1、Apache的特點
功能強大、配置簡單、速度快、應用廣泛、性能穩定可靠，並可做代理服務器或負載均衡來使用
2、Apache的應用場合
使用Apache運行靜態HTML網頁、圖片（處理靜態小文件能力不及Nginx）。 使用Apache結合PHP引擎運行PHP、Perl、Python等程序 使用Apache結合Tomcat/Resion運行JSP，JAVA等程序 使用Apache作代理、負載均衡、rewrite規則過濾等等。
安裝Apache
1、確認主機名、檢查是否已經存在httpd、如果已經存在先卸載(使用rpm -e --nodeps)
[root@httpd /]# hostname httpd [root@httpd /]# rpm -qa httpd
rpm -e --nodeps 加 rpm -qa httpd 查看到的包名
rpm命令-qa參數
-q 查詢的意思
-a 所有軟件包
-e 移除的意思
--nodeps 不做軟件間的依賴檢查
更過參數使用man rpm 或 rpm --help查看
2、下載httpd軟件包
[root@localhost /]# wget http://mirror.bit.edu.cn/apache/httpd/httpd-2.2.31.tar.gz --2016-08-26 20:07:22-- http://mirror.bit.edu.cn/apache/httpd/httpd-2.2.31.tar.gz Resolving mirror.bit.edu.cn... 202.204.80.77, 2001:da8:204:2001:250:56ff:fea1:22 Connecting to mirror.bit.edu.cn|202.204.80.77|:80... connected. HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK Length: 7583841 (7.2M) [application/octet-stream] Saving to: “httpd-2.2.31.tar.gz” 100%[==================================================>] 7,583,841 1.26M/s in 5.0s 2016-08-26 20:07:27 (1.46 MB/s) - “httpd-2.2.31.tar.gz” saved [7583841/7583841]
[root@localhost /]# ll httpd-2.2.31.tar.gz
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 7583841 Aug 26 20:10 httpd-2.2.31.tar.gz
3、解壓
[root@localhost httpd-2.2.31]# tar zxvf httpd-2.2.31.tar.gz [root@localhost /]# cd httpd-2.2.31 [root@localhost httpd-2.2.31]# ls ABOUT_APACHE CHANGES httpd.dsp libhttpd.dep NOTICE server acinclude.m4 config.layout httpd.mak libhttpd.dsp NWGNUmakefile srclib Apache.dsw configure httpd.spec libhttpd.mak os support build configure.in include LICENSE README test BuildAll.dsp docs INSTALL Makefile.in README.platforms VERSIONING BuildBin.dsp emacs-style InstallBin.dsp Makefile.win README-win32.txt buildconf httpd.dep LAYOUT modules ROADMAP [root@localhost httpd-2.2.31]# ls INSTALL README #遇到不熟悉的軟件是可參考這兩個文件 INSTALL README [root@localhost httpd-2.2.31]# less INSTALL APACHE INSTALLATION OVERVIEW Quick Start - Unix ------------------ For complete installation documentation, see [ht]docs/manual/install.html or http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.2/install.html $ ./configure --prefix=PREFIX $ make $ make install $ PREFIX/bin/apachectl start NOTES: * Replace PREFIX with the filesystem path under which Apache should be installed. A typical installation might use "/usr/local/apache2" for PREFIX (without the quotes). * If you are a developer who will be linking your code with Apache or using a debugger to step through server code, ./configure's --with-included-apr option may be advantageous, as it removes the possibility of version or compile-option mismatches with APR and APR-util code. (Many OSes now include their own version of APR and APR-util.) * If you are a developer building Apache directly from Subversion, you will need to run ./buildconf before running configure. This script bootstraps the build environment and requires Python as well as GNU autoconf and libtool. If you build Apache from a release tarball, you don't have to run buildconf. [root@localhost httpd-2.2.31]# less README Apache HTTP Server What is it? ----------- The Apache HTTP Server is a powerful and flexible HTTP/1.1 compliant web server. Originally designed as a replacement for the NCSA HTTP Server, it has grown to be the most popular web server on the Internet. As a project of the Apache Software Foundation, the developers aim to collaboratively develop and maintain a robust, commercial-grade, standards-based server with freely available source code. The Latest Version ------------------ Details of the latest version can be found on the Apache HTTP server project page under <http://httpd.apache.org/>. Documentation -------------
4、編譯、安裝
[root@localhost httpd-2.2.31]# yum -y install gcc [root@localhost httpd-2.2.31]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/httpd-2.2.31 --enable-deflate --enable-expires --enable-headers --enable-modules=most --enable-so --with-mpm=worker --enable-rewrite
checking for zlib location... not found checking whether to enable mod_deflate... configure: error: mod_deflate has been requested but can not be built due to prerequisite failures
解決
缺少
zlib-devel
[root@localhost httpd-2.2.31]# yum -y install zlib zlib-devel
重新
[root@localhost httpd-2.2.31]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/httpd-2.2.31 --enable-deflate --enable-expires --enable-headers --enable-modules=most --enable-so --with-mpm=worker --enable-rewrite
[root@localhost httpd-2.2.31]# make
[root@localhost httpd-2.2.31]# make install
[root@localhost httpd-2.2.31]# echo $?
0
5、優化路徑
[root@localhost httpd-2.2.31]# ln -s /usr/local/httpd-2.2.31/bin/* /usr/local/bin/
6、檢查
[root@localhost httpd-2.2.31]# /usr/local/bin/apachectl -t httpd: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using localhost.localdomain for ServerName Syntax OK
[root@localhost httpd-2.2.31]# cd /usr/local/httpd-2.2.31/conf/
[root@localhost conf]# pwd
/usr/local/httpd-2.2.31/conf
[root@localhost conf]# vim httpd.conf
ServerName www.httpd.com:80
[root@httpd conf]# /usr/local/bin/apachectl -t
Syntax OK
7、啟動服務
[root@localhost conf]# /usr/local/bin/apachectl start [root@localhost conf]# lsof -i :80 COMMAND PID USER FD TYPE DEVICE SIZE/OFF NODE NAME httpd 14904 root 4u IPv6 80734 0t0 TCP *:http (LISTEN) httpd 14906 daemon 4u IPv6 80734 0t0 TCP *:http (LISTEN) httpd 14907 daemon 4u IPv6 80734 0t0 TCP *:http (LISTEN) httpd 14908 daemon 4u IPv6 80734 0t0 TCP *:http (LISTEN) [root@localhost conf]# ps -ef | grep httpd root 14904 1 0 21:00 ? 00:00:00 /usr/local/httpd-2.2.31/bin/httpd -k start daemon 14905 14904 0 21:00 ? 00:00:00 /usr/local/httpd-2.2.31/bin/httpd -k start daemon 14906 14904 0 21:00 ? 00:00:00 /usr/local/httpd-2.2.31/bin/httpd -k start daemon 14907 14904 0 21:00 ? 00:00:00 /usr/local/httpd-2.2.31/bin/httpd -k start daemon 14908 14904 0 21:00 ? 00:00:00 /usr/local/httpd-2.2.31/bin/httpd -k start root 15006 1098 0 21:01 pts/0 00:00:00 grep httpd
[root@localhost conf]# cp /usr/local/httpd-2.2.31/bin/apachectl /etc/init.d/httpd
[root@localhost conf]# vim /etc/init.d/httpd
#chkconfig: 35 85 15
[root@localhost conf]# chkconfig --add httpd
8、測試
檢查防火牆是否關閉
[root@localhost httpd-2.2.31]# /etc/init.d/iptables stop iptables: Setting chains to policy ACCEPT: filter [ OK ] iptables: Flushing firewall rules: [ OK ] iptables: Unloading modules: [ OK ]
打開瀏覽器訪問http://192.168.161.131/
如果訪問不了It works 頁面、排查
1、iptables防火牆和selinux是否關閉（在生產環境中允許80端口訪問，而不是關閉防火牆）
[root@localhost httpd-2.2.31]# /etc/init.d/iptables stop root@localhost httpd-2.2.31]# iptables -I INPUT -p tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT
關閉selinux
[root@localhost httpd-2.2.31]# setenforce 0 #臨時關閉
[root@localhost httpd-2.2.31]# cat /etc/selinux/config | grep SELINUX=enforcing SELINUX=enforcing [root@localhost httpd-2.2.31]# sed -i 's#SELINUX=enforcing#SELINUX=disabled#g' /etc/selinux/config [root@localhost httpd-2.2.31]# cat /etc/selinux/config | grep SELINUX= # SELINUX= can take one of these three values: SELINUX=disabled
2、檢查httpd端口80
[root@localhost httpd-2.2.31]# netstat -nlt | grep 80 tcp 0 0 :::80 :::* LISTEN
3、查看是否http進程
[root@localhost httpd-2.2.31]# ps -ef | grep http root 14904 1 0 21:00 ? 00:00:00 /usr/local/httpd-2.2.31/bin/httpd -k start daemon 14905 14904 0 21:00 ? 00:00:00 /usr/local/httpd-2.2.31/bin/httpd -k start daemon 14906 14904 0 21:00 ? 00:00:00 /usr/local/httpd-2.2.31/bin/httpd -k start daemon 14907 14904 0 21:00 ? 00:00:00 /usr/local/httpd-2.2.31/bin/httpd -k start daemon 14908 14904 0 21:00 ? 00:00:00 /usr/local/httpd-2.2.31/bin/httpd -k start daemon 15071 14904 0 21:03 ? 00:00:00 /usr/local/httpd-2.2.31/bin/httpd -k start root 15147 1098 0 21:28 pts/0 00:00:00 grep http
4、在服務器上wget http://192.168.161.131
[root@localhost httpd-2.2.31]# wget http://192.168.161.131 --2016-08-26 21:28:56-- http://192.168.161.131/ Connecting to 192.168.161.131:80... connected. HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK Length: 44 [text/html] Saving to: “index.html” 100%[======================================>] 44 --.-K/s in 0s 2016-08-26 21:28:56 (7.26 MB/s) - “index.html” saved [44/44] [root@localhost httpd-2.2.31]# curl 192.168.161.131
命令
[root@localhost httpd-2.2.31]# /usr/local/bin/apachectl Usage: /usr/local/httpd-2.2.31/bin/httpd [-D name] [-d directory] [-f file] [-C "directive"] [-c "directive"] [-k start|restart|graceful|graceful-stop|stop] [-v] [-V] [-h] [-l] [-L] [-t] [-T] [-S] Options: -D name : define a name for use in <IfDefine name> directives -d directory : specify an alternate initial ServerRoot -f file : specify an alternate ServerConfigFile -C "directive" : process directive before reading config files -c "directive" : process directive after reading config files -e level : show startup errors of level (see LogLevel) -E file : log startup errors to file -v : show version number -V : show compile settings -h : list available command line options (this page) -l : list compiled in modules -L : list available configuration directives -t -D DUMP_VHOSTS : show parsed settings (currently only vhost settings) -S : a synonym for -t -D DUMP_VHOSTS -t -D DUMP_MODULES : show all loaded modules -M : a synonym for -t -D DUMP_MODULES -t : run syntax check for config files -T : start without DocumentRoot(s) check
apache目錄下的命令和文件介紹
[root@localhost httpd-2.2.31]# pwd /usr/local/httpd-2.2.31 [root@localhost httpd-2.2.31]# ls bin cgi-bin error icons lib man modules build conf htdocs include logs manual [root@localhost httpd-2.2.31]# tree bin bin ├── ab #apache HTTP服務器性能測試工具、同類軟件jmeter、loadrunner、webbench等 ├── apachectl #apache啟動命令、apachectl是一個腳本 ├── apr-1-config ├── apu-1-config ├── apxs #apxs是一個apache HTTP服務器編譯和安裝擴展模塊的工具、在進行DSO方式編譯模塊時會用到 ├── checkgid ├── dbmmanage ├── envvars ├── envvars-std ├── htcacheclean #清理磁盤緩沖區的命令、需要編譯時指定相關參數才可使用。 ├── htdbm ├── htdigest ├── htpasswd #建立和更新基本認證文件 ├── httpd #httpd為apache的控制程序、apachectl執行時會調用httpd。 ├── httxt2dbm ├── logresolve └── rotatelogs #apache自帶的日志輪詢命令 0 directories, 17 files
[root@localhost httpd-2.2.31]# ll conf/
total 92
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Aug 26 20:48 extra #額外的apache配置文件目錄、httpd-vhosts.conf默認就在此目錄
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 13646 Aug 26 20:48 httpd.conf #apache的主配置文件
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 12958 Aug 26 20:48 magic
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 53011 Aug 26 20:48 mime.types
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 4096 Aug 26 20:48 original
[root@localhost httpd-2.2.31]# ll htdocs/ #編譯安裝時apache的默認站點目錄
total 4
-rw-r--r--. 1 1000 1000 44 Nov 21 2004 index.html #默認首頁文件
[root@localhost httpd-2.2.31]# ll logs/ #apache默認日志文件路徑
total 12
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 454 Aug 29 16:09 access_log #apache默認訪問日志
srwx------ 1 daemon root 0 Aug 29 16:09 cgisock.1216
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 868 Aug 29 16:09 error_log #apache錯誤日志文件
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 5 Aug 29 16:09 httpd.pid #httpd的pid文件、http進程啟動后、會把所有進程的ID寫到此文件。
[root@localhost httpd-2.2.31]# ll modules/ #apache模塊目錄
total 12
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 9194 Aug 26 20:47 httpd.exp
apache優化
[root@localhost httpd-2.2.31]# cd conf/ [root@localhost conf]# vim httpd.conf <Directory "/usr/local/httpd-2.2.31/htdocs"> Options Indexes FollowSymLinks #如果沒有首頁的情況下會展示目錄結構、 建議把Indexes刪除 或改為-Indexes 、如果把目錄展示禁用后、沒有首頁的情況下會報錯403