路由器實驗之配置實驗、直連路由驗證、靜態路由


計算機網絡實驗報告

 

計算機網絡實驗報告 1

實驗一、 路由器的命令行界面配置實驗實驗 1

實驗二、 路由器的全局配置 1

實驗拓撲: 1

實驗步驟: 1

實驗結果截圖: 3

實驗三、直連路由驗證 4

拓撲結構: 4

實驗步驟: 4

實驗截圖: 8

實驗四、靜態路由 8

實驗拓撲: 8

實驗步驟: 8

實驗截圖: 9

實驗中遇到的一些問題: 9

 

實驗一、 路由器的命令行界面配置實驗實驗

實驗二、 路由器的全局配置

實驗拓撲:

實驗步驟:

進入特權模式:

Router>enable

Router#configure terminal

Enter configuration commands, one per line.  End with CNTL/Z.

Router(config)#end

Router#

%SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console

基本命令提示:

?

Exec commands:

  <1-99>      Session number to resume

  auto        Exec level Automation

  clear       Reset functions

  clock       Manage the system clock

  configure   Enter configuration mode

  connect     Open a terminal connection

  copy        Copy from one file to another

  debug       Debugging functions (see also 'undebug')

  delete      Delete a file

  dir         List files on a filesystem

  disable     Turn off privileged commands

  disconnect  Disconnect an existing network connection

  enable      Turn on privileged commands

  erase       Erase a filesystem

  exit        Exit from the EXEC

  logout      Exit from the EXEC

  mkdir       Create new directory

  more        Display the contents of a file

  no          Disable debugging informations

  ping        Send echo messages

  reload      Halt and perform a cold restart

  resume      Resume an active network connection

  rmdir       Remove existing directory

  send        Send a message to other tty lines

  setup       Run the SETUP command facility

  show        Show running system information

  ssh         Open a secure shell client connection

  telnet      Open a telnet connection

  terminal    Set terminal line parameters

  traceroute  Trace route to destination

  undebug     Disable debugging functions (see also 'debug')

  vlan        Configure VLAN parameters

  write       Write running configuration to memory, network, or terminal

Router#co?

configure  connect  copy  

支持命令簡寫:

Router#conf term

Enter configuration commands, one per line.  End with CNTL/Z.

設備名稱配置:

Router(config)#hostname RouterA

每日提示信息配置

RouterA(config)#banner motd &

Enter TEXT message.  End with the character '&'.

welcome!&

 

RouterA(config)#exit

RouterA#

%SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console

exit

 

RouterA con0 is now available

 

Press RETURN to get started.

 

welcome!

 

RouterA>

實驗結果截圖:

 

實驗三、直連路由驗證

拓撲結構:

實驗步驟:

路由器配置信息:

Router>enable

Router#conf term

Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.

配置接口信息(IP,子網掩碼等):

Router(config)#interface fastethernet0/0

Router(config-if)#ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0

 

打開接口:

(交換機端口默認打開,路由器端口默認關閉,要先打開):

Router(config-if)#no shutdown

Router(config-if)#exit

嘗試一個重復配置(192.168.1.2配置不上)(192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0)(即前24位已經划分給端口0/0作為子網一,內部可包含最大主機數為2^8-2=254台(去除全0和全1)(實際上在192.168.2.0/24 中192.168.2.1也不可用)):

Router(config)#interface fastethernet 0/1

Router(config-if)#ip address 192.168.1.2 255.255.255.0

% 192.168.1.0 overlaps with FastEthernet0/0

Router(config-if)#exit

Router(config)#exit

Router#

%SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console

展示路由表信息:

show ip route

Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP

D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area

N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2

E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP

i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area

* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR

P - periodic downloaded static route

 

這里一定要設置默認網關,否則ping不通

Gateway of last resort is not set

 

C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0

Router#conf term

Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.

Router(config)#interface fastethernet 0/1

當使用一個不適合的IP地址作為配置信息時:

Router(config-if)#ip address 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0

Bad mask /24 for address 192.168.2.0

Router(config-if)#ip address 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0

Router(config-if)#no shut down

Router(config-if)#exit

Router(config)#exit

Router#

%SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console

查看路由表信息:

show ip route

Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP

D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area

N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2

E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP

i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area

* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR

P - periodic downloaded static route

 

這里一定要設置默認網關,否則ping不通

Gateway of last resort is not set

 

C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0

C 192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/1

 

查看路由器當前生效的配置信息:

Router# show running-config

Building configuration...

 

Current configuration : 579 bytes

!

version 12.4

no service timestamps log datetime msec

no service timestamps debug datetime msec

no service password-encryption

!

hostname Router

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

ip cef

no ipv6 cef

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

spanning-tree mode pvst

!

!

!

!

!

!

interface FastEthernet0/0

ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0

duplex auto

speed auto

!

interface FastEthernet0/1

ip address 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0

duplex auto

speed auto

!

interface Vlan1

no ip address

shutdown

!

ip classless

!

ip flow-export version 9

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

line con 0

!

line aux 0

!

line vty 0 4

login

!

!

!

end

 

 

Router#

Router#conf term

Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.

Router(config)#

%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/1, changed state to down

 

%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to down

 

%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up

 

%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/1, changed state to up

 

Router(config)#

 

完成上述配置后,路由器配置完畢。

此時之前ping不通的兩台主機則可以ping通(一定一定要配置好各自的默認網關,否則也是ping不通的)。

實驗截圖:

兩台主機之間可以ping通,詳見實驗過程。

 

 

實驗四、靜態路由

實驗拓撲:

實驗步驟:
設置第一個主機的IP地址為192.168.1.1,與之相連的路由器接口0/0為192.168.1.2

路由器與路由器相連的都是端口0/1,IP地址分別為192.168.2.1和192.168.2.2,然后右邊主機IP地址為192.168.3.2,與之相連的端口0/0IP地址為192.168.3.1

然后配置網關,就是Gateway,PC0的網關為192.168.1.2,PC1的網關為192.168.3.1,就是他們相連路由器的端口的IP。

然后我們需要將路由器的四個端口打開(保證連通性),代碼如下:

第一個路由器:

Router(config)#interface fa0/0

Router(config-if)#no shutdown

Router(config-if)#interface fa0/1

Router(config-if)#no shutdown

Router(config-if)#exit

第二個路由器:

Router(config)#interface fa0/0

Router(config-if)#no shutdown

Router(config-if)#interface fa0/1

Router(config-if)#no shutdown

Router(config-if)#exit

 

這樣子線路就全打開了,然后我們需要聲明路由器的下一跳地址,第一個路由器與兩個網絡相連,第一個是192.168.1.0這個網絡,第二個是另一個路由器的端口192.168.2.2,與端口192.168.2.2相連的是192.168.3.0這個網絡,因此我們配置192.168.2.1的下一跳地址為192.168.2.2,代碼如下:

Router(config)#interface fa0/1

Router(config-if)#ip route 192.168.3.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.2.2(右邊端口的IP地址)

Router(config)#exit

格式為目的網絡+網絡掩碼+下一跳地址

同理配置路由器2的192.168.2.2這個端口的下一跳地址:

Router(config)#interface fa0/1

Router(config-if)#ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.2.1(左邊端口的IP地址)

 

配置完以后兩個主機就可以互相ping通了(如果只配置一個下一跳地址如(配置ip route 192.168.3.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.2.2而不配置ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.2.1)則ping不通)。

實驗截圖:

兩台主機之間可以ping通,詳見實驗過程。

 

實驗中遇到的一些問題:

一、Reply from 192.168.1.1: Destination host unreachable(到了網關之后不可訪問,目標不可達,這可能是路由器配置出現了問題,一般屬於配置默認網關和下一跳的連接上的故障。

二、思科PacketTrace報錯%Inconsistent address and mask(地址和掩碼不一致)(一般是配置下一跳時目的網絡與子網掩碼出現的沖突,例如子網掩碼為255.255.255.0,目的網絡應該為x.x.x.0,因為目的網絡的網絡號AND子網掩碼后末位為0而不是其他,即如果為192.168.2.0則正確,192.168.2.1則出現上述不一致錯誤。)

三、一定要配置好默認路由即Gateway,否則主機與路由之間的連接則會中斷,導致主機與路由之間無法通信,故ping不通兩台主機。

 


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