一、.ko 文件介紹
.ko文件是kernel object文件（內核模塊），該文件的意義就是把內核的一些功能移動到內核外邊， 需要的時候插入內核，不需要時卸載。
二、優點
（1）這樣可以縮小內核體積； （2）使用方便。
三、.ko文件一般的用處
（1）作為一個功能模塊，需要使用時，直接插入運行就行。如在imx6上連接模擬攝像頭，先運行模擬攝像頭對應的驅動模塊 camera.ko文件，然后對應的工程執行文件運行就行。
四、開發環境搭建
[root@ht5 src]# cd /usr/src/kernels/
[root@ht5 kernels]# ls //這個下面沒有安裝時，什么也沒有
[root@ht5 kernels]#
//默認會安裝到/usr/src/kernels下
[root@ht5 src]#rpm -qa kernel-headers [root@ht5 src]# yum install gcc //安裝gcc編譯環境也很重要 [root@ht5 src]#yum install -y kernel-devel //這個很關鍵，很多資料的闡述的方法不准確
[root@ht5 src]# ls /usr/src/kernels/ //安裝之后查看下這個目錄
3.10.0-1160.59.1.el7.x86_64
[root@ht5 src]# ls /usr/src/kernels/3.10.0-1160.59.1.el7.x86_64/
arch/ crypto/ fs/ ipc/ lib/ mm/ samples/ sound/ usr/
block/ drivers/ include/ Kconfig Makefile Module.symvers scripts/ System.map virt/
.config firmware/ init/ kernel/ Makefile.qlock net/ security/ tools/ vmlinux.id
//確認是否有init.h內核頭文件
[root@ht5 linux]# ls /usr/src/kernels/3.10.0-1160.59.1.el7.x86_64/include/linux/ | grep init.h
init.h
[root@ht5 src]# uname -r //注意本機和安裝的內核開發環境的版本不是一致的
3.10.0-1160.42.2.el7.x86_64
五、創建驅動文件mydriver.c
//引入相關內核頭文件
#include <linux/init.h> #include <linux/module.h> MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); //這里必須要聲明,內核許可證信息
MODULE_AUTHOR("jinzs");
MODULE_DESCRIPTION("mydriver");
MODULE_VERSION("1.0");
//初始化函數
static int mydriver_init(void) { printk(KERN_ALERT "it is mydriver\n"); return 0; }
//清理函數，在卸載時調用，回收資源銷毀執行環境 static void mydriver_exit(void) { printk(KERN_ALERT "out\n"); } //登記初始化函數及清理函數 module_init(mydriver_init); module_exit(mydriver_exit);
############################################################################
內核代碼中會有大量的驅動模塊
例如: E:\linux內核\linux-2.6.0\linux-2.6.0\drivers\i2c\i2c-dev.c
MODULE_AUTHOR("Frodo Looijaard <frodol@dds.nl> and ""Simon G. Vogl <simon@tk.uni-linz.ac.at>");
MODULE_DESCRIPTION("I2C /dev entries driver");
MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
module_init(i2c_dev_init);
module_exit(i2c_dev_exit);
//看完本文基本就知道，它的加載機制和實現機制了
六、編譯驅動文件mydriver.c，利用Makefile文件
obj-m := mydriver.o //obj-m后是tab鍵縮進 KERNEL := /usr/src/kernels/3.10.0-1160.59.1.el7.x86_64/ PWD :=$(shell pwd) //PWD后是tab鍵縮進 modules: $(MAKE) -C $(KERNEL) M=$(PWD) modules clean: rm -f *.o *.ko
# Makefile語法要注意,不能使用空格鍵來控制文本行縮進，必須使用Tab鍵，否則會出現Makefile:5: *** missing separator
# /usr/src/kernels/3.10.0-1160.59.1.el7.x86_64/這里3.10.0....寫死了, 可以這樣 /usr/src/kernels/$(uname -r)/
# 但是由於安裝沒有對應的內核的devel所以寫死了.
編譯
[root@ht5 src]# make
make -C /usr/src/kernels/3.10.0-1160.59.1.el7.x86_64/ M=/usr/local/src modules
make[1]: Entering directory `/usr/src/kernels/3.10.0-1160.59.1.el7.x86_64'
CC [M] /usr/local/src/mydriver.o
Building modules, stage 2.
MODPOST 1 modules
CC /usr/local/src/mydriver.mod.o
LD [M] /usr/local/src/mydriver.ko
make[1]: Leaving directory `/usr/src/kernels/3.10.0-1160.59.1.el7.x86_64'
[root@ht5 src]# ll total 101360 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 297 Mar 28 20:49 mydriver.c -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 101472 Mar 28 20:59 mydriver.ko -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 907 Mar 28 20:59 mydriver.mod.c -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 58864 Mar 28 20:59 mydriver.mod.o -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 45728 Mar 28 20:59 mydriver.o -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 17 Mar 28 20:37 mydriver.s-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 170 Mar 28 21:00 Makefile -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 31 Mar 28 21:00 modules.order -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Mar 28 20:59 Module.symvers
七、加載.ko 文件
1、加載驅動模塊mydriver.ko
1）方法一 一旦生成mydriver.ko驅動模塊文件,進入所在的目錄，然后直接
[root@ht5 src]#insmod mydriver.ko
2）方法二 將mydriver.ko文件拷貝到可加載驅動所在目錄下 /lib/modules/3.10.0-693.el7.x86_64/
注意本機:
[root@ht5 src]# uname -r
3.10.0-1160.42.2.el7.x86_64
[root@ht5 src]# depmod
//depmod 會在/lib/modules/3.10.0-693.el7.x86_64/目錄下生成modules.dep和modules.dep.bb文件
[root@ht5 src]# modprobe -r mydriver //注意這里無需輸入.ko后綴
注：兩種方法的區別 modprobe和insmod類似，都是用來動態加載驅動模塊的，區別在於modprobe可以解決load module時的依賴關系，
它是通過/lib/modules/#uname -r/modules.dep(.bb)文件來查找依賴關系的；而insmod不能解決依賴問題。也就是說，如果你確定你要加載的驅動模塊不依賴其他驅動模塊的話，
既可以insmod也可以modprobe，當然insmod可以在任何目錄下執行，更方便一些。而如果你要加載的驅動模塊還依賴其他ko驅動模塊的話，就只能將模塊拷貝到上述的特定目錄，
depmod后再modprobe。 2、查看已加載的驅動模塊列表和模塊信息
[root@ht5 src]# lsmod | grep mydriver mydriver 12496 0
[root@ht5 src]# modinfo mydriver.ko
filename: /usr/local/src/mydriver.ko
version: 1.0
description: mydriver
author: jinzs
license: GPL
retpoline: Y
rhelversion: 7.9
srcversion: FCA9B81CB0D8E3B092F2759
depends:
vermagic: 3.10.0-1160.59.1.el7.x86_64 SMP mod_unload modversions
loading out-of-tree module taints kernel問題
[root@ht5 src]# dmesg | grep mydriver [3334186.411879] mydriver: loading out-of-tree module taints kernel. [3334186.411922] mydriver: module verification failed: signature and/or required key missing - tainting kernel
確認是否簽名是否被加載
[root@ht5 src]# modinfo -F signer mydriver.ko //執行后無提示
[root@ht5 src]# cd /lib/modules/3.10.0-327.el7.x86_64/kernel/drivers/
[root@ht5 drivers]# ls
acpi bcma char dma gpu i2c iommu media misc ntb platform ptp staging uio vhost xen
ata block cpufreq edac hid idle isdn memstick mmc parport power rtc target usb video
auxdisplay bluetooth crypto firewire hv infiniband leds message mtd pci powercap scsi thermal uwb virtio
base cdrom dca firmware hwmon input md mfd net pcmcia pps ssb tty vfio watchdog
[root@ht5 drivers]# cd net/
[root@ht5 net]# ls
bonding ethernet ieee802154 macvlan.ko mdio.ko netconsole.ko ntb_netdev.ko ppp team usb virtio_net.ko vxlan.ko wireless
dummy.ko hyperv ifb.ko macvtap.ko mii.ko nlmon.ko phy slip tun.ko veth.ko vmxnet3 wan xen-netfront.ko
[root@ht5 net]# modinfo -F signer ifb.ko
CentOS Linux kernel signing key
[root@ht5 net]# modinfo -F signer tun.ko
CentOS Linux kernel signing key
[root@ht5 net]# modinfo tun | grep '^sig'
signer: CentOS Linux kernel signing key
sig_key: 28:FD:E6:60:84:9F:DF:48:DE:A9:1B:48:B8:0B:17:B5:6C:E1:51:98
sig_hashalgo: sha256
[root@ht5 net]# hexdump -C tun.ko | tail
0000bea0 5a da 53 36 67 22 a1 fd 16 ab d1 7c c6 84 e4 8b |Z.S6g".....|....|
0000beb0 45 03 6a 10 dc b3 37 6b 52 18 ea 7b 27 06 0b b2 |E.j...7kR..{'...|
0000bec0 59 a6 86 53 4e 20 72 b2 b0 95 aa 3f 2d e4 28 fc |Y..SN r....?-.(.|
0000bed0 92 18 a3 cf c2 58 40 75 7d 76 f9 65 d1 8c ac dd |.....X@u}v.e....|
0000bee0 ec a1 83 0c 8f 62 ef 4f 30 4d 3d ef db 3b 4a 5e |.....b.O0M=..;J^|
0000bef0 08 9f 18 b9 82 77 3f dc 4c 92 aa 59 c6 01 04 01 |.....w?.L..Y....|
0000bf00 1f 14 00 00 00 00 00 01 82 7e 4d 6f 64 75 6c 65 |.........~Module|
0000bf10 20 73 69 67 6e 61 74 75 72 65 20 61 70 70 65 6e | signature appen|
0000bf20 64 65 64 7e 0a |ded~.|
0000bf25
使用insmod命令加載編寫的驅動模塊，在用demesg出現信息：loading out-of-tree module taints kernel。
模塊還是能夠被加載。並且卸載后再次加載時，該提示信息沒有再次出現。關於taint資料很多，查查就知道了
部分內核被污染的原因：
加載非GPL兼容的內核模塊
驅動程序的使用，它們是內核源代碼的一部分，但尚未經過全面測試
使用內核源代碼未包含的樹外模塊
強制加載不是為當前內核版本構建的模塊
某些嚴重錯誤，例如machine check exceptions（MCE）和kernel oopses
參考
https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/118116/what-is-a-tainted-linux-kernel
https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/Signed_kernel_module_support#Manually_signing_modules
3、卸載驅動模塊[root@ht5 src]# rmmod mydriver
//注："module_name"是lsmod顯示的模塊名稱，而不是對應的ko文件名
本例子中命令行下執行命令：rmmod mydriver.ko即可。
查看cat /var/log/messages.
可以看到下面這樣的信息：“Aug 6 13:40:36 localhost kernel: Goodbye, cruel world”，說明模塊卸載成功。
4. 查看模塊信息
[root@ht5 src]# nm mydriver.ko 0000000000000020 T cleanup_module U __fentry__ 0000000000000020 t mydriver_exit 0000000000000000 t mydriver_init 0000000000000000 T init_module 000000000000004b r __module_depends U printk 0000000000000000 D __this_module 0000000000000000 r __UNIQUE_ID_license8 000000000000000c r __UNIQUE_ID_retpoline11 0000000000000018 r __UNIQUE_ID_rhelversion10 0000000000000028 r __UNIQUE_ID_srcversion9 0000000000000054 r __UNIQUE_ID_vermagic8 0000000000000000 r ____versions
八 查看內核內置模塊（它不以文件形式存在，不在驅動列表下）
[root@ht5 src]# cat /lib/modules/$(uname -r)/modules.builtin kernel/arch/x86/crypto/aes-x86_64.ko kernel/arch/x86/crypto/sha1-ssse3.ko kernel/arch/x86/crypto/sha256-ssse3.ko kernel/arch/x86/events/intel/intel-rapl-perf.ko kernel/arch/x86/events/intel/intel-uncore.ko kernel/arch/x86/kernel/msr.ko kernel/arch/x86/kernel/cpuid.ko kernel/mm/zpool.ko kernel/mm/zbud.ko kernel/mm/zsmalloc.ko kernel/fs/binfmt_script.ko kernel/fs/autofs4/autofs4.ko kernel/fs/configfs/configfs.ko kernel/fs/efivarfs/efivarfs.ko kernel/fs/exportfs/exportfs.ko kernel/fs/nls/nls_base.ko kernel/fs/nls/nls_cp437.ko kernel/fs/nls/nls_ascii.ko kernel/fs/quota/quota_v2.ko kernel/fs/quota/quota_tree.ko kernel/security/keys/trusted.ko kernel/security/keys/encrypted-keys/encrypted-keys.ko kernel/crypto/crypto.ko kernel/crypto/crypto_wq.ko kernel/crypto/crypto_algapi.ko kernel/crypto/aead.ko kernel/crypto/crypto_blkcipher.ko kernel/crypto/chainiv.ko kernel/crypto/eseqiv.ko kernel/crypto/seqiv.ko kernel/crypto/crypto_hash.ko kernel/crypto/pcompress.ko kernel/crypto/akcipher.ko kernel/crypto/kpp.ko kernel/crypto/acompress.ko kernel/crypto/scompress.ko kernel/crypto/cryptomgr.ko kernel/crypto/hmac.ko kernel/crypto/md5.ko kernel/crypto/sha1_generic.ko kernel/crypto/sha256_generic.ko kernel/crypto/ecb.ko kernel/crypto/cbc.ko kernel/crypto/ctr.ko kernel/crypto/aes_generic.ko kernel/crypto/crc32c.ko kernel/crypto/lzo.ko kernel/crypto/rng.ko kernel/crypto/af_alg.ko kernel/crypto/algif_hash.ko kernel/crypto/algif_skcipher.ko kernel/crypto/asymmetric_keys/asymmetric_keys.ko kernel/crypto/asymmetric_keys/public_key.ko kernel/crypto/asymmetric_keys/rsa.ko kernel/crypto/asymmetric_keys/x509_key_parser.ko kernel/crypto/asymmetric_keys/pkcs7_message.ko kernel/block/deadline-iosched.ko kernel/block/cfq-iosched.ko kernel/block/mq-deadline.ko kernel/block/kyber-iosched.ko kernel/drivers/acpi/ac.ko kernel/drivers/acpi/button.ko kernel/drivers/acpi/fan.ko kernel/drivers/acpi/processor.ko kernel/drivers/acpi/thermal.ko kernel/drivers/acpi/battery.ko kernel/drivers/acpi/hed.ko kernel/drivers/base/firmware_class.ko kernel/drivers/char/raw.ko kernel/drivers/char/nvram.ko kernel/drivers/char/crash.ko kernel/drivers/char/agp/agpgart.ko kernel/drivers/char/agp/amd64-agp.ko kernel/drivers/char/agp/intel-agp.ko kernel/drivers/char/agp/intel-gtt.ko kernel/drivers/char/agp/sis-agp.ko kernel/drivers/char/agp/via-agp.ko kernel/drivers/char/hw_random/rng-core.ko kernel/drivers/char/tpm/tpm.ko kernel/drivers/char/tpm/tpm_tis_core.ko kernel/drivers/char/tpm/tpm_tis.ko kernel/drivers/connector/cn.ko kernel/drivers/cpufreq/cpufreq_performance.ko kernel/drivers/cpufreq/cpufreq_powersave.ko kernel/drivers/cpufreq/cpufreq_userspace.ko kernel/drivers/cpufreq/cpufreq_ondemand.ko kernel/drivers/cpufreq/cpufreq_conservative.ko kernel/drivers/dax/dax.ko kernel/drivers/edac/edac_core.ko kernel/drivers/firmware/dmi-sysfs.ko kernel/drivers/firmware/qemu_fw_cfg.ko kernel/drivers/firmware/efi/efivars.ko kernel/drivers/firmware/efi/efi-pstore.ko kernel/drivers/hid/hid.ko kernel/drivers/hid/hid-generic.ko kernel/drivers/hid/hid-a4tech.ko kernel/drivers/hid/hid-apple.ko kernel/drivers/hid/hid-belkin.ko kernel/drivers/hid/hid-cherry.ko kernel/drivers/hid/hid-chicony.ko kernel/drivers/hid/hid-cypress.ko kernel/drivers/hid/hid-ezkey.ko kernel/drivers/hid/hid-kensington.ko kernel/drivers/hid/hid-logitech.ko kernel/drivers/hid/hid-magicmouse.ko kernel/drivers/hid/hid-microsoft.ko kernel/drivers/hid/hid-monterey.ko kernel/drivers/hid/hid-ntrig.ko kernel/drivers/hid/hid-plantronics.ko kernel/drivers/hid/intel-ish-hid/intel-ishtp.ko kernel/drivers/hid/intel-ish-hid/intel-ish-ipc.ko kernel/drivers/hid/intel-ish-hid/intel-ishtp-hid.ko kernel/drivers/hid/usbhid/usbhid.ko kernel/drivers/hwmon/hwmon.ko kernel/drivers/i2c/i2c-core.ko kernel/drivers/iio/industrialio.ko kernel/drivers/iio/buffer/industrialio-buffer-cb.ko kernel/drivers/iio/buffer/kfifo_buf.ko kernel/drivers/input/input-core.ko kernel/drivers/input/ff-memless.ko kernel/drivers/input/input-leds.ko kernel/drivers/input/mousedev.ko kernel/drivers/input/evdev.ko kernel/drivers/input/keyboard/atkbd.ko kernel/drivers/input/mouse/psmouse.ko kernel/drivers/input/serio/serio.ko kernel/drivers/input/serio/i8042.ko kernel/drivers/input/serio/serport.ko kernel/drivers/input/serio/libps2.ko kernel/drivers/iommu/iova.ko kernel/drivers/leds/led-class.ko kernel/drivers/macintosh/mac_hid.ko kernel/drivers/md/md-mod.ko kernel/drivers/mfd/mfd-core.ko kernel/drivers/mfd/intel-lpss.ko kernel/drivers/mfd/intel-lpss-pci.ko kernel/drivers/mfd/intel-lpss-acpi.ko kernel/drivers/net/phy/libphy.ko kernel/drivers/net/phy/realtek.ko kernel/drivers/net/phy/fixed_phy.ko kernel/drivers/nvmem/nvmem_core.ko kernel/drivers/pci/pci-stub.ko kernel/drivers/pcmcia/pcmcia_core.ko kernel/drivers/pcmcia/pcmcia_rsrc.ko kernel/drivers/platform/x86/pvpanic.ko kernel/drivers/rtc/rtc-cmos.ko kernel/drivers/scsi/scsi_mod.ko kernel/drivers/scsi/device_handler/scsi_dh.ko kernel/drivers/scsi/device_handler/scsi_dh_rdac.ko kernel/drivers/scsi/device_handler/scsi_dh_hp_sw.ko kernel/drivers/scsi/device_handler/scsi_dh_emc.ko kernel/drivers/scsi/device_handler/scsi_dh_alua.ko kernel/drivers/thermal/thermal_sys.ko kernel/drivers/thunderbolt/thunderbolt.ko kernel/drivers/tty/serial/serial_core.ko kernel/drivers/tty/serial/kgdboc.ko kernel/drivers/tty/serial/8250/8250.ko kernel/drivers/tty/serial/8250/8250_pci.ko kernel/drivers/tty/serial/8250/8250_dw.ko kernel/drivers/usb/common/usb-common.ko kernel/drivers/usb/core/usbcore.ko kernel/drivers/usb/host/ehci-hcd.ko kernel/drivers/usb/host/ehci-pci.ko kernel/drivers/usb/host/ohci-hcd.ko kernel/drivers/usb/host/ohci-pci.ko kernel/drivers/usb/host/uhci-hcd.ko kernel/drivers/usb/host/xhci-hcd.ko kernel/drivers/usb/host/xhci-pci.ko kernel/drivers/usb/mon/usbmon.ko kernel/drivers/usb/serial/usbserial.ko kernel/drivers/usb/typec/typec.ko kernel/drivers/usb/typec/altmodes/typec_displayport.ko kernel/drivers/usb/typec/ucsi/typec_ucsi.ko kernel/drivers/usb/typec/ucsi/ucsi_acpi.ko kernel/drivers/video/fb.ko kernel/drivers/video/cfbfillrect.ko kernel/drivers/video/cfbcopyarea.ko kernel/drivers/video/cfbimgblt.ko kernel/drivers/video/backlight/backlight.ko kernel/drivers/video/console/fbcon.ko kernel/drivers/video/console/bitblit.ko kernel/drivers/video/console/font.ko kernel/drivers/video/console/softcursor.ko kernel/drivers/video/console/tileblit.ko kernel/drivers/video/console/fbcon_rotate.ko kernel/drivers/video/console/fbcon_cw.ko kernel/drivers/video/console/fbcon_ud.ko kernel/drivers/video/console/fbcon_ccw.ko kernel/drivers/xen/xenbus/xenbus_probe_frontend.ko kernel/arch/x86/pci/vmd.ko kernel/arch/x86/video/fbdev.ko kernel/net/core/drop_monitor.ko kernel/net/core/netprio_cgroup.ko kernel/net/ipv4/inet_lro.ko kernel/net/ipv4/tcp_cubic.ko kernel/net/ipv6/ipv6.ko kernel/net/ipv6/inet6_hashtables.ko kernel/net/mpls/mpls_gso.ko kernel/net/netfilter/x_tables.ko kernel/net/netfilter/xt_tcpudp.ko kernel/net/packet/af_packet.ko kernel/net/sched/cls_cgroup.ko kernel/net/unix/unix.ko kernel/net/xfrm/xfrm_algo.ko kernel/net/xfrm/xfrm_user.ko kernel/lib/test-kstrtox.ko kernel/lib/bitrev.ko kernel/lib/crc16.ko kernel/lib/crc32.ko kernel/lib/digsig.ko kernel/lib/asn1_decoder.ko kernel/lib/oid_registry.ko kernel/lib/ucs2_string.ko kernel/lib/lzo/lzo_compress.ko kernel/lib/lzo/lzo_decompress.ko kernel/lib/mpi/mpi.ko kernel/lib/xz/xz_dec.ko kernel/lib/zlib_deflate/zlib_deflate.ko kernel/lib/zlib_inflate/zlib_inflate.ko
可加載驅動所在目錄
在 /sys/module目錄下，你可以找到內核模塊（包含內置和可加載的）命名的子目錄
進入每個模塊目錄，這里有個“parameters”目錄，列出了這個模塊所有的參數。
[root@ht5 src]# cd /sys/module [root@ht5 module]# ls 8250 cryptd hid ipt_REJECT nf_conntrack ppdev suspend vmw_vsock_vmci_transport ablk_helper debug_core hid_apple ip_tunnel nf_conntrack_ipv4 printk syscopyarea vmxnet3 acpi dm_log hid_magicmouse ipv6 nf_conntrack_ipv6 processor sysfillrect vsock acpiphp dm_mirror hid_ntrig ip_vs nf_conntrack_netlink psmouse sysimgblt vt aesni_intel dm_mod i2c_piix4 joydev nf_defrag_ipv4 pstore sysrq watchdog ata_generic dm_region_hash i8042 kdb_main nf_defrag_ipv6 rcupdate tcp_cubic workqueue ata_piix drm intel_idle kernel nf_nat rcutree thermal xfs battery drm_kms_helper intel_ishtp keyboard nf_nat_ipv4 rng_core tpm xhci_hcd block drm_panel_orientation_quirks iosf_mbi kgdboc nf_nat_ipv6 sb_edac tpm_tis xt_addrtype bridge dynamic_debug ip6table_nat kgdbts nf_nat_masquerade_ipv4 scsi_dh_alua tpm_tis_core xt_comment br_netfilter edac_core ip6_tables libata nf_reject_ipv4 scsi_dh_rdac ttm xt_conntrack cdrom efi_pstore ipip libcrc32c overlay scsi_mod tunnel4 xt_mark configfs efivars ip_set llc parport scsi_transport_sas uhci_hcd xt_multiport coretemp ehci_hcd ip_set_hash_ip lrw parport_pc sd_mod usbcore xt_nat cpuidle fb_sys_fops ip_set_hash_net md_mod pata_acpi serio_raw usbhid xt_recent crc32c_intel firmware_class iptable_filter module pcie_aspm sg uv_nmi xt_set crc32_pclmul gf128mul iptable_mangle mousedev pciehp shpchp veth xt_statistic crc_t10dif ghash_clmulni_intel iptable_nat mptbase pci_hotplug spurious vmd xz_dec crct10dif_common glue_helper iptable_raw mptsas pci_slot sr_mod vmw_balloon zswap crct10dif_generic haltpoll ip_tables mptscsih pcmcia_core stp vmwgfx crct10dif_pclmul mydriver ipt_MASQUERADE netpoll pcspkr sunrpc vmw_vmci
小結這里有幾個目錄
/usr/src/kernels/3.10.0-1160.59.1.el7.x86_64/ 開發的內核頭文件所在目錄 /lib/modules/3.10.0-327.el7.x86_64/kernel/drivers/ 動態加載驅動所在目錄 /sys/module 動態和內置驅動所在目錄
順便可以看看深入網卡這篇 https://www.cnblogs.com/aozhejin/p/16057226.html
參考
http://kojipkgs.fedoraproject.org/packages/kernel/2.6.26.6/49.fc8/src/kernel-2.6.26.6-49.fc8.src.rpm
http://ftp.osuosl.org/pub/elrepo/kernel/el7/x86_64/RPMS/