (ros::ok()) 83 { 84 /** 85 * This is a message object. You stuff it with data, and then publish it. 86 */ 87 std_msgs::String msg; 88 89 std::stringstream ss; 90 ss << "hello world " << count; 91 msg.data = ss.str(); 92 93 ROS_INFO("%s", msg.data.c_str()); 94 95 /** 96 * The publish() function is how you send messages. The parameter 97 * is the message object. The type of this object must agree with the type 98 * given as a template parameter to the advertise<>() call, as was done 99 * in the constructor above. 100 */ 101 chatter_pub.publish(msg); 102 103 ros::spinOnce(); 104 105 loop_rate.sleep(); 106 ++count; 107 } 108 109 110 return 0; 111 } 

 

 

1.2代碼解釋

現在,我們來分段解釋代碼.

 

Toggle line numbers
 27 #include "ros/ros.h"  28 

ros/ros.h是一個實用的頭文件,它引用了ROS系統中大部分常用的頭文件,使用它會使得編程很簡便。

 

Toggle line numbers
 28 #include "std_msgs/String.h"  29 

這引用了std_msgs/String 消息, 它存放在std_msgs package里,是由String.msg文件自動生成的頭文件。需要更詳細的消息定義,參考msg頁面.

 

Toggle line numbers
 47  ros::init(argc, argv, "talker"); 

初始化ROS。它允許ROS通過命令行進行名稱重映射——目前,這不是重點。同樣,我們也在這里指定我們節點的名稱——必須唯一。

這里的名稱必須是一個base name,不能包含/

 

Toggle line numbers
 54  ros::NodeHandle n; 

為這個進程的節點創建一個句柄。第一個創建的NodeHandle會為節點進行初始化,最后一個銷毀的會清理節點使用的所有資源。

 

Toggle line numbers
 73  ros::Publisher chatter_pub = n.advertise<std_msgs::String>("chatter", 1000); 

告訴master我們將要在chatter topic上發布一個std_msgs/String的消息。這樣master就會告訴所有訂閱了chatter topic的節點,將要有數據發布。第二個參數是發布序列的大小。在這樣的情況下,如果我們發布的消息太快,緩沖區中的消息在大於1000個的時候就會開始丟棄先前發布的消息。

NodeHandle::advertise() 返回一個 ros::Publisher對象,它有兩個作用: 1) 它有一個publish()成員函數可以讓你在topic上發布消息; 2) 如果消息類型不對,它會拒絕發布。

 

Toggle line numbers
 75  ros::Rate loop_rate(10); 

ros::Rate對象可以允許你指定自循環的頻率。它會追蹤記錄自上一次調用Rate::sleep()后時間的流逝,並休眠直到一個頻率周期的時間。

在這個例子中,我們讓它以10hz的頻率運行。

 

Toggle line numbers
 81  int count = 0;  82  while (ros::ok())  83  { 

roscpp會默認安裝一個SIGINT句柄,它負責處理Ctrl-C鍵盤操作——使得ros::ok()返回FALSE。

ros::ok()返回false,如果下列條件之一發生:

  • SIGINT接收到(Ctrl-C)
  • 被另一同名節點踢出ROS網絡
  • ros::shutdown()被程序的另一部分調用

  • 所有的ros::NodeHandles都已經被銷毀

一旦ros::ok()返回false, 所有的ROS調用都會失效。

 

Toggle line numbers
 87  std_msgs::String msg;  88   89  std::stringstream ss;  90  ss << "hello world " << count;  91  msg.data = ss.str(); 

我們使用一個由msg file文件產生的‘消息自適應’類在ROS網絡中廣播消息。現在我們使用標准的String消息,它只有一個數據成員"data"。當然你也可以發布更復雜的消息類型。

 

Toggle line numbers
 101  chatter_pub.publish(msg); 

現在我們已經向所有連接到chatter topic的節點發送了消息。

 

Toggle line numbers
 93  ROS_INFO("%s", msg.data.c_str()); 

ROS_INFO和類似的函數用來替代printf/cout. 參考rosconsole documentation以獲得更詳細的信息。

 

Toggle line numbers
 103  ros::spinOnce(); 

在這個例子中並不是一定要調用ros::spinOnce(),因為我們不接受回調。然而,如果你想拓展這個程序,卻又沒有在這調用ros::spinOnce(),你的回調函數就永遠也不會被調用。所以,在這里最好還是加上這一語句。

 

Toggle line numbers
 105  loop_rate.sleep(); 

這條語句是調用ros::Rate對象來休眠一段時間以使得發布頻率為10hz。

對上邊的內容進行一下總結:

  • 初始化ROS系統
  • 在ROS網絡內廣播我們將要在chatter topic上發布std_msgs/String消息

  • 以每秒10次的頻率在chatter上發布消息

接下來我們要編寫一個節點來接收消息。

 

2.編寫訂閱器節點

 

2.1源代碼

beginner_tutorials package目錄下創建src/listener.cpp文件,並粘貼如下代碼:

https://raw.github.com/ros/ros_tutorials/groovy-devel/roscpp_tutorials/listener/listener.cpp

Toggle line numbers
 28 #include "ros/ros.h"  29 #include "std_msgs/String.h"  30   31 /**  32  * This tutorial demonstrates simple receipt of messages over the ROS system.  33  */  34 void chatterCallback(const std_msgs::String::ConstPtr& msg)  35 {  36  ROS_INFO("I heard: [%s]", msg->data.c_str());  37 }  38   39 int main(int argc, char **argv)  40 {  41  /**  42  * The ros::init() function needs to see argc and argv so that it can perform  43  * any ROS arguments and name remapping that were provided at the command line. For programmatic  44  * remappings you can use a different version of init() which takes remappings  45  * directly, but for most command-line programs, passing argc and argv is the easiest  46  * way to do it. The third argument to init() is the name of the node.  47  *  48  * You must call one of the versions of ros::init() before using any other  49  * part of the ROS system.  50  */  51  ros::init(argc, argv, "listener");  52   53  /**  54 * NodeHandle is the main access point to communications with the ROS system. 55 * The first NodeHandle constructed will fully initialize this node, and the last 56 * NodeHandle destructed will close down the node. 57 */ 58 ros::NodeHandle n; 59 60 /** 61 * The subscribe() call is how you tell ROS that you want to receive messages 62 * on a given topic. This invokes a call to the ROS 63 * master node, which keeps a registry of who is publishing and who 64 * is subscribing. Messages are passed to a callback function, here 65 * called chatterCallback. subscribe() returns a Subscriber object that you 66 * must hold on to until you want to unsubscribe. When all copies of the Subscriber 67 * object go out of scope, this callback will automatically be unsubscribed from 68 * this topic. 69 * 70 * The second parameter to the subscribe() function is the size of the message 71 * queue. If messages are arriving faster than they are being processed, this 72 * is the number of messages that will be buffered up before beginning to throw 73 * away the oldest ones. 74 */ 75 ros::Subscriber sub = n.subscribe("chatter", 1000, chatterCallback); 76 77 /** 78 * ros::spin() will enter a loop, pumping callbacks. With this version, all 79 * callbacks will be called from within this thread (the main one). ros::spin() 80 * will exit when Ctrl-C is pressed, or the node is shutdown by the master. 81 */ 82 ros::spin(); 83 84 return 0; 85 } 

 

 

2.2代碼解釋

下面我們將逐條解釋代碼,當然,之前解釋過的代碼就不再贅述了。

 

Toggle line numbers
 34 void chatterCallback(const std_msgs::String::ConstPtr& msg)  35 {  36  ROS_INFO("I heard: [%s]", msg->data.c_str());  37 } 

這是一個回調函數,當消息到達chatter topic的時候就會被調用。消息是以 boost shared_ptr指針的形式傳輸,這就意味着你可以存儲它而又不需要復制數據

 

Toggle line numbers
 75  ros::Subscriber sub = n.subscribe("chatter", 1000, chatterCallback); 

告訴master我們要訂閱chatter topic上的消息。當有消息到達topic時,ROS就會調用chatterCallback()函數。第二個參數是隊列大小,以防我們處理消息的速度不夠快,在緩存了1000個消息后,再有新的消息到來就將開始丟棄先前接收的消息。

NodeHandle::subscribe()返回ros::Subscriber對象,你必須讓它處於活動狀態直到你不再想訂閱該消息。當這個對象銷毀時,它將自動退訂 上的消息。

有各種不同的NodeHandle::subscribe()函數,允許你指定類的成員函數,甚至是Boost.Function對象可以調用的任何數據類型。roscpp overview 提供了更為詳盡的信息。

 

Toggle line numbers
 82  ros::spin(); 

ros::spin()進入自循環,可以盡可能快的調用消息回調函數。如果沒有消息到達,它不會占用很多CPU,所以不用擔心。一旦ros::ok()返回FALSE,ros::spin()就會立刻跳出自循環。這有可能是ros::shutdown()被調用,或者是用戶按下了Ctrl-C,使得master告訴節點要shutdown。也有可能是節點被人為的關閉。

還有其他的方法進行回調,但在這里我們不涉及。想要了解,可以參考roscpp_tutorials package里的一些demo應用。需要更為詳盡的信息,參考roscpp overview

下邊,我們來總結一下:

  • 初始化ROS系統
  • 訂閱chatter topic

  • 進入自循環,等待消息的到達
  • 當消息到達,調用chatterCallback()函數

 

 

 

3.編譯節點

之前教程中使用catkin_create_pkg創建了package.xmlCMakeLists.txt 文件。

生成的CMakeLists.txt看起來應該是這樣(在Creating Msgs and Srvs教程中的修改和未被使用的注釋和例子都被移除了):

https://raw.github.com/ros/catkin_tutorials/master/create_package_modified/catkin_ws/src/beginner_tutorials/CMakeLists.txt

Toggle line numbers
 1 cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 2.8.3)  2 project(beginner_tutorials)  3   4 ## Find catkin and any catkin packages  5 find_package(catkin REQUIRED COMPONENTS roscpp rospy std_msgs genmsg)  6   7 ## Declare ROS messages and services  8 add_message_files(DIRECTORY msg FILES Num.msg)  9 add_service_files(DIRECTORY srv FILES AddTwoInts.srv)  10   11 ## Generate added messages and services  12 generate_messages(DEPENDENCIES std_msgs)  13   14 ## Declare a catkin package  15 catkin_package() 

 

CMakeLists.txt文件末尾加入幾條語句:

 

include_directories(include ${catkin_INCLUDE_DIRS})
 add_executable(talker src/talker.cpp) target_link_libraries(talker ${catkin_LIBRARIES})  add_executable(listener src/listener.cpp) target_link_libraries(listener ${catkin_LIBRARIES})

結果,CMakeLists.txt文件看起來像這樣:

https://raw.github.com/ros/catkin_tutorials/master/create_package_pubsub/catkin_ws/src/beginner_tutorials/CMakeLists.txt

Toggle line numbers
 1 cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 2.8.3)  2 project(beginner_tutorials)  3   4 ## Find catkin and any catkin packages  5 find_package(catkin REQUIRED COMPONENTS roscpp rospy std_msgs genmsg)  6   7 ## Declare ROS messages and services  8 add_message_files(FILES Num.msg)  9 add_service_files(FILES AddTwoInts.srv)  10   11 ## Generate added messages and services  12 generate_messages(DEPENDENCIES std_msgs)  13   14 ## Declare a catkin package  15 catkin_package()  16   17 ## Build talker and listener  18 include_directories(include ${catkin_INCLUDE_DIRS})  19   20 add_executable(talker src/talker.cpp)  21 target_link_libraries(talker ${catkin_LIBRARIES})  22 add_dependencies(talker beginner_tutorials_generate_messages_cpp)  23   24 add_executable(listener src/listener.cpp)  25 target_link_libraries(listener ${catkin_LIBRARIES})  26 add_dependencies(listener beginner_tutorials_generate_messages_cpp) 

 

這會生成兩個可執行文件, talkerlistener, 默認存儲到devel space目錄,具體是在~/catkin_ws/devel/lib/<package name>中.

現在要為可執行文件添加對生成的消息文件的依賴:

add_dependencies(talker beginner_tutorials_generate_messages_cpp)

這樣就可以確保自定義消息的頭文件在被使用之前已經被生成。因為catkin把所有的package並行的編譯,所以如果你要使用其他catkin工作空間中其他package的消息,你同樣也需要添加對他們各自生成的消息文件的依賴。當然,如果在*Groovy*版本下,你可以使用下邊的這個變量來添加對所有必須的文件依賴:

add_dependencies(talker ${catkin_EXPORTED_TARGETS})

你可以直接調用可執行文件,也可以使用rosrun來調用他們。他們不會被安裝到'<prefix>/bin'路徑下,因為那樣會改變系統的PATH環境變量。如果你確定要將可執行文件安裝到該路徑下,你需要設置安裝目標,請參考catkin/CMakeLists.txt

需要關於CMakeLists.txt更詳細的信息,請參考catkin/CMakeLists.txt

現在運行 catkin_make:

# In your catkin workspace
$ catkin_make 

注意:如果你是添加了新的package,你需要通過--force-cmake選項告訴catkin進行強制編譯。參考catkin/Tutorials/using_a_workspace#With_catkin_make.

既然已經編寫好了發布器和訂閱器,下面讓我們來測試消息發布器和訂閱器.

第三步:編譯ROS程序包

1.編譯程序包

一旦安裝了所需的系統依賴項,我們就可以開始編譯剛才創建的程序包了。

 

注意: 如果你是通過apt或者其它軟件包管理工具來安裝ROS的,那么系統已經默認安裝好所有依賴項。

記得事先source你的環境配置(setup)文件,在Ubuntu中的操作指令如下:

 

$ source /opt/ros/groovy/setup.bash

 

使用 catkin_make

catkin_make 是一個命令行工具,它簡化了catkin的標准工作流程。你可以認為catkin_make是在CMake標准工作流程中依次調用了cmakemake

使用方法:

 

# 在catkin工作空間下
$ catkin_make [make_targets] [-DCMAKE_VARIABLES=...]

CMake標准工作流程主要可以分為以下幾個步驟:

 

注意: 如果你運行以下命令是無效的,因為它只是一個演示CMake工作流程的例子。

 

# 在一個CMake項目里
$ mkdir build $ cd build $ cmake .. $ make $ make install # (可選)

每個CMake工程在編譯時都會執行這個操作過程。相反,多個catkin項目可以放在工作空間中一起編譯,工作流程如下:

 

# In a catkin workspace
$ catkin_make $ catkin_make install # (可選)

上述命令會編譯src文件夾下的所有catkin工程。想更深入了解請參考REP128。 如果你的源代碼不在默認工作空間中(~/catkin_ws/src),比如說存放在了my_src中,那么你可以這樣來使用catkin_make:

 

注意: 運行以下命令時無效的,因為my_src不存在。

 

# In a catkin workspace
$ catkin_make --source my_src $ catkin_make install --source my_src # (optionally)

對於catkin_make更高級的使用方法,請參考catkin/commands/catkin_make

 

1.1開始編譯你的程序包

 

對於正要馬上編譯自己代碼的讀者,請同時看一下后面的(C++)/(Python)教程,因為你可能需要修改CMakeLists.txt文件。

按照之前的創建一個ROS程序包教程,你應該已經創建好了一個catkin 工作空間 和一個名為beginner_tutorials的catkin 程序包。現在切換到catkin workspace 並查看src文件夾:

 

$ cd ~/catkin_ws/
$ ls src
  • beginner_tutorials/  CMakeLists.txt@  

你可以看到一個名為beginner_tutorials的文件夾,這就是你在之前的 catkin_create_pkg教程里創建的。現在我們可以使用catkin_make來編譯它了:

 

$ catkin_make

你可以看到很多cmakemake 輸出的信息:

  • Base path: /home/user/catkin_ws
    Source space: /home/user/catkin_ws/src Build space: /home/user/catkin_ws/build Devel space: /home/user/catkin_ws/devel Install space: /home/user/catkin_ws/install #### #### Running command: "cmake /home/user/catkin_ws/src -DCATKIN_DEVEL_PREFIX=/home/user/catkin_ws/devel -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=/home/user/catkin_ws/install" in "/home/user/catkin_ws/build" #### -- The C compiler identification is GNU 4.2.1 -- The CXX compiler identification is Clang 4.0.0 -- Checking whether C compiler has -isysroot -- Checking whether C compiler has -isysroot - yes -- Checking whether C compiler supports OSX deployment target flag -- Checking whether C compiler supports OSX deployment target flag - yes -- Check for working C compiler: /usr/bin/gcc -- Check for working C compiler: /usr/bin/gcc -- works -- Detecting C compiler ABI info -- Detecting C compiler ABI info - done -- Check for working CXX compiler: /usr/bin/c++ -- Check for working CXX compiler: /usr/bin/c++ -- works -- Detecting CXX compiler ABI info -- Detecting CXX compiler ABI info - done -- Using CATKIN_DEVEL_PREFIX: /tmp/catkin_ws/devel -- Using CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH: /opt/ros/groovy -- This workspace overlays: /opt/ros/groovy -- Found PythonInterp: /usr/bin/python (found version "2.7.1") -- Found PY_em: /usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/em.pyc -- Found gtest: gtests will be built -- catkin 0.5.51 -- BUILD_SHARED_LIBS is on -- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -- ~~ traversing packages in topological order: -- ~~ - beginner_tutorials -- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -- +++ add_subdirectory(beginner_tutorials) -- Configuring done -- Generating done -- Build files have been written to: /home/user/catkin_ws/build #### #### Running command: "make -j4" in "/home/user/catkin_ws/build" ####

catkin_make首先輸出它所使用到的每個空間所在的路徑。更多關於空間的信息,請參考REP128catkin/workspaces。需要注意的是由於這些空間存在默認配置的原因,有幾個文件夾已經在catkin工作空間自動生成了,使用ls查看:

 

$ ls
  • build
    devel src

build 目錄是build space的默認所在位置,同時cmakemake也是在這里被調用來配置並編譯你的程序包。devel 目錄是devel space的默認所在位置, 同時也是在你安裝程序包之前存放可執行文件和庫文件的地方。

第四步:測試消息發布器和訂閱器(http://wiki.ros.org/cn/ROS/Tutorials/ExaminingPublisherSubscriber)

Description: 本教程將測試上一教程所寫的消息發布器和訂閱器。

Tutorial Level: BEGINNER

Next Tutorial: 寫一個簡單的服務端和客戶端 (python) (c++)

 

 

 

1.啟動發布器

確保roscore可用,並運行:

$ roscore

catkin specific 如果使用catkin,確保你在調用catkin_make后,在運行你自己的程序前,已經source了catkin工作空間下的setup.sh文件:

 

# In your catkin workspace
$ cd ~/catkin_ws $ source ./devel/setup.bash

In the last tutorial we made a publisher called "talker". Let's run it:

$ rosrun beginner_tutorials talker      (C++)
$ rosrun beginner_tutorials talker.py (Python) 

你將看到如下的輸出信息:

  • [INFO] [WallTime: 1314931831.774057] hello world 1314931831.77
    [INFO] [WallTime: 1314931832.775497] hello world 1314931832.77 [INFO] [WallTime: 1314931833.778937] hello world 1314931833.78 [INFO] [WallTime: 1314931834.782059] hello world 1314931834.78 [INFO] [WallTime: 1314931835.784853] hello world 1314931835.78 [INFO] [WallTime: 1314931836.788106] hello world 1314931836.79

發布器節點已經啟動運行。現在需要一個訂閱器節點來接受發布的消息。

 

2.啟動訂閱器

上一教程,我們編寫了一個名為"listener"的訂閱器節點。現在運行它:

 # In your catkin workspace

 $ cd ~/catkin_ws

 $ source ./devel/setup.bash  #如果有打開新的終端來運行就要從新在啟動。

$ rosrun beginner_tutorials listener     (C++)
$ rosrun beginner_tutorials listener.py (Python) 

你將會看到如下的輸出信息:

  • [INFO] [WallTime: 1314931969.258941] /listener_17657_1314931968795I heard hello world 1314931969.26
    [INFO] [WallTime: 1314931970.262246] /listener_17657_1314931968795I heard hello world 1314931970.26 [INFO] [WallTime: 1314931971.266348] /listener_17657_1314931968795I heard hello world 1314931971.26 [INFO] [WallTime: 1314931972.270429] /listener_17657_1314931968795I heard hello world 1314931972.27 [INFO] [WallTime: 1314931973.274382] /listener_17657_1314931968795I heard hello world 1314931973.27 [INFO] [WallTime: 1314931974.277694] /listener_17657_1314931968795I heard hello world 1314931974.28 [INFO] [WallTime: 1314931975.283708] /listener_17657_1314931968795I heard hello world 1314931975.28

你已經測試完了發布器和訂閱器,下面我們來編寫一個服務和客戶端(python) (c++).

 


免責聲明!

本站轉載的文章為個人學習借鑒使用,本站對版權不負任何法律責任。如果侵犯了您的隱私權益,請聯系本站郵箱yoyou2525@163.com刪除。



 
粵ICP備18138465號   © 2018-2025 CODEPRJ.COM