Python可視化分析——科比整個職業生涯的投籃點分布

數據來源

import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt

# 導入數據
file_path = "C:/Users/pc/Desktop/kobe_data.csv"
df = pd.read_csv(file_path)
print(df.shape)
df.head(10)

(30697, 25)

	action_type	combined_shot_type	game_event_id	game_id	lat	loc_x	loc_y	lon	minutes_remaining	period	...	shot_type	shot_zone_area	shot_zone_basic	shot_zone_range	team_id	team_name	game_date	matchup	opponent	shot_id
0	Jump Shot	Jump Shot	10	20000012	33.9723	167	72	-118.1028	10	1	...	2PT Field Goal	Right Side(R)	Mid-Range	16-24 ft.	1610612747	Los Angeles Lakers	2000-10-31	LAL @ POR	POR	1
1	Jump Shot	Jump Shot	12	20000012	34.0443	-157	0	-118.4268	10	1	...	2PT Field Goal	Left Side(L)	Mid-Range	8-16 ft.	1610612747	Los Angeles Lakers	2000-10-31	LAL @ POR	POR	2
2	Jump Shot	Jump Shot	35	20000012	33.9093	-101	135	-118.3708	7	1	...	2PT Field Goal	Left Side Center(LC)	Mid-Range	16-24 ft.	1610612747	Los Angeles Lakers	2000-10-31	LAL @ POR	POR	3
3	Jump Shot	Jump Shot	43	20000012	33.8693	138	175	-118.1318	6	1	...	2PT Field Goal	Right Side Center(RC)	Mid-Range	16-24 ft.	1610612747	Los Angeles Lakers	2000-10-31	LAL @ POR	POR	4
4	Driving Dunk Shot	Dunk	155	20000012	34.0443	0	0	-118.2698	6	2	...	2PT Field Goal	Center(C)	Restricted Area	Less Than 8 ft.	1610612747	Los Angeles Lakers	2000-10-31	LAL @ POR	POR	5
5	Jump Shot	Jump Shot	244	20000012	34.0553	-145	-11	-118.4148	9	3	...	2PT Field Goal	Left Side(L)	Mid-Range	8-16 ft.	1610612747	Los Angeles Lakers	2000-10-31	LAL @ POR	POR	6
6	Layup Shot	Layup	251	20000012	34.0443	0	0	-118.2698	8	3	...	2PT Field Goal	Center(C)	Restricted Area	Less Than 8 ft.	1610612747	Los Angeles Lakers	2000-10-31	LAL @ POR	POR	7
7	Jump Shot	Jump Shot	254	20000012	34.0163	1	28	-118.2688	8	3	...	2PT Field Goal	Center(C)	Restricted Area	Less Than 8 ft.	1610612747	Los Angeles Lakers	2000-10-31	LAL @ POR	POR	8
8	Jump Shot	Jump Shot	265	20000012	33.9363	-65	108	-118.3348	6	3	...	2PT Field Goal	Left Side(L)	In The Paint (Non-RA)	8-16 ft.	1610612747	Los Angeles Lakers	2000-10-31	LAL @ POR	POR	9
9	Running Jump Shot	Jump Shot	294	20000012	33.9193	-33	125	-118.3028	3	3	...	2PT Field Goal	Center(C)	In The Paint (Non-RA)	8-16 ft.	1610612747	Los Angeles Lakers	2000-10-31	LAL @ POR	POR	10

10 rows × 25 columns

print(df.columns)
# 關鍵數據 loc_x、loc_y（出手位置坐標）和 shot_made_flag（是否投中）這三列。
print(df["shot_made_flag"].unique())

Index(['action_type', 'combined_shot_type', 'game_event_id', 'game_id', 'lat',
       'loc_x', 'loc_y', 'lon', 'minutes_remaining', 'period', 'playoffs',
       'season', 'seconds_remaining', 'shot_distance', 'shot_made_flag',
       'shot_type', 'shot_zone_area', 'shot_zone_basic', 'shot_zone_range',
       'team_id', 'team_name', 'game_date', 'matchup', 'opponent', 'shot_id'],
      dtype='object')
[nan  0.  1.]

# 去除空值行
kobe = df[pd.notnull(df["shot_made_flag"])]
print(kobe.shape)

(25697, 25)

# 動作類型
print(kobe.action_type.unique())
print(kobe.combined_shot_type.unique())
# 投籃類型 2分/3分
print(kobe.shot_type.unique())
# 投籃類型次數統計
print(kobe.shot_type.value_counts())

['Jump Shot' 'Driving Dunk Shot' 'Layup Shot' 'Running Jump Shot'
 'Reverse Dunk Shot' 'Slam Dunk Shot' 'Driving Layup Shot'
 'Turnaround Jump Shot' 'Reverse Layup Shot' 'Tip Shot'
 'Running Hook Shot' 'Alley Oop Dunk Shot' 'Dunk Shot'
 'Alley Oop Layup shot' 'Running Dunk Shot' 'Driving Finger Roll Shot'
 'Running Layup Shot' 'Finger Roll Shot' 'Fadeaway Jump Shot'
 'Follow Up Dunk Shot' 'Hook Shot' 'Turnaround Hook Shot' 'Jump Hook Shot'
 'Running Finger Roll Shot' 'Jump Bank Shot' 'Turnaround Finger Roll Shot'
 'Hook Bank Shot' 'Driving Hook Shot' 'Running Tip Shot'
 'Running Reverse Layup Shot' 'Driving Finger Roll Layup Shot'
 'Fadeaway Bank shot' 'Pullup Jump shot' 'Finger Roll Layup Shot'
 'Turnaround Fadeaway shot' 'Driving Reverse Layup Shot'
 'Driving Slam Dunk Shot' 'Step Back Jump shot' 'Turnaround Bank shot'
 'Reverse Slam Dunk Shot' 'Floating Jump shot' 'Putback Slam Dunk Shot'
 'Running Bank shot' 'Driving Bank shot' 'Driving Jump shot'
 'Putback Layup Shot' 'Putback Dunk Shot' 'Running Finger Roll Layup Shot'
 'Pullup Bank shot' 'Running Slam Dunk Shot' 'Cutting Layup Shot'
 'Driving Floating Jump Shot' 'Running Pull-Up Jump Shot' 'Tip Layup Shot'
 'Driving Floating Bank Jump Shot']
['Jump Shot' 'Dunk' 'Layup' 'Tip Shot' 'Hook Shot' 'Bank Shot']
['2PT Field Goal' '3PT Field Goal']
2PT Field Goal    20285
3PT Field Goal     5412
Name: shot_type, dtype: int64

# 職業生涯賽季
kobe['season'].unique()
# kobe['season'] = kobe['season'].apply(lambda x: int(x.split('-')[1]) )
# kobe['season'].unique()

array(['2000-01', '2001-02', '2002-03', '2003-04', '2004-05', '2005-06',
       '2006-07', '2007-08', '2008-09', '2009-10', '2010-11', '2011-12',
       '2012-13', '2013-14', '2014-15', '2015-16', '1996-97', '1997-98',
       '1998-99', '1999-00'], dtype=object)

# 所屬球隊ID和隊名，職業生涯都效力於湖人隊
print(kobe['team_id'].unique())
print(kobe['team_name'].unique())

[1610612747]
['Los Angeles Lakers']

# 球隊對陣及日期表
vsdf = pd.DataFrame({'matchup':kobe.matchup, 'opponent':kobe.opponent, 'game_date':kobe.game_date})

        matchup opponent   game_date
1     LAL @ POR      POR  2000-10-31
2     LAL @ POR      POR  2000-10-31
3     LAL @ POR      POR  2000-10-31
4     LAL @ POR      POR  2000-10-31
5     LAL @ POR      POR  2000-10-31
6     LAL @ POR      POR  2000-10-31
8     LAL @ POR      POR  2000-10-31
9     LAL @ POR      POR  2000-10-31
10    LAL @ POR      POR  2000-10-31
11  LAL vs. UTA      UTA  2000-11-01

#plt.subplot(211) first is raw second Column
alpha = 0.02
plt.figure(figsize=(16,10))

# loc_x and loc_y  坐標位置
plt.subplot(121)
plt.scatter(kobe.loc_x, kobe.loc_y, color='#DA70D6', alpha=alpha)
plt.title('loc_x and loc_y')

# lat and lon 經緯度
plt.subplot(122)
plt.scatter(kobe.lon, kobe.lat, color='#FFD700', alpha=alpha)
plt.title('lat and lon')

Text(0.5, 1.0, 'lat and lon')

# 出手區域數據分布
gs = kobe.groupby('shot_zone_area')
print (kobe['shot_zone_area'].value_counts())
print (len(gs))

Center(C)                11289
Right Side Center(RC)     3981
Right Side(R)             3859
Left Side Center(LC)      3364
Left Side(L)              3132
Back Court(BC)              72
Name: shot_zone_area, dtype: int64
6

# 根據不同區域繪制散點圖
import matplotlib.cm as cm
plt.figure(figsize=(20,10))

def scatter_plot_by_category(feat):
    alpha = 0.1
    gs = kobe.groupby(feat)
    cs = cm.rainbow(np.linspace(0, 1, len(gs)))
    for g, c in zip(gs, cs):
        plt.scatter(g[1].loc_x, g[1].loc_y, color=c, alpha=alpha)

# shot_zone_area
plt.subplot(131)
scatter_plot_by_category('shot_zone_area')
plt.title('shot_zone_area')

# shot_zone_basic
plt.subplot(132)
scatter_plot_by_category('shot_zone_basic')
plt.title('shot_zone_basic')

# shot_zone_range
plt.subplot(133)
scatter_plot_by_category('shot_zone_range')
plt.title('shot_zone_range')

Text(0.5, 1.0, 'shot_zone_range')

以下籃球場的繪制較為繁雜，參考了 B站素材

from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
from matplotlib.patches import Arc, Circle, Rectangle


def draw_ball_field(color='#20458C', lw=2):
    """
    繪制籃球場
    """
    # 新建一個大小為(6,6)的繪圖窗口
    plt.figure(figsize=(12, 12))
    # 獲得當前的Axes對象ax,進行繪圖
    ax = plt.gca()

    # 對籃球場進行底色填充
    lines_outer_rec = Rectangle(xy=(-250, -47.5), width=500, height=470, linewidth=lw, color='#F0F0F0', fill=True)
    # 設置籃球場填充圖層為最底層
    lines_outer_rec.set_zorder(0)
    # 將rec添加進ax
    ax.add_patch(lines_outer_rec)

    # 繪制籃筐,半徑為7.5
    circle_ball = Circle(xy=(0, 0), radius=7.5, linewidth=lw, color=color, fill=False)
    # 將circle添加進ax
    ax.add_patch(circle_ball)

    # 繪制籃板,尺寸為(60,1)
    plate = Rectangle(xy=(-30, -7.5), width=60, height=-1, linewidth=lw, color=color, fill=False)
    # 將rec添加進ax
    ax.add_patch(plate)

    # 繪制2分區的外框線,尺寸為(160,190)
    outer_rec = Rectangle(xy=(-80, -47.5), width=160, height=190, linewidth=lw, color=color, fill=False)
    # 將rec添加進ax
    ax.add_patch(outer_rec)

    # 繪制2分區的內框線,尺寸為(120,190)
    inner_rec = Rectangle(xy=(-60, -47.5), width=120, height=190, linewidth=lw, color=color, fill=False)
    # 將rec添加進ax
    ax.add_patch(inner_rec)

    # 繪制罰球區域圓圈,半徑為60
    circle_punish = Circle(xy=(0, 142.5), radius=60, linewidth=lw, color=color, fill=False)
    # 將circle添加進ax
    ax.add_patch(circle_punish)

    # 繪制三分線的左邊線
    three_left_rec = Rectangle(xy=(-220, -47.5), width=0, height=140, linewidth=lw, color=color, fill=False)
    # 將rec添加進ax
    ax.add_patch(three_left_rec)

    # 繪制三分線的右邊線
    three_right_rec = Rectangle(xy=(220, -47.5), width=0, height=140, linewidth=lw, color=color, fill=False)
    # 將rec添加進ax
    ax.add_patch(three_right_rec)

    # 繪制三分線的圓弧,圓心為(0,0),半徑為238.66,起始角度為22.8,結束角度為157.2
    three_arc = Arc(xy=(0, 0), width=477.32, height=477.32, theta1=22.8, theta2=157.2, linewidth=lw, color=color, fill=False)
    # 將arc添加進ax
    ax.add_patch(three_arc)

    # 繪制中場處的外半圓,半徑為60
    center_outer_arc = Arc(xy=(0, 422.5), width=120, height=120, theta1=180, theta2=0, linewidth=lw, color=color, fill=False)
    # 將arc添加進ax
    ax.add_patch(center_outer_arc)

    # 繪制中場處的內半圓,半徑為20
    center_inner_arc = Arc(xy=(0, 422.5), width=40, height=40, theta1=180, theta2=0, linewidth=lw, color=color, fill=False)
    # 將arc添加進ax
    ax.add_patch(center_inner_arc)

    # 繪制籃球場外框線,尺寸為(500,470)
    lines_outer_rec = Rectangle(xy=(-250, -47.5), width=500, height=470, linewidth=lw, color=color, fill=False)
    # 將rec添加進ax
    ax.add_patch(lines_outer_rec)

    return ax


axs = draw_ball_field(color='#20458C', lw=2)

# 設置坐標軸范圍
axs.set_xlim(-250, 250)
axs.set_ylim(422.5, -47.5)
# 消除坐標軸刻度
axs.set_xticks([])
axs.set_yticks([])
# 添加備注信息
# plt.annotate('By ohou', xy=(100, 160), xytext=(178, 418))
made = kobe[kobe['shot_made_flag'] == 1]
miss = kobe[kobe['shot_made_flag'] == 0]
# 繪制散點圖
axs.scatter(x=miss['loc_x'], y=miss['loc_y'], s=20, marker='x', color='orange')
axs.scatter(x=made['loc_x'], y=made['loc_y'], s=20, marker='o', edgecolors='#3A7711', color="#6B8E23", linewidths=2)

plt.show()

未完待續……