簡介:
在JDK1.5以后提供的一系列Annotation聲明,要通過反射獲取Annotation的信息,可以通過java.lang.reflect里面的AccessibleObject類,在這個類中提供有獲取Annotation的方法.
獲取全部Annotation:
public Annotation[] getAnnotations()
獲取指定Annotation:
public <T extends Annotation> T getAnnotation(Class<T> annotationClass)
import java.io.Serializable; import java.lang.annotation.Annotation; import java.lang.reflect.Method; public class MAIN { public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { { // 獲取接口上的Annotation信息
Annotation[] annotations = IMessage.class.getAnnotations(); // 獲取接口上的全部Annotation信息
for (Annotation annotation : annotations) { System.out.println("IMessage - annotation: " + annotation); } } System.out.println("__________________________________"); { // 獲取Message上的Annotation信息
Annotation[] annotations = Message.class.getAnnotations(); // 獲取接口上的全部Annotation信息
for (Annotation annotation : annotations) { System.out.println("Message - annotation: " + annotation); // 無法在程序執行的時候獲取
} } System.out.println("__________________________________"); { // 獲取Message.toString()方法上的Annotation信息
Method method = Message.class.getDeclaredMethod("send",String.class); // 獲取Message中的指定方法
Annotation[] annotations = method.getAnnotations(); // 獲取指定方法的Annotation信息
for (Annotation annotation : annotations) { System.out.println("Message.send() - annotation: " + annotation); // 無法在程序執行的時候獲取
} } } } @FunctionalInterface @Deprecated(since = "1.0") interface IMessage{ // 兩個Annotation
void send(String msg); } @SuppressWarnings("serial") // 無法在程序執行的時候獲取
class Message implements IMessage, Serializable { @Override // 無法在程序執行的時候獲取
public void send(String msg) { System.out.println("sendMessage: " + msg); } @Override public String toString(){ return "toString"; } }
輸出結果:
從運行直接我們可以發現,有些Annotation是可以獲取的,而有些Annotation是無法獲取的;
不同的Annotation是有不同的存在范圍的,對比兩個Annotation:
@FunctionalInterface(運行時生效) |
@SuppressWarnings(源代碼時生效) |
@Documented @Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME) // 運行時生效 @Target(ElementType.TYPE) public @interface FunctionalInterface {}
|
@Target({TYPE, FIELD, METHOD, PARAMETER, CONSTRUCTOR, LOCAL_VARIABLE, MODULE}) @Retention(RetentionPolicy.SOURCE) // 源代碼時生效 public @interface SuppressWarnings { String[] value(); }
|
"RetentionPolicy" : 指的是生效范圍
public enum RetentionPolicy { SOURCE, CLASS, RUNTIME }
三個范圍分別是:
SOURCE:源代碼的時候
CLASS:類定義的時候
RUNTIME:運行的時候
實現自定義的Annotation:
在java中提供有"@interface"進行自定義Annotation的語法;
import java.lang.annotation.Retention; import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy; import java.lang.reflect.Method; @Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME) // 定義Annotation的運行策略
@interface DefaultAnnotation{ // 自定義的Annotation
public String title(); // 獲取數據
public String url() default "www.baidu.com"; // 獲取數據,默認值
} class Message{ @DefaultAnnotation(title = "AAA") public void send(String msg){ System.out.println("sendMessage - " + msg); } } public class MAIN { public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { Method method = Message.class.getMethod("send", String.class); DefaultAnnotation an = method.getAnnotation(DefaultAnnotation.class); System.out.println("title - " + an.title()); // 直接調用annotation中的方法
System.out.println("url - " + an.url()); // 直接調用annotation中的方法
String msg = "msg - " + an.title() + "(" + an.url() + ")"; // 消息內容
method.invoke(Message.class.getDeclaredConstructor().newInstance(),msg); } }
輸出結果:
Annotation的特點:
結合反射機制實現程序的處理;
Annotation與工廠設計:
以下是動態工廠設計進行消息發送:
import java.lang.reflect.InvocationHandler; import java.lang.reflect.Method; import java.lang.reflect.Proxy; public class MAIN { public static void main(String[] args) { MessageService mss = new MessageService(); mss.send("www.baidu.com"); } } interface IMessage{ public void send(String msg); } class MessageService{ private IMessage message; public MessageService(){ this.message = Factory.getInstance(Message.class); } public void send(String msg){ this.message.send(msg); } } class Message implements IMessage { @Override public void send(String msg) { System.out.println("sendMessage - " + msg); } } class Factory{ private Factory() { } @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") public static <T> T getInstance(Class<T> clazz){ // 直接返回實例化的操作對象
try { return (T) new MessageProxy().bind(clazz.getDeclaredConstructor().newInstance()); } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); return null; } } } class MessageProxy implements InvocationHandler{ private Object target; public MessageProxy() { } public Object bind(Object target) { this.target = target; return Proxy.newProxyInstance(target.getClass().getClassLoader(),target.getClass().getInterfaces(),this); } public boolean connect(){ System.out.println("【代理操作】- 通道連接"); return true; } public boolean close(){ System.out.println("【代理操作】 - 通道關閉"); return false; } @Override public Object invoke(Object proxy, Method method, Object[] args) throws Throwable { try { if (this.connect()) { return method.invoke(this.target, args); } else { throw new Exception("【ERROR】消息發送失敗!"); } }finally { this.close(); } } }
輸出結果:
下面利用Annotation實現類的使用:
import java.lang.annotation.Retention; import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy; import java.lang.reflect.InvocationHandler; import java.lang.reflect.Method; import java.lang.reflect.Proxy; public class MAIN { public static void main(String[] args) { MessageService mss = new MessageService(); mss.send("www.baidu.com"); } } @Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME) @interface UserMessage{ public Class<?> clazz(); } interface IMessage{ public void send(String msg); } @UserMessage(clazz = Message.class) // 利用Annotation實現了類
class MessageService{ private IMessage message; public MessageService(){ UserMessage use = MessageService.class.getAnnotation(UserMessage.class); this.message = (IMessage) Factory.getInstance(use.clazz()); // 直接通過Annotation獲取
} public void send(String msg){ this.message.send(msg); } } class Message implements IMessage { @Override public void send(String msg) { System.out.println("sendMessage - " + msg); } } class Factory{ private Factory() { } @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") public static <T> T getInstance(Class<T> clazz){ // 直接返回實例化的操作對象
try { return (T) new MessageProxy().bind(clazz.getDeclaredConstructor().newInstance()); } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); return null; } } } class MessageProxy implements InvocationHandler{ private Object target; public MessageProxy() { } public Object bind(Object target) { this.target = target; return Proxy.newProxyInstance(target.getClass().getClassLoader(),target.getClass().getInterfaces(),this); } public boolean connect(){ System.out.println("【代理操作】- 通道連接"); return true; } public boolean close(){ System.out.println("【代理操作】 - 通道關閉"); return false; } @Override public Object invoke(Object proxy, Method method, Object[] args) throws Throwable { try { if (this.connect()) { return method.invoke(this.target, args); } else { throw new Exception("【ERROR】消息發送失敗!"); } }finally { this.close(); } } }
輸出結果:
那么這樣就實現了使用Annotation來參與程序設計,只管一點可以從下面的代碼看出:
增加一個NetMessage子類:
import java.lang.annotation.Retention; import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy; import java.lang.reflect.InvocationHandler; import java.lang.reflect.Method; import java.lang.reflect.Proxy; public class MAIN { public static void main(String[] args) { MessageService mss = new MessageService(); mss.send("www.baidu.com"); } } @Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME) @interface UserMessage{ public Class<?> clazz(); } interface IMessage{ public void send(String msg); } @UserMessage(clazz = NetMessage.class) // 利用Annotation實現了類的使用
class MessageService{ private IMessage message; public MessageService(){ UserMessage use = MessageService.class.getAnnotation(UserMessage.class); this.message = (IMessage) Factory.getInstance(use.clazz()); // 直接通過Annotation獲取
} public void send(String msg){ this.message.send(msg); } } class Message implements IMessage { @Override public void send(String msg) { System.out.println("【消息發送】 - " + msg); } } class NetMessage implements IMessage { @Override public void send(String msg) { System.out.println("【網絡消息發送】 - " + msg); } } class Factory{ private Factory() { } @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") public static <T> T getInstance(Class<T> clazz){ // 直接返回實例化的操作對象
try { return (T) new MessageProxy().bind(clazz.getDeclaredConstructor().newInstance()); } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); return null; } } } class MessageProxy implements InvocationHandler{ private Object target; public MessageProxy() { } public Object bind(Object target) { this.target = target; return Proxy.newProxyInstance(target.getClass().getClassLoader(),target.getClass().getInterfaces(),this); } public boolean connect(){ System.out.println("【代理操作】- 通道連接"); return true; } public boolean close(){ System.out.println("【代理操作】 - 通道關閉"); return false; } @Override public Object invoke(Object proxy, Method method, Object[] args) throws Throwable { try { if (this.connect()) { return method.invoke(this.target, args); } else { throw new Exception("【ERROR】消息發送失敗!"); } }finally { this.close(); } } }
輸出結果:
此時就只需要將@UserMessage(clazz = NetMessage.class) 中的參數換一下就行了,通過Annotation中的方法直接對參數進行控制。