在golang中,make和new都是分配內存的，但是它們之間還是有些區別的，只有理解了它們之間的不同，才能在合適的場合使用。
簡單來說,new只是分配內存，不初始化內存； 而make即分配又初始化內存。所謂的初始化就是給類型賦初值，比如字符為空，整型為0, 邏輯值為false等。
new
先看下new函數的定義
// The new built-in function allocates memory. The first argument is a type,
// not a value, and the value returned is a pointer to a newly
// allocated zero value of that type.
func new(Type) *Type
可以看出，它的參數是一個類型，返回值為指向該類型內存地址的指針，同時會把分配的內存置為零，也就是類型的零值, 即字符為空，整型為0, 邏輯值為false
看幾個new的示例
type P struct{
Name string
Age int
}
var a *[2]int
var s *string
var b *bool
var i *int
var ps *P
a = new([2]int)
s = new(string)
b = new(bool)
i = new(int)
ps = new(P) //結構
fmt.Println(a, " ", *a)
fmt.Println(s, " ",*s)
fmt.Println(b, " ",*b)
fmt.Println(i, " ",*i)
fmt.Println(ps, " ", *ps)
輸出結果如下
&[0 0] [0 0]
0xc00000e1e0
0xc00001a07a false
0xc00001a090 0
&{ 0} { 0}
上面示例是基本的類型，再看下slice, map,chan這些用new咋操作
map操作
var mp *map[string]string
mp = new(map[string]string)
//*mp = make(map[string]string) //這行注掉會panic "panic: assignment to entry in nil map""
(*mp)["name"] = "lc"
fmt.Println((*mp)["name"])
slice操作
var ms *[]string
ms = new([]string)
//*ms = make([]string,5) //這行注掉會pance "panic: runtime error: index out of range"
(*ms)[0] = "lc"
fmt.Println((*ms)[0])
上面可以看出，silce、map、channel等類型屬於引用類型，引用類型初始化為nil，nil是不能直接賦值的，也不能用new分配內存，還需要使用make來分配。
make
看下make的函數聲明
/ The make built-in function allocates and initializes an object of type
// slice, map, or chan (only). Like new, the first argument is a type, not a
// value. Unlike new, make's return type is the same as the type of its
// argument, not a pointer to it. The specification of the result depends on
// the type:
// Slice: The size specifies the length. The capacity of the slice is
// equal to its length. A second integer argument may be provided to
// specify a different capacity; it must be no smaller than the
// length. For example, make([]int, 0, 10) allocates an underlying array
// of size 10 and returns a slice of length 0 and capacity 10 that is
// backed by this underlying array.
// Map: An empty map is allocated with enough space to hold the
// specified number of elements. The size may be omitted, in which case
// a small starting size is allocated.
// Channel: The channel's buffer is initialized with the specified
// buffer capacity. If zero, or the size is omitted, the channel is
// unbuffered.
func make(t Type, size ...IntegerType) Type
可以看出，它返回的就是類型本身，而不是指針類型，因為make只能給slice,map,channel等初始化內存，它們返回的就是引用類型，那么就沒必要返回指針了
看下make的一些示例
mm :=make(map[string]string)
mm["name"] = "lc"
fmt.Println(mm["name"])
mss :=make([]int,2)
mss[0] = 100
fmt.Println(mss[0])
ch :=make(chan int,1)
ch <-100
fmt.Println(<-ch)
小結
make 僅用來分配及初始化類型為 slice、map、chan 的數據。new 可分配任意類型的數據.
new 分配返回的是指針，即類型 *Type。make 返回引用，即 Type.
new 分配的空間被清零, make 分配空間后，會進行初始化.