Winform的三層架構詳細案例分析


三層架構將整個業務應用划分為:(1)界面UI層;(2)業務邏輯層;(3)數據訪問層。

對於復雜的系統分層可以讓結構更加清晰,模塊更加獨立,便於維護。

image

各層的任務:

(1)數據訪問層:負責數據庫的操作。

(2)業務邏輯層:實現功能模塊的業務邏輯。

(3)界面UI層:繪制界面,以及負責界面相關代碼。

(4)實體類:將數據庫中的表轉化為面向對象思想中的類。

一、案例需求

使用三層架構實現學生管理:

image

(1)專業下拉框綁定專業表數據,網格控件綁定學生數據,並且點擊"搜索"按鈕可以多條件組合查詢。

(2)選中某一行,右鍵可以彈出"刪除"菜單,點擊"刪除"菜單可以刪除學生數據。

(3)點擊"新增"按鈕,彈出新增窗體,在此窗體中完成學生的新增操作。

image

(4)選中某一行,點擊"編輯"按鈕,彈出編輯窗體,在此窗體中完成數據的修改。

image

備注:其中性別的單選框,以及愛好的多選框分別用兩個Pannel容器包含。

數據庫准備:

--專業
create table ProfessionInfo
(
	ProfessionID int primary key identity(1,1), --專業編號
	ProfessionName varchar(50) not null unique --專業名稱
)
--學生
create table StudentInfo
(
	StuID varchar(20) primary key,  --學生學號
	StuName varchar(50) not null,		--學生姓名
	StuAge int not null check(StuAge > 0 and StuAge < 130), --學生年齡
	StuSex char(2) not null check(StuSex in('男','女')),  --學生性別
	StuHobby nvarchar(100), --愛好
	ProfessionID int not null references ProfessionInfo(ProfessionID), --所屬專業編號
)
--添加專業信息
insert into ProfessionInfo(ProfessionName) values('電子競技')
insert into ProfessionInfo(ProfessionName) values('軟件開發')
insert into ProfessionInfo(ProfessionName) values('醫療護理')
--插入學生信息
insert into StudentInfo(StuID,StuName,StuAge,StuSex,StuHobby,ProfessionID)
values('001','劉備',18,'男','',1)
insert into StudentInfo(StuID,StuName,StuAge,StuSex,StuHobby,ProfessionID)
values('002','關羽',20,'男','',2)
insert into StudentInfo(StuID,StuName,StuAge,StuSex,StuHobby,ProfessionID)
values('003','張飛',19,'男','',2)
insert into StudentInfo(StuID,StuName,StuAge,StuSex,StuHobby,ProfessionID)
values('004','孫尚香',17,'女','',3)

二、項目結構

(1)創建一個空白解決方案。

(2)在解決方案中創建類庫項目MyEntity代表"實體類"。

(3)在解決方案中創建類庫項目MyDAL代表"數據訪問層"。

(4)在解決方案中創建類庫項目MyBLL代表"業務邏輯層"。

(5)在解決方案中創建Windows窗體應用程序MyUI代表"界面UI層"。

image

三、實體類編寫

在MyEntity項目中添加兩個實體類,實體類代碼如下:

ProfessionInfoEntity:

public class ProfessionInfoEntity
{
    public ProfessionInfoEntity()
    {
        this.ProfessionID = 0;
        this.ProfessionName = "";
    }
    public int ProfessionID { get; set; }  //專業編號
    public string ProfessionName { get; set; }//專業名稱
}

StudentInfoEntiy:

public class StudentInfoEntiy
{
    public StudentInfoEntiy()
    {
        this.StuID = "";
        this.StuName = "";
        this.StuAge = 0;
        this.StuSex = "";
        this.StuHobby = "";
        this.ProfessionID = 0;
        this.ProfessionName = "";
    }
    public string StuID { get; set; }  //學生學號
    public string StuName { get; set; }  //學生姓名
    public int StuAge { get; set; }  //學生年齡
    public string StuSex { get; set; }  //學生性別
    public string StuHobby { get; set; }  //學生愛好
    public int ProfessionID { get; set; }  //學生所屬專業編號
    public string ProfessionName { get; set; } //學生所屬專業名稱
}

四、數據訪問層編寫

(1)由於數據訪問層需要使用實體類,所以需要添加實體類的引用。

即在MyDAL項目上右鍵-->添加-->引用-->項目,在項目中勾選MyEntity項目。

(2)將之前封裝好的DBHelper文件復制到MyDAL項目中,並通過添加現有項,將DBHelper加入項目。

(3)在MyDAL項目中添加兩個類,類代碼如下:

ProfessionInfoDAL:

public class ProfessionInfoDAL
{
    #region 新增
    public int Add(ProfessionInfoEntity entity)
    {
        string sql = "insert into ProfessionInfo(professionName) values(@professionName)";
        DBHelper.PrepareSql(sql);
        DBHelper.SetParameter("ProfessionName",entity.ProfessionName);
        return DBHelper.ExecNonQuery();
    }
    #endregion

    #region 刪除
    public int Delete(int id)
    {
        string sql = "delete from ProfessionInfo where ProfessionID=@ProfessionID";
        DBHelper.PrepareSql(sql);
        DBHelper.SetParameter("ProfessionID", id);
        return DBHelper.ExecNonQuery();
    }
    #endregion

    #region 修改
    public int Update(ProfessionInfoEntity entity)
    {
        string sql = "update ProfessionInfo set professionName=@professionName where ProfessionID=@ProfessionID";
        DBHelper.PrepareSql(sql);
        DBHelper.SetParameter("professionName", entity.ProfessionName);
        DBHelper.SetParameter("ProfessionID", entity.ProfessionID);
        return DBHelper.ExecNonQuery();
    }
    #endregion

    #region 列表
    public List<ProfessionInfoEntity> List()
    {
        string sql = "select * from ProfessionInfo";
        DataTable dt = new DataTable();
        DBHelper.PrepareSql(sql);
        dt = DBHelper.ExecQuery();
        List<ProfessionInfoEntity> list = new List<ProfessionInfoEntity>();
        foreach (DataRow item in dt.Rows)
        {
            ProfessionInfoEntity entity = new ProfessionInfoEntity();
            entity.ProfessionID = int.Parse(item["ProfessionID"].ToString());
            entity.ProfessionName = item["ProfessionName"].ToString();
            list.Add(entity);
        }
        return list;
    }
    #endregion

    #region 詳情
    public ProfessionInfoEntity Detail(int id)
    {
        string sql = "select * from ProfessionInfo where ProfessionID=@ProfessionID";
        DataTable dt = new DataTable();
        DBHelper.PrepareSql(sql);
        DBHelper.SetParameter("ProfessionID", id);
        dt = DBHelper.ExecQuery();
        if (dt.Rows.Count == 0)
            return null;
        ProfessionInfoEntity entity = new ProfessionInfoEntity();
        entity.ProfessionID = int.Parse(dt.Rows[0]["ProfessionID"].ToString());
        entity.ProfessionName = dt.Rows[0]["ProfessionName"].ToString();
        return entity;
    }
    #endregion
}

StudentInfoDAL:

public class StudentInfoDAL
{
    #region 新增
    public int Add(StudentInfoEntiy entity)
    {
        string sql = "insert into StudentInfo(StuID,StuName,StuAge,StuSex,StuHobby,ProfessionID) values(@StuID,@StuName,@StuAge,@StuSex,@StuHobby,@ProfessionID)";
        DBHelper.PrepareSql(sql);
        DBHelper.SetParameter("StuID", entity.StuID);
        DBHelper.SetParameter("StuName", entity.StuName);
        DBHelper.SetParameter("StuAge", entity.StuAge);
        DBHelper.SetParameter("StuSex", entity.StuSex);
        DBHelper.SetParameter("StuHobby", entity.StuHobby);
        DBHelper.SetParameter("ProfessionID", entity.ProfessionID);
        return DBHelper.ExecNonQuery();
    }
    #endregion

    #region 刪除
    public int Delete(string id)
    {
        string sql = "delete from StudentInfo where StuID=@StuID";
        DBHelper.PrepareSql(sql);
        DBHelper.SetParameter("StuID", id);
        return DBHelper.ExecNonQuery();
    }
    #endregion

    #region 修改
    public int Update(StudentInfoEntiy entity)
    {
        string sql = "update StudentInfo set StuName=@StuName,StuAge=@StuAge,StuSex=@StuSex,StuHobby=@StuHobby,ProfessionID=@ProfessionID where StuID=@StuID";
        DBHelper.PrepareSql(sql);
        DBHelper.SetParameter("StuName", entity.StuName);
        DBHelper.SetParameter("StuAge", entity.StuAge);
        DBHelper.SetParameter("StuSex", entity.StuSex);
        DBHelper.SetParameter("StuHobby", entity.StuHobby);
        DBHelper.SetParameter("ProfessionID", entity.ProfessionID);
        DBHelper.SetParameter("StuID", entity.StuID);
        return DBHelper.ExecNonQuery();
    }
    #endregion

    #region 列表
    public List<StudentInfoEntiy> List()
    {
        string sql = "select * from StudentInfo";
        DataTable dt = new DataTable();
        DBHelper.PrepareSql(sql);
        dt = DBHelper.ExecQuery();
        List<StudentInfoEntiy> list = new List<StudentInfoEntiy>();
        foreach (DataRow item in dt.Rows)
        {
            StudentInfoEntiy entity = new StudentInfoEntiy();
            entity.StuID = item["StuID"].ToString();
            entity.StuName = item["StuName"].ToString();
            entity.StuAge = int.Parse(item["StuAge"].ToString());
            entity.StuSex = item["StuSex"].ToString();
            entity.StuHobby = item["StuHobby"].ToString();
            entity.ProfessionID = int.Parse(item["ProfessionID"].ToString());
            list.Add(entity);
        }
        return list;
    }
    #endregion

    #region 詳情
    public StudentInfoEntiy Detail(string id)
    {
        string sql = "select * from StudentInfo where StuID=@StuID";
        DataTable dt = new DataTable();
        DBHelper.PrepareSql(sql);
        DBHelper.SetParameter("StuID", id);
        dt = DBHelper.ExecQuery();
        if (dt.Rows.Count == 0)
            return null;
        StudentInfoEntiy entity = new StudentInfoEntiy();
        entity.StuID = dt.Rows[0]["StuID"].ToString();
        entity.StuName = dt.Rows[0]["StuName"].ToString();
        entity.StuAge = int.Parse(dt.Rows[0]["StuAge"].ToString());
        entity.StuSex = dt.Rows[0]["StuSex"].ToString();
        entity.StuHobby = dt.Rows[0]["StuHobby"].ToString();
        entity.ProfessionID = int.Parse(dt.Rows[0]["ProfessionID"].ToString());
        return entity;
    }
    #endregion
}

五、業務邏輯層編寫

(1)由於業務邏輯層需要使用實體類,所以需要添加實體類的引用。

即在MyBLL項目上右鍵-->添加-->引用-->項目,在項目中勾選MyEntity項目。

(2)由於業務邏輯層需要調用數據訪問層,所以需要添加數據訪問層的引用。

即在MyBLL項目上右鍵-->添加-->引用-->項目,在項目中勾選MyDAL項目。

(3)在MyBLL項目中添加兩個類,類代碼如下:

ProfessionInfoBLL:

public class ProfessionInfoBLL
{
    ProfessionInfoDAL dal = new ProfessionInfoDAL();
    #region 新增
    public int Add(ProfessionInfoEntity entity)
    {
        return dal.Add(entity);
    }
    #endregion

    #region 刪除
    public int Delete(int id)
    {
        return dal.Delete(id);
    }
    #endregion

    #region 修改
    public int Update(ProfessionInfoEntity entity)
    {
        return dal.Update(entity);
    }
    #endregion

    #region 列表
    public List<ProfessionInfoEntity> List()
    {
        return dal.List();
    }
    #endregion

    #region 詳情
    public ProfessionInfoEntity Detail(int id)
    {
        return dal.Detail(id);
    }
    #endregion
}

StudentInfoBLL:

public class StudentInfoBLL
{
    StudentInfoDAL dal = new StudentInfoDAL();
    #region 新增
    public int Add(StudentInfoEntiy entity)
    {
        return dal.Add(entity);
    }
    #endregion

    #region 刪除
    public int Delete(string id)
    {
        return dal.Delete(id);
    }
    #endregion

    #region 修改
    public int Update(StudentInfoEntiy entity)
    {
        return dal.Update(entity);
    }
    #endregion

    #region 列表
    public List<StudentInfoEntiy> List()
    {
        return dal.List();
    }
    #endregion

    #region 詳情
    public StudentInfoEntiy Detail(string id)
    {
        return dal.Detail(id);
    }
    #endregion
}

六、界面UI層代碼編寫

(1)由於界面UI層需要使用實體類,所以需要添加實體類的引用。

即在MyUI項目上右鍵-->添加-->引用-->項目,在項目中勾選MyEntity項目。

(2)由於界面UI層需要調用業務邏輯層,所以需要添加業務邏輯層的引用。

即在MyUI項目上右鍵-->添加-->引用-->項目,在項目中勾選MyBLL項目。

查詢窗體界面及代碼:

image

(1)由於查詢學生需要多條件組合查詢,所以給數據訪問層和業務邏輯層添加條件搜索的方法。

給數據訪問層MyDAL中StudentInfoDAL類添加方法:

#region 條件查詢
public List<StudentInfoEntiy> Search(StudentInfoEntiy searchObj)
{
    string sql = "select * from StudentInfo inner join ProfessionInfo on StudentInfo.ProfessionID = ProfessionInfo.ProfessionID where 1 = 1";
    if (searchObj.ProfessionID != 0)
        sql += " and StudentInfo.ProfessionID = " + searchObj.ProfessionID;
    if (!searchObj.StuName.Equals(""))
        sql += " and StuName like '%" + searchObj.StuName + "%'";
    DataTable dt = new DataTable();
    DBHelper.PrepareSql(sql);
    dt = DBHelper.ExecQuery();
    List<StudentInfoEntiy> list = new List<StudentInfoEntiy>();
    foreach (DataRow item in dt.Rows)
    {
        StudentInfoEntiy entity = new StudentInfoEntiy();
        entity.StuID = item["StuID"].ToString();
        entity.StuName = item["StuName"].ToString();
        entity.StuAge = int.Parse(item["StuAge"].ToString());
        entity.StuSex = item["StuSex"].ToString();
        entity.StuHobby = item["StuHobby"].ToString();
        entity.ProfessionID = int.Parse(item["ProfessionID"].ToString());
        entity.ProfessionName = item["ProfessionName"].ToString();
        list.Add(entity);
    }
    return list;
}
#endregion

給業務邏輯層MyBLL中StudentInfoBLL類添加方法:

#region 條件查詢
public List<StudentInfoEntiy> Search(StudentInfoEntiy searchObj)
{
	return dal.Search(searchObj);
}
#endregion

(2)在此界面中多個功能需要調用業務邏輯層,定義兩個業務邏輯層對象:

ProfessionInfoBLL proBll = new ProfessionInfoBLL();
StudentInfoBLL stuBll = new StudentInfoBLL();

(3)查詢窗體綁定專業信息、綁定學生信息以及搜索功能代碼:

#region 綁定下拉框
private void BindPro()
{
    List<ProfessionInfoEntity> list = new List<ProfessionInfoEntity>();
    list = proBll.List();
    list.Insert(0,new ProfessionInfoEntity { ProfessionID=0,ProfessionName="--請選擇--"});
    this.cmbPro.DataSource = list;
    this.cmbPro.DisplayMember = "ProfessionName";
    this.cmbPro.ValueMember = "ProfessionID";
}
#endregion

#region 綁定學生數據
private void BindData()
{
    StudentInfoEntiy searchObj = new StudentInfoEntiy();
    searchObj.ProfessionID = int.Parse(this.cmbPro.SelectedValue.ToString());
    searchObj.StuName = this.txtName.Text;
    this.dataGridView1.AutoGenerateColumns = false;
    this.dataGridView1.DataSource = stuBll.Search(searchObj);
}
#endregion

#region 窗體加載
private void FrmSelect_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
    BindPro();
    BindData();
}
#endregion

#region 搜索按鈕
private void btSearch_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
    BindData();
}
#endregion

(4)刪除菜單代碼:

private void 刪除ToolStripMenuItem_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
    //添加是否確定刪除的對話框
    DialogResult result = MessageBox.Show("確定要刪除數據嗎,刪除之后無法恢復!", "提示框",
        MessageBoxButtons.OKCancel, MessageBoxIcon.Question);
    if (result == DialogResult.Cancel)
        return;
    string stuid = this.dataGridView1.SelectedRows[0].Cells[0].Value.ToString();
    if(stuBll.Delete(stuid) == 1)
        MessageBox.Show("刪除成功!");
    else
        MessageBox.Show("刪除失敗!");
    BindData();
}

新增窗體界面及代碼:

image

ProfessionInfoBLL proBll = new ProfessionInfoBLL();
StudentInfoBLL stuBll = new StudentInfoBLL();
#region 綁定下拉框
private void BindPro()
{
    List<ProfessionInfoEntity> list = new List<ProfessionInfoEntity>();
    list = proBll.List();
    list.Insert(0, new ProfessionInfoEntity { ProfessionID = 0, ProfessionName = "--請選擇--" });
    this.cmbPro.DataSource = list;
    this.cmbPro.DisplayMember = "ProfessionName";
    this.cmbPro.ValueMember = "ProfessionID";
}
#endregion
private void FrmAdd_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
    BindPro();
}

private void btAdd_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
    //性別處理
    string sex = "";
    if (this.rbBoy.Checked == true) sex = this.rbBoy.Text;
    if (this.rbGirl.Checked == true) sex = this.rbGirl.Text;
    //愛好處理
    string hobby = "";
    foreach (CheckBox ck in this.panel2.Controls)
    {
        if (ck.Checked == true)
        {
            if (!hobby.Equals(""))
                hobby += ",";
            hobby += ck.Text;
        }
    }
    StudentInfoEntiy entity = new StudentInfoEntiy();
    entity.StuID = this.txtId.Text;
    entity.StuName = this.txtName.Text;
    entity.StuAge = int.Parse(this.txtAge.Text);
    entity.StuSex = sex;
    entity.StuHobby = hobby;
    entity.ProfessionID = int.Parse(this.cmbPro.SelectedValue.ToString());
    if (stuBll.Add(entity) == 1)
        MessageBox.Show("新增成功!");
    else
        MessageBox.Show("新增失敗!");
    this.Close();
}

編輯修改窗體界面及代碼:

image

public string StuID { get; set; } //學生編號
ProfessionInfoBLL proBll = new ProfessionInfoBLL();
StudentInfoBLL stuBll = new StudentInfoBLL();
#region 綁定下拉框
private void BindPro()
{
    List<ProfessionInfoEntity> list = new List<ProfessionInfoEntity>();
    list = proBll.List();
    list.Insert(0, new ProfessionInfoEntity { ProfessionID = 0, ProfessionName = "--請選擇--" });
    this.cmbPro.DataSource = list;
    this.cmbPro.DisplayMember = "ProfessionName";
    this.cmbPro.ValueMember = "ProfessionID";
}
#endregion

#region 綁定詳情
private void BindDetail()
{
    StudentInfoEntiy entity = new StudentInfoEntiy();
    entity = stuBll.Detail(this.StuID);
    this.txtId.Text = entity.StuID;
    this.txtName.Text = entity.StuName;
    this.txtAge.Text = entity.StuAge.ToString();
    this.cmbPro.SelectedValue = entity.ProfessionID;
    //性別處理
    if (entity.StuSex.Equals("男"))
        this.rbBoy.Checked = true;
    else
        this.rbGirl.Checked = true;
    //愛好處理
    string[] arrHobby = entity.StuHobby.Split(',');
    foreach (string hobby in arrHobby)
    {
        foreach (CheckBox ck in this.panel2.Controls)
        {
            if (ck.Text.Equals(hobby))
                ck.Checked = true;
        }
    }
}
#endregion

private void FrmEdit_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
    BindPro();
    BindDetail();
}

private void btUpdate_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
    //性別處理
    string sex = "";
    if (this.rbBoy.Checked == true) sex = this.rbBoy.Text;
    if (this.rbGirl.Checked == true) sex = this.rbGirl.Text;
    //愛好處理
    string hobby = "";
    foreach (CheckBox ck in this.panel2.Controls)
    {
        if (ck.Checked == true)
        {
            if (!hobby.Equals(""))
                hobby += ",";
            hobby += ck.Text;
        }
    }
    StudentInfoEntiy entity = new StudentInfoEntiy();
    entity.StuID = this.txtId.Text;
    entity.StuName = this.txtName.Text;
    entity.StuAge = int.Parse(this.txtAge.Text);
    entity.StuSex = sex;
    entity.StuHobby = hobby;
    entity.ProfessionID = int.Parse(this.cmbPro.SelectedValue.ToString());
    if (stuBll.Update(entity) == 1)
        MessageBox.Show("修改成功!");
    else
        MessageBox.Show("修改失敗!");
    this.Close();
}

查詢窗體中"新增"和"編輯"按鈕代碼:

private void btAdd_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
    FrmAdd frm = new FrmAdd();
    frm.Show();
}

private void btEdit_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
    string stuid = this.dataGridView1.SelectedRows[0].Cells[0].Value.ToString();
    FrmEdit frm = new FrmEdit();
    frm.StuID = stuid;
    frm.Show();
}


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