早期的intel 4000系列由四個不同的芯片組成:
1.4001芯片. 2048位ROM,帶有一個4位可編程輸入輸出端口(4001);
2.4002芯片.4位寄存器x 20個位置x 4位RAM數據存儲器,帶有一個4位輸出端口(4002);
3.4003芯片.輸入輸出擴展芯片,由一個靜態移位寄存器組成,具有串行輸入和串行及並行輸出(4003);
4.4004芯片. 4位CPU芯片(4004)。
4000家族的所有芯片都封裝在16針雙列直插式封裝中。這種封裝限制是由英特爾管理層施加的,當時他們認為任何超過16針的封裝都是不經濟的,盡管其他半導體公司廣泛使用40針封裝。這一不幸的選擇極大地限制了系統的性能。地址和數據必須多路傳輸到引腳上(專利號3,821,715的一項權利要求),這導致指令周期執行受到嚴重影響。如果選擇更合適的軟件包,10.8微秒的指令周期可以很容易地減少到4微秒.
封裝術語: https://www.cnblogs.com/aozhejin/p/16124116.html
關於4004的FF簽名
The 4004, the world's first microprocessor, is signed with the initials F.F., for Federico Faggin, its designer. Signing the chip was a spontaneous gesture of proud authorship. It was also an original idea, imitated after him by others. Faggin initially etched the F.F. inside the design. Later he moved them to its border, like the autograph on a work of art. The signature is a particularly poignant testimony because, at the time of its birth, the first microprocessor, far from being considered a milestone by Intel's management, represented a diversion from the mainline business of the company which was memory chips.
世界上第一款微處理器4004的首字母縮寫為F.F.,代表其設計者費德里科·法金(Federico Faggin)。在芯片上簽名是對作者身份自豪的自發表現。這也是一個獨創的想法,被其他人模仿。法金最初在設計中蝕刻了F.F。后來他把它們移到了邊上,就像一件藝術品上的簽名一樣。這個簽名是一個特別令人痛心的見證,因為在其誕生時,第一台微處理器遠遠沒有被英特爾管理層視為里程碑,而是代表着從該公司的主營內存芯片業務的轉移。
4004誕生
The birth of the 4004 was an intense moment witnessed by Faggin alone, working into the night in the deserted Intel labs. He had received the 4004 wafers from the manufacturing line at around 6 PM, in January 1971, as people were leaving for the day. With hands trembling and heart pounding he loaded the wafers in the wafer prober and connected it to the tester. A sigh of relief raised from his chest, above the humming of the instruments, as he observed electrical activity in the device. As the testing progressed, the tension was gradually transforming into elation as all the critical functions showed to be operating properly. At around 3 AM, exhausted and ecstatic, Faggin left the lab. At home his wife, Elvia, was waiting for the news. "It works"! he announced, and they shared the happiness in this moment of triumph.
4004的誕生是一個緊張的時刻,只有法金一個人在廢棄的intel實驗室工作到深夜。1971年1月下午6點左右,當人們離開時,他從生產線上收到了4004的晶圓。他雙手顫抖,心跳加速,將晶片裝入晶片檢測器,並將其連接到測試儀。當他觀察到設備中的電活動時,在儀器的嗡嗡聲上方,他胸口松了一口氣。隨着測試的進行,隨着所有關鍵功能的正常運行,緊張情緒逐漸轉變為興奮。凌晨3點左右,法金精疲力竭,欣喜若狂,離開了實驗室。在家里,他的妻子埃爾維亞正在等待消息。“有效果了”!他宣布,他們分享了這一勝利時刻的快樂。
關於MCS-4 芯片組
The MCS-4 chipset was a set of devices to make it possible to build a complete computer system.
MCS-4芯片組是一組設備,它使得建造完成一個計算機系統成為可能.
4001 | 2048-bit Mask Programmable MOS ROM and 4-bit I/O |
4002 | 320-bit MOS RAM and 4-bit output port () |
4003 | 10-bit Serial-in/Parallel-out, Serial-out MOS Shift Register |
4004 | 4-bit Central Processor Unit with 45 instructions |
MCS-4就是4004處理器+4001ROM+4002RAM+4003SR的芯片組
MCS-4 family was later expanded to MCS-4/40. Link to 4040 section.
MCS-40 family(mcs-40家族芯片,mcs-40是msc-4的繼承者)
The MCS-40 family was a set of devices to make it possible to build a complete computer system.
4008/4009 | standard memory and I/O interface set |
4040 | 4-bit Central Processor Unit with 60 instructions |
4101 | 256 x 4 RAM |
4201 | clock generator |
4265 | programmable general purpose I/O device |
4269 | programmable keyboard display device |
4289 | standard memory interface |
4308 | 1024-bit mask programmable ROM and four 4-bit I/O Ports |
4316/2316 | 2048-bit ROM |
4702/1702 | 2048-bit Erasable and Electrically Reprogrammable MOS ROM (Static) |
該專利僅涵蓋英特爾MCS-4芯片組的外部總線組織和內存尋址方案。該專利不包括4004微處理器芯片的內部結構,也不包括其設計或制造方法。這項相當有限的專利的命名順序(Hoff、Mazor、Faggin)並不意味着對世界上第一台微處理器的實際創造的貢獻順序(一般認為),而是對專利的具體權利要求的貢獻順序。這項專利獲得了它的后事實價值,主要是因為4004實際上是獨立實施的,不在專利的教學范圍之內。另見吉爾伯特·吉爾伯特·凱悅專利。
具體地說,該專利要求保護尋址ROM(4001)和RAM(4002)芯片的特定方法,以便只有選定的芯片可以與公共4位雙向數據總線通信。它還聲稱使用動態RAM存儲器和板載存儲器刷新方式,使用CPU芯片發送給所有其他芯片的定時同步信號,並在存儲器芯片中包含輸入和輸出端口。后一項權利要求以芯片與第一項權利要求中描述的4位雙向數據總線連接為條件。該專利主要用於保護英特爾免受未經授權的芯片組復制。
這是一個奇怪的事實,MCS-4的特定總線組織(本專利的主要主題)負責大幅降低系統的吞吐量,否則硅柵技術可能會降低系統的吞吐量。根據Les Vadasz和Andy Grove的要求,所有芯片只能使用16針封裝。通過使用單獨的地址和數據線,而不是時間多路復用的4位總線,可以創建指令周期為4微秒(3個時鍾周期)而不是實際的10.7微秒(8個時鍾周期)的4004。正是由於硅柵技術優於金屬柵技術,MCS-4的性能仍然優於羅克韋爾PPS-4,后者是一種采用金屬柵MOS技術制造的具有競爭力的4位芯片組。PPS-4於1972年夏天推出,采用了動態四階段設計技術,這是當時最有效的金屬門隨機邏輯設計方法,所有芯片都封裝在42針封裝中。PPS-4 CPU可以在3個時鍾周期內獲取和執行指令,因為它使用單獨的地址和數據行。最大時鍾頻率為200kHz(相對於MCS-4的750kHz),PPS-4指令周期為15微秒(相對於MCS-4的10.7微秒)。
Earliest papers on the Fairchild 3708:
Federico Faggin and Thomas Klein.: "A Faster Generation Of MOS Devices With Low Thresholds Is Riding The Crest Of The New Wave,
Silicon-Gate IC’s". "Electronics" magazine, September 29, 1969. The cover features the Fairchild 3708, the world's first commercial integrated circuit using Silicon Gate Technology,
designed by Federico Faggin at Fairchild in 1968. 翻譯:關於Fairchild(飛兆半導體公司) 3708的論文: 費德里科·法金和托馬斯·克萊因:“更快一代的低閾值MOS器件正登上硅柵IC新浪潮的頂峰。”。《電子》雜志,1969年9月29日。 封面展示了Fairchild 3708,這是世界上第一款采用硅柵技術的商業集成電路,由費德里科·法金於1968年在Fairchild設計。
下面的網站,如果你真的深入地瀏覽,分析.而不是走馬觀花的話,收獲一定不小:
網址 | 備注 |
http://www.intel4004.com/ | intel 4004介紹 |
http://www.cpu-museum.com/ | cpu博物館,介紹cpu相關知識 |
https://www.4004.com/ | 圖瓦設計提供博物館耐用展覽技術、互動展覽設計和項目管理服務。我們還為非營利組織設計高可靠性微處理器控制系統組織 |
https://www.howtogeek.com/766783/the-microprocessor-is-50-celebrating-the-intel-4004/ | 一篇慶祝intel4004 50周年的文章(提到關於intel 4004是否是世界上第一個第一個微處理器的問題) |
https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/newsroom/news/intel-marks-50th-anniversary-4004.html#gs.gmpx26 | |
http://everything.explained.today/Intel_4004/ | |
http://everything.explained.today/Federico_Faggin/ | 這里對該物理學家闡述的非常詳細 |
http://www.intel4004.com/papers.htm | 論文 |
http://www.intel4004.com/4000_family.htm | 概述intel 4000家族成員 |
https://en.wikichip.org/wiki/intel/mcs-4/4004 | wiki一般訪問不了,但是wikichip一般都是可以訪問的 |
http://www.intel4004.com/patents.htm | 專利 |
https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/history/museum-story-of-intel-4004.html | (intel 官網講述4004的故事) |
https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/company-overview/intel-museum.html (intel 公司歷史) |
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http://www.cpu-zone.com/index.html | |
http://www.cpu-zone.com/MCS-4_chipset.htm | |
http://www.cpu-zone.com/4040.htm |
|
http://www.cpu-zone.com/Collection.xls 收集的早期的cpu型號信息. | |
MCS4 datasheet 數據手冊 | |
https://4004.com/2009/Busicom-141PF-Calculator_asm_rel-1-0-1.txt | |
http://datasheets.chipdb.org/Intel/MCS-4/datashts/MCS4_Data_Sheet_Nov71.pdf | |
//電路圖 |
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https://www.4004.com/assets/redrawn-4004-schematics-2006-11-12.pdf |
|
//半導體的晶片生產過程 | |
https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1727745146836368589&wfr=spider&for=pc | |
https://www.computerhistory.org/tdih/November/15/ | November 15, 1971 |
https://www.howtogeek.com/694869/what-is-a-cpu-and-what-does-it-do/ | What Is a CPU, and What Does It Do? |
https://www.howtogeek.com/403953/how-are-cpus-actually-made/ | How Are CPUs Actually Made?(cpu是如何制造的) |
https://www.howtogeek.com/394267/what-do-7nm-and-10nm-mean-and-why-do-they-matter/ | What Do "7nm" and "10nm" Mean for CPUs, and Why Do They Matter? |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8080 | |
https://siliconthebook.com/ | 關於intel4004的書 |
相關關鍵詞: | MCS-4 intel,Busicom 141-PF |
https://www.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/microprocessor-integrates-cpu-function-onto-a-single-chip/ | 關於微處理器 |