1. 啥情況呀
測試環境機器磁盤空間不足的告警打破了下午的沉寂,一群人開始忙活着刪數據。但是,不久前剛清理了一波數據,測試環境在沒做壓測的情況下不至於短短一個月不到就漲了200G數據,於是,我悄悄的進入數據目錄下,發現一個不尋常的點,ibtmp1文件有192G
ll -h ibtmp1 -rw-r----- 1 mysql mysql 192G Aug 12 16:20 ibtmp1
2. 怎么處理
2.1 簡單說明
ibtmp1是非壓縮的innodb臨時表的獨立表空間,通過innodb_temp_data_file_path參數指定文件的路徑,文件名和大小,默認配置為ibtmp1:12M:autoextend,也就是說在支持大文件的系統這個文件大小是可以無限增長的。
2.2 解決辦法
a) 找個空閑時間關閉數據
# 設置innodb_fast_shutdown參數 SET GLOBAL innodb_fast_shutdown = 0; # 此步驟可以省略 # 關閉數據庫實例 shutdown; # 因本實例為MySQL5.7 可以直接在SQL命令行中shutdown關閉
關閉后ibtmp1文件會自動清理
b) 修改my.cnf配置文件
為了避免ibtmp1文件無止境的暴漲導致再次出現此情況,可以修改參數,限制其文件最大尺寸。
如果文件大小達到上限時,需要生成臨時表的SQL無法被執行(一般這種SQL效率也比較低,可借此機會進行優化)
innodb_temp_data_file_path = ibtmp1:12M:autoextend:max:5G # 12M代表文件初始大小,5G代表最大size
c) 啟動mysql服務
啟動數據庫后可以查一下是否生效
mysql> show variables like 'innodb_temp_data_file_path'; +----------------------------+-------------------------------+ | Variable_name | Value | +----------------------------+-------------------------------+ | innodb_temp_data_file_path | ibtmp1:12M:autoextend:max:5G | +----------------------------+-------------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.01 sec)
3. 什么情況下會用到臨時表
當EXPLAIN 查看執行計划結果的 Extra 列中,如果包含 Using Temporary 就表示會用到臨時表,例如如下幾種常見的情況通常就會用到:
a) GROUP BY 無索引字段或GROUP BY+ ORDER BY 的子句字段不一樣時
/** 先看一下表結構 */ mysql> show create table test_tmp1\G *************************** 1. row *************************** Table: test_tmp1 Create Table: CREATE TABLE `test_tmp1` ( `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, `name` varchar(50) DEFAULT NULL, `col2` varchar(25) DEFAULT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (`id`), KEY `name` (`name`) ) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=16 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 1 row in set (0.00 sec) /** group by無索引字段*/ mysql> explain select * from test_tmp1 group by col2 ; +----+-------------+-----------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+---------------------------------+ | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra | +----+-------------+-----------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+---------------------------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | test_tmp1 | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 8 | 100.00 | Using temporary; Using filesort | +----+-------------+-----------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+---------------------------------+ /** group by 與order by字段不一致時,及時group by和order by字段有索引也會使用 */ mysql> explain select name from test_tmp1 group by name order by id desc; +----+-------------+-----------+------------+-------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra | +----+-------------+-----------+------------+-------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | test_tmp1 | NULL | range | name | name | 153 | NULL | 3 | 100.00 | Using index for group-by; Using temporary; Using filesort | +----+-------------+-----------+------------+-------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ 1 row in set, 1 warning (0.02 sec)
b) order by 與distinct 共用,其中distinct與order by里的字段不一致(主鍵字段除外)
/** 例子中有無索引時會存在,如果2個字段都有索引會如何*/ mysql> alter table test_tmp1 add key col2(col2); Query OK, 0 rows affected (1.07 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 /** 結果如下,其實該寫法與group by +order by 一樣*/ mysql> explain select distinct col2 from test_tmp1 order by name; +----+-------------+-----------+------------+-------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+---------------------------------+ | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra | +----+-------------+-----------+------------+-------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+---------------------------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | test_tmp1 | NULL | index | col2 | col2 | 78 | NULL | 8 | 100.00 | Using temporary; Using filesort | +----+-------------+-----------+------------+-------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+---------------------------------+ 1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
c) UNION查詢(MySQL5.7后union all已不使用臨時表)
/** 先測一下union all的情況*/ mysql> explain select name from test_tmp1 union all select name from test_tmp1 where id <10; +----+-------------+-----------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+ | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra | +----+-------------+-----------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+ | 1 | PRIMARY | test_tmp1 | NULL | index | NULL | name | 153 | NULL | 8 | 100.00 | Using index | | 2 | UNION | test_tmp1 | NULL | range | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | NULL | 8 | 100.00 | Using where | +----+-------------+-----------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+ 2 rows in set, 1 warning (0.01 sec) /** 再看一下union 作為對比,發現出現了使用臨時表的情況*/ mysql> explain select name from test_tmp1 union select name from test_tmp1 where id <10; +----+--------------+------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------+ | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra | +----+--------------+------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------+ | 1 | PRIMARY | test_tmp1 | NULL | index | NULL | name | 153 | NULL | 8 | 100.00 | Using index | | 2 | UNION | test_tmp1 | NULL | range | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | NULL | 8 | 100.00 | Using where | | NULL | UNION RESULT | <union1,2> | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | Using temporary | +----+--------------+------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------+ 3 rows in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
d) insert into select ...from ...
/** 簡單看一下本表的數據重復插入的情況 */ mysql> explain insert into test_tmp1(name,col2) select name,col2 from test_tmp1; +----+-------------+-----------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------+ | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra | +----+-------------+-----------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------+ | 1 | INSERT | test_tmp1 | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | | 1 | SIMPLE | test_tmp1 | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 8 | 100.00 | Using temporary | +----+-------------+-----------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
小結: 上面列舉的是最常見的使用臨時表的情況,其中基本都是引起慢查詢的因素,因此,如果遇到臨時表空間文件暴漲是需要查看一下是否有大量的慢查詢。
4. 和臨時表空間相關的參數有哪些
各參數之間相互影響,其中直接影響臨時表空間的參數如要有如下幾個
innodb_temp_data_file_path
tmp_table_size
max_heap_table_size
default_tmp_storage_engine
internal_tmp_disk_storage_engine
5. 下面來模擬一個ibtmp1文件快速膨脹的例子
5.1 調整參數值
上面列出了主要的參數,那么先調整一下參數,以便於模擬
tmp_table_size = 16M
innodb_temp_data_file_path = ibtmp1:12M:autoextend:max:5G
調整后重啟數據庫
5.2 造一批數據
/** 造一張表或者從其他表復制一批數據,為了方便模擬,可以不創建主鍵及索引*/ mysql> create table test_tmp3 select * from db1.tbname; Query OK, 15948372 rows affected (2 min 27.24 sec) Records: 15948372 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
此時查看一下ibtmp1文件的大小
ll -h ibtmp1 -rw-r----- 1 mysql mysql 12M Aug 15 16:06 ibtmp1 /** 此時是默認的初始大小*/
5.2 使用insert into ... select * from ...的方式插入
/** 此方式將會使用臨時表空間,且 tmp_table_size參數已調小為16M,本表當前有2G多,所以會使用臨時表空間*/ mysql> insert into test_tmp3 select * from test_tmp3 ; Query OK, 15948372 rows affected (2 min 7.40 sec) Records: 15948372 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
此時 查看一下ibtmp1文件的大小
ll -h ibtmp1 -rw-r----- 1 mysql mysql 2.8G Aug 15 16:17 ibtmp1 /** 此時已使用了2.8G*/
此時該表的size如下
ll -h bak_db/test_tmp3* /** 結果中已有5.8G*/ -rw-r----- 1 mysql mysql 8.9K Aug 15 16:04 bak_db/test_tmp3.frm -rw-r----- 1 mysql mysql 5.8G Aug 15 16:16 bak_db/test_tmp3.ibd
5.3 繼續測試,看看會發生什么
因為ibtmp1當前設置的最大值為5G,繼續復制一個5.8G的數據,會不會異常,如果異常有什么表現?
/** 繼續插入時 因臨時表空間大小有限制,超過5G后將異常,信息如下*/ mysql> insert into test_tmp3 select * from test_tmp3; ERROR 1114 (HY000): The table '/app/data/mysql3306/tmp/#sql_32469_0' is full
此時 查看一下ibtmp1文件的大小
ll -h ibtmp1
-rw-r----- 1 mysql mysql 5.0G Aug 15 16:17 ibtmp1 /** 此時已使用了5.0G,已達到上限*/
數據庫日志里也會記錄本次異常
2019-08-15T08:23:47.016495Z 3 [ERROR] /usr/local/mysql5.7/bin/mysqld: The table '/app/data/mysql3306/tmp/#sql_32469_0' is full
以上測試實例因不同的版本可能會有差異,建議大家親自測試一下。
另外,大家幫忙關注一下我的微信公眾號: 數據庫干貨鋪 ,將不定期有書籍及學習資料贈送