Vue異步更新Dom和$nextTick


Vue異步更新Dom和$nextTick


$nextTick 的使用場景

雖然 Vue 是數據驅動的,但是有時候我們不得不去操作 DOM 去處理一些特殊的場景,而 Vue 更新 DOM 是異步執行的,所以我們不得不去使用 $nextTick 去異步獲取 DOM。

<template>
  <div>
    <span ref="msg">{{ msg }}</span>
  </div>
</template>

<script>
export default {
  data() {
    return {
      msg: 'hello nextTick'
    }
  },
  methods: {
    changeMsg() {
      this.msg = 'hello world'
      console.log(this.$refs.msg.innerHTML, '同步獲取')
      this.$nextTick(() => {
        console.log(this.$refs.msg.innerHTML, '異步獲取')
      })
    }
  },
  mounted() {
    this.changeMsg()
  }
}
</script>

我們可以看到,當我我們直接改變數據后,獲取 DOM 的話,值是沒有改變的,而在 $nextTick 中卻可以看到數據發生了變化,為什么呢?下面我們通過源碼看一看原因

Watcher 視圖更新

update () {
  /* istanbul ignore else */
  if (this.lazy) {
    this.dirty = true
  } else if (this.sync) {
    /*同步則執行run直接渲染視圖*/
    this.run()
  } else {
    /*異步推送到觀察者隊列中,由調度者調用。*/
    queueWatcher(this)
  }
}

如果你看過響應式原理的時候,在 Watcher 中會有一個 update 函數用來更新視圖的,當 this.sync 為 false 的時候,就標志着是異步更新,所以會執行 queueWatcher 函數

 /*將一個觀察者對象push進觀察者隊列,在隊列中已經存在相同的id則該觀察者對象將被跳過,除非它是在隊列被刷新時推送*/
export function queueWatcher (watcher: Watcher) {
  const id = watcher.id
  /*檢驗id是否存在,已經存在則直接跳過,不存在則標記哈希表has,用於下次檢驗*/
  if (has[id] == null) {
    has[id] = true
    if (!flushing) {
      /*如果沒有flush掉,直接push到隊列中即可*/
      queue.push(watcher)
    } else {
      // if already flushing, splice the watcher based on its id
      // if already past its id, it will be run next immediately.
      // 如果刷新了,那就從隊列中取出,立即執行即可
      let i = queue.length - 1
      while (i > index && queue[i].id > watcher.id) {
        i--
      }
      queue.splice(i + 1, 0, watcher)
    }
    // queue the flush
    if (!waiting) { // 沒有 waiting,則直接執行 nextTick
      waiting = true

      if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production' && !config.async) {
        flushSchedulerQueue()
        return
      }
      nextTick(flushSchedulerQueue)
    }
  }
}

通過 queueWatcher 函數,我們就能看出來了,Watcher 不是立即更新視圖的,而是會放在一個隊列中,此時是 waiting 等待狀態,它會檢查 id 是否重復,如果重復的話,就不會放進隊列中;如果沒有重復才會放入隊列,而且當前 Watcher 是不能刷新的,如果刷新的話,就從隊列中取出,沒有刷新的 Watcher 才會被放入隊列中。如果沒有 waiting 等待狀態了,那么就證明需要進入下一個 tick 了,會執行 nextTick 方法。

nextTick

講了這么多,終於到 nextTick 了

export let isUsingMicroTask = false // 是否使用了微任務

const callbacks = [] /*存放異步執行的回調*/
let pending = false /*一個標記位,如果已經有timerFunc被推送到任務隊列中去則不需要重復推送*/

function flushCallbacks () {
  pending = false
  const copies = callbacks.slice(0)
  callbacks.length = 0
  for (let i = 0; i < copies.length; i++) {
    copies[i]()
  }
}

// Here we have async deferring wrappers using microtasks.
// In 2.5 we used (macro) tasks (in combination with microtasks).
// However, it has subtle problems when state is changed right before repaint
// (e.g. #6813, out-in transitions).
// Also, using (macro) tasks in event handler would cause some weird behaviors
// that cannot be circumvented (e.g. #7109, #7153, #7546, #7834, #8109).
// So we now use microtasks everywhere, again.
// A major drawback of this tradeoff is that there are some scenarios
// where microtasks have too high a priority and fire in between supposedly
// sequential events (e.g. #4521, #6690, which have workarounds)
// or even between bubbling of the same event (#6566).
let timerFunc /*一個函數指針,指向函數將被推送到任務隊列中,等到主線程任務執行完時,任務隊列中的timerFunc被調用*/

// The nextTick behavior leverages the microtask queue, which can be accessed
// via either native Promise.then or MutationObserver.
// MutationObserver has wider support, however it is seriously bugged in
// UIWebView in iOS >= 9.3.3 when triggered in touch event handlers. It
// completely stops working after triggering a few times... so, if native
// Promise is available, we will use it:
/* istanbul ignore next, $flow-disable-line */
if (typeof Promise !== 'undefined' && isNative(Promise)) {
  const p = Promise.resolve()
  timerFunc = () => {
    p.then(flushCallbacks)
    // In problematic UIWebViews, Promise.then doesn't completely break, but
    // it can get stuck in a weird state where callbacks are pushed into the
    // microtask queue but the queue isn't being flushed, until the browser
    // needs to do some other work, e.g. handle a timer. Therefore we can
    // "force" the microtask queue to be flushed by adding an empty timer.
    if (isIOS) setTimeout(noop) // 如果是 isIOS 環境,則執行 setTimeout
  }
  isUsingMicroTask = true
} else if (!isIE && typeof MutationObserver !== 'undefined' && ( // MutationObserver 在 IE 下的兼容性有問題
  isNative(MutationObserver) ||
  // PhantomJS and iOS 7.x
  MutationObserver.toString() === '[object MutationObserverConstructor]'
)) {
  // Use MutationObserver where native Promise is not available,
  // e.g. PhantomJS, iOS7, Android 4.4
  // (#6466 MutationObserver is unreliable in IE11)
  let counter = 1
  const observer = new MutationObserver(flushCallbacks)
  const textNode = document.createTextNode(String(counter))
  observer.observe(textNode, {
    characterData: true
  })
  timerFunc = () => {
    counter = (counter + 1) % 2
    textNode.data = String(counter)
  }
  isUsingMicroTask = true
} else if (typeof setImmediate !== 'undefined' && isNative(setImmediate)) {
  // Fallback to setImmediate.
  // Technically it leverages the (macro) task queue,
  // but it is still a better choice than setTimeout.
  timerFunc = () => {
    setImmediate(flushCallbacks)
  }
} else {
  // Fallback to setTimeout.
  timerFunc = () => {
    setTimeout(flushCallbacks, 0)
  }
}

export function nextTick (cb?: Function, ctx?: Object) {
  let _resolve
  // 把 cb 加上異常處理存入 callbacks 數組中
  callbacks.push(() => {
    if (cb) {
      try {
        // 調用 cb()
        cb.call(ctx)
      } catch (e) {
        handleError(e, ctx, 'nextTick')
      }
    } else if (_resolve) {
      _resolve(ctx)
    }
  })
  if (!pending) {
    pending = true
    // 調用
    timerFunc()
  }
  // $flow-disable-line
  if (!cb && typeof Promise !== 'undefined') {
    // 返回 promise 對象
    return new Promise(resolve => {
      _resolve = resolve
    })
  }
}

nextTick 接收兩個參數,一個是回調函數,一個是當前環境的上下文,執行 nextTick 會將回調函數放入 callbacks 回調隊列中,然后通過 timerFunc 去執行。然后會判斷當前執行環境是否有 Promise,如果有的話,通過 Promise.resolve().then 去執行回調函數中的內容,如果是 IOS 環境的話,則執行 setTimeout,因為 IOS 的某些版本對 Promise 的支持不太好;如果當前環境不支持 Promise,則降級使用微任務 MutationObserver,注釋中也列舉出了很多不支持 Promise 的環境,例如 e.g. PhantomJS, iOS7, Android 4.4;如果 MutationObserver 也不被支持的話,那么就使用宏任務 setImmediate 了;而最壞的情況就是使用 setTimeout 了,至於為什么不直接使用 setTimeout 而多一個 setImmediate,是因為 setImmediate 的執行速度要比 setTimeout,因為 setTimeout 即使將時間參數設為 0 的話,也還是會有 4 ms 的延遲。

為什么要異步更新視圖

<template>
  <div>
    <div>{{value}}</div>
  </div>
</template>
export default {
    data () {
        return {
            value: 0
        };
    },
    mounted () {
      for(let i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
        this.value++;
      }
    }
}

當我們在 mounted 鈎子函數中,循環改變某一個值的時候,如果沒有異步更新,那么 value 每一次 ++ 的時候,都會操作 DOM 去更新,但是這種更新又是沒有意義的,這樣就會非常消耗性能。但是有了異步 DOM 隊列,它只會在下一個 tick 執行,這樣就能保障 i 從 0 直接到 1000 才執行,這樣大大優化了性能。


免責聲明!

本站轉載的文章為個人學習借鑒使用,本站對版權不負任何法律責任。如果侵犯了您的隱私權益,請聯系本站郵箱yoyou2525@163.com刪除。



 
粵ICP備18138465號   © 2018-2025 CODEPRJ.COM