【0】README
0.1) 本文總結於 數據結構與算法分析, 源代碼均為原創, 旨在 理解Prim算法的idea 並用 源代碼加以實現;
0.2)最小生成樹的基礎知識,參見 http://blog.csdn.net/pacosonswjtu/article/details/49947085
【1】Prim算法相關
1.1)計算最小生成樹的一種方法是使其連續地一步一步長成。在每一步, 都要吧一個節點當做根並往上加邊,這樣也就把相關聯的頂點加到增長中的樹上;
1.2)在算法中的任一時刻, 我們都可以看到一個已經添加到樹上的頂點集, 而其余頂點尚未加到這顆樹中。此時, 算法在每一階段都可以通過選擇邊(u, v),使得(u, v)的值是所有u 在樹上但v不在樹上的邊的值中的最小者, 而找出一個新的頂點並吧它添加到這顆樹中;
1.3)具體步驟概括為:
- step1)給定一個頂點為根節點;
- step2)每一步加一條邊和一個頂點; (這也迎合了 頂點個數-邊個數=1 );
1.4)看個荔枝:
對上圖的分析(Analysis):
A1)可以看到, 其實Prim算法基本上和求最短路徑的 Dijkstra算法一樣, 因此和前面一樣,我們對每一個頂點保留值 Dv和Pv 以及一個指標,指示該頂點是已知的還是未知的。這里,Dv是連接v 到已知頂點的最短邊的權, 而 Pv則是導致Dv改變的最后的頂點。
A2)算法的其余部分一樣, 唯一不同的是: ** 由於Dv的定義不同, 因此它的更新法則不一樣。事實上,Prim算法的更新法則比 Dijkstra算法簡單:在每一個頂點v被選取后, 對於每一個與 v 鄰接的未知的w, Dw=min(Dw, Cw,v);
對上圖的分析(Analysis):
A1)該算法整個的實現實際上和 Dijkstra算法的實現是一樣的, 對於 Dijkstra算法分析所做的每一件事都可以用到這里。 不過要注意, Prim算法是在無向圖上運行的, 因此當編寫代碼的時候要記住要吧每一條變都要放到兩個鄰接表中。
A2)**不用堆時的運行時間為O(|V|^2), 它對於稠密圖來說是最優的; 使用二叉堆的運行時間為 O(|E|log|V|), 它對於稀疏圖是一個好的界限;
【2】source code + printing results(將我的代碼打印結果 同 上圖中的手動模擬的prim算法的結果進行比較,你會發現, 它們的結果完全相同,這也證實了我的代碼的可行性)
2.1)download source code: https://github.com/pacosonTang/dataStructure-algorithmAnalysis/tree/master/chapter9/p237_prim
2.2)source code at a glance(for complete code , please click the given link above):
#include "prim.h"
//allocate the memory for initializing unweighted table
WeightedTable *initWeightedTable(int size)
{
WeightedTable* table;
int i;
table = (WeightedTable*)malloc(sizeof(WeightedTable) * size);
if(!table)
{
Error("out of space ,from func initWeightedTable");
return NULL;
}
for(i = 0; i < size; i++)
{
table[i] = makeEmptyWeightedTable();
if(!table[i])
return NULL;
}
return table;
}
// allocate the memory for every element in unweighted table
WeightedTable makeEmptyWeightedTable()
{
WeightedTable element;
element = (WeightedTable)malloc(sizeof(struct WeightedTable));
if(!element)
{
Error("out of space ,from func makeEmptyWeightedTable");
return NULL;
}
element->known = 0; // 1 refers to accessed , also 0 refers to not accessed
element->distance = MaxInt;
element->path = -1; // index starts from 0 and -1 means the startup vertex unreaches other vertexs
return element;
}
// allocate the memory for storing index of vertex in heap and let every element -1
int *makeEmptyArray(int size)
{
int *array;
int i;
array = (int*)malloc(size * sizeof(int));
if(!array)
{
Error("out of space ,from func makeEmptyArray");
return NULL;
}
for(i=0; i<size; i++)
array[i] = -1;
return array;
}
//computing the unweighted shortest path between the vertex under initIndex and other vertexs
void prim(AdjTable* adj, int size, int startVertex, BinaryHeap bh)
{
int adjVertex;
int tempDistance;
WeightedTable* table;
int vertex;
AdjTable temp;
Distance tempDisStruct;
int *indexOfVertexInHeap;
int indexOfHeap;
table = initWeightedTable(size);
tempDisStruct = makeEmptyDistance();
indexOfVertexInHeap = makeEmptyArray(size);
tempDisStruct->distance = table[startVertex-1]->distance;
tempDisStruct->vertexIndex = startVertex-1;
insert(tempDisStruct, bh, indexOfVertexInHeap); // insert the (startVertex-1) into the binary heap
table[startVertex-1]->distance = 0;// update the distance
table[startVertex-1]->path = 0;// update the path of starting vertex
while(!isEmpty(bh))
{
vertex = deleteMin(bh, indexOfVertexInHeap).vertexIndex; // return the minimal element in binary heap
//printBinaryHeap(bh);
table[vertex]->known = 1; // update the vertex as accessed, also let responding known be 1
temp = adj[vertex]->next;
while(temp)
{
adjVertex = temp->index;
if(table[adjVertex]->known == 1) // judge whether table[adjVertex]->known is 1 or not
{
temp = temp->next;
continue;
}
//tempDistance = table[vertex]->distance + temp->weight; // update the distance
tempDistance = temp->weight;
if(tempDistance < table[adjVertex]->distance)
{
table[adjVertex]->distance = tempDistance;
table[adjVertex]->path = vertex; //update the path of adjVertex, also responding path evaluated as vertex
// key, we should judge whether adjVertex was added into the binary heap
//if true , obviously the element has been added into the binary heap(so we can't add the element into heap once again)
if(indexOfVertexInHeap[adjVertex] != -1)
{
indexOfHeap = indexOfVertexInHeap[adjVertex];
bh->elements[indexOfHeap]->distance = tempDistance; // update the distance of corresponding vertex in binary heap
}
else // if not ture
{
tempDisStruct->distance = table[adjVertex]->distance;
tempDisStruct->vertexIndex = adjVertex;
insert(tempDisStruct, bh, indexOfVertexInHeap); // insert the adjVertex into the binary heap
}
}
temp = temp->next;
}
printPrim(table, size, startVertex);
printBinaryHeap(bh);
printf("\n");
}
printf("\n");
}
//print unweighted table
void printPrim(WeightedTable* table, int size, int startVertex)
{
int i;
char *str[4] =
{
"vertex",
"known",
"distance",
"path"
};
printf("\n\t === storage table related to Prim alg as follows: === ");
printf("\n\t %6s%6s%9s%5s", str[0], str[1], str[2], str[3]);
for(i=0; i<size; i++)
{
if(i != startVertex-1 && table[i]->path!=-1)
printf("\n\t %-3d %3d %5d v%-3d ", i+1, table[i]->known, table[i]->distance, table[i]->path+1);
else if(table[i]->path == -1)
printf("\n\t %-3d %3d %5d %-3d ", i+1, table[i]->known, table[i]->distance, table[i]->path);
else
printf("\n\t *%-3d %3d %5d %-3d ", i+1, table[i]->known, table[i]->distance, 0);
}
}
int main()
{
AdjTable* adj;
BinaryHeap bh;
int size = 7;
int capacity;
int i;
int j;
int startVertex;
int adjTable[7][7] =
{
{0, 2, 4, 1, 0, 0, 0},
{2, 0, 0, 3, 10, 0, 0},
{4, 0, 0, 2, 0, 5, 0},
{1, 3, 2, 0, 7, 8, 4},
{0, 10, 0, 7, 0, 0, 6},
{0, 0, 5, 8, 0, 0, 1},
{0, 0, 0, 4, 6, 1, 0},
};
printf("\n\n\t ====== test for Prim alg finding weighted shortest path from adjoining table ======\n");
adj = initAdjTable(size);
printf("\n\n\t ====== the initial weighted adjoining table is as follows:======\n");
for(i = 0; i < size; i++)
for(j = 0; j < size; j++)
if(adjTable[i][j])
insertAdj(adj, j, i, adjTable[i][j]); // insertAdj the adjoining table over
printAdjTable(adj, size);
capacity = 7;
bh = initBinaryHeap(capacity+1);
//conducting prim alg to find minimum spanning tree(MST)
startVertex = 1; // you should know our index for storing vertex starts from 0
prim(adj, size, startVertex, bh);
return 0;
}
2.3)printing results: