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靜態路由和默認路由配置

本文轉載自   查看原文   2019-08-09 17:31   1022    Routing Switching/ GNS3/ Network

GNS3圖標

不同網段之間可以通過路由器進行通信，但若是中間有多個路由器，在兩三台的情況下，我們可以通過配置靜態路由來實現數據轉發。

實驗拓撲

拓撲

使用兩台路由器直連，每台下面再連接一台VPC。地址規划如下：

名稱 接口 IP地址
R1 f0/0 192.168.30.1/24
R1 f0/1 192.168.10.1/24
R2 f0/0 192.168.30.2/24
R2 f0/1 192.168.20.1/24
PC1 e0 192.168.10.10/24
PC2 e0 192.168.20.10/24

靜態路由

配置方法

全局模式下添加一條靜態路由。

R1#configure terminal
R1(config)#ip route 192.168.20.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.30.2
  • 192.168.20.0：目的網段
  • 255.255.255.0：子網掩碼
  • 192.168.30.2：下一跳

配置過程

R1

  • 配置f0/1接口ip地址
R1#configure terminal
R1(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/1
R1(config-if)#ip address 192.168.10.1 255.255.255.0
R1(config-if)#no shutdown
R1(config-if)#exit
  • 配置f0/0接口ip地址
R1(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/0
R1(config-if)#ip address 192.168.30.1 255.255.255.0
R1(config-if)#no shutdown
R1(config-if)#end
  • 查看接口地址及狀態
R1#show ip interface brief
Interface                  IP-Address      OK? Method Status                Protocol
FastEthernet0/0            192.168.30.1    YES manual up                    up
FastEthernet0/1            192.168.10.1    YES manual up                    up
  • 查看路由表
R1#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
       D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
       N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
       E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
       i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
       ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
       o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route

Gateway of last resort is not set

C    192.168.30.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
C    192.168.10.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/1
  • 添加到達192.168.20.0網段的靜態路由
R1#configure terminal
R1(config)#ip route 192.168.20.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.30.2
R1(config)#end
  • 再次查看路由表
R1#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
       D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
       N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
       E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
       i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
       ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
       o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route

Gateway of last resort is not set

C    192.168.30.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
C    192.168.10.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/1
S    192.168.20.0/24 [1/0] via 192.168.30.2

R2

  • R2與R1的配置方法相同，以下為簡寫配置過程。
R2#conf t
R2(config)#int f0/1
R2(config-if)#ip add 192.168.20.1 255.255.255.0
R2(config-if)#no sh
R2(config-if)#int f0/0
R2(config-if)#ip add 192.168.30.2 255.255.255.0
R2(config-if)#no sh
R2(config-if)#ex
R2(config)#ip route 192.168.10.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.30.1
R2(config)#do show ip int b
Interface                  IP-Address      OK? Method Status                Protocol
FastEthernet0/0            192.168.30.2    YES manual up                    up
FastEthernet0/1            192.168.20.1    YES manual up                    up
R2(config)#do show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
       D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
       N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
       E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
       i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
       ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
       o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route

Gateway of last resort is not set

C    192.168.30.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
S    192.168.10.0/24 [1/0] via 192.168.30.1
C    192.168.20.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/1

PING 測試

配置 IP 地址

PC1> ip 192.168.10.10 255.255.255.0 192.168.10.1
Checking for duplicate address...
PC1 : 192.168.10.10 255.255.255.0 gateway 192.168.10.1

PC2> ip 192.168.20.10 192.168.20.1
Checking for duplicate address...
PC1 : 192.168.20.10 255.255.255.0 gateway 192.168.20.1

PING

PC1> ping 192.168.20.10
192.168.20.10 icmp_seq=1 timeout
192.168.20.10 icmp_seq=2 timeout
84 bytes from 192.168.20.10 icmp_seq=3 ttl=62 time=41.947 ms
84 bytes from 192.168.20.10 icmp_seq=4 ttl=62 time=39.882 ms
84 bytes from 192.168.20.10 icmp_seq=5 ttl=62 time=42.885 ms

PC2> ping 192.168.10.10
84 bytes from 192.168.10.10 icmp_seq=1 ttl=62 time=38.025 ms
84 bytes from 192.168.10.10 icmp_seq=2 ttl=62 time=39.887 ms
84 bytes from 192.168.10.10 icmp_seq=3 ttl=62 time=43.782 ms
84 bytes from 192.168.10.10 icmp_seq=4 ttl=62 time=32.903 ms
84 bytes from 192.168.10.10 icmp_seq=5 ttl=62 time=38.942 ms

通過配置靜態路由成功使不同網段之間互通。

默認路由

默認路由是一種特殊的靜態路由，當配置了默認路由，轉發數據包中目的地址在路由表中沒有相匹配的表項時，數據包將按默認路由轉發，否則數據包會被丟棄。

設想一：在R2上只配一條默認路由，是否可行？
設想二：R1和R2都只配一條默認路由，是否可行？

配置方法

全局模式下添加一條默認路由。

R2(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 192.168.30.1
  • 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0：代表任何網絡
  • 192.168.30.1：下一跳

設想一

配置過程

  • R2刪除添加的靜態路由，添加默認路由。
R2(config)#no ip route 192.168.10.0 255.255.255.0
R2(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 192.168.30.1
R2(config)#do show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
       D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
       N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
       E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
       i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
       ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
       o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route

Gateway of last resort is 192.168.30.1 to network 0.0.0.0

C    192.168.30.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
C    192.168.20.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/1
S*   0.0.0.0/0 [1/0] via 192.168.30.1

PING 測試

PC1> ping 192.168.20.10
192.168.20.10 icmp_seq=1 timeout
192.168.20.10 icmp_seq=2 timeout
84 bytes from 192.168.20.10 icmp_seq=3 ttl=62 time=37.905 ms
84 bytes from 192.168.20.10 icmp_seq=4 ttl=62 time=34.870 ms
84 bytes from 192.168.20.10 icmp_seq=5 ttl=62 time=42.728 ms

PC2> ping 192.168.10.10
84 bytes from 192.168.10.10 icmp_seq=1 ttl=62 time=38.995 ms
84 bytes from 192.168.10.10 icmp_seq=2 ttl=62 time=35.875 ms
84 bytes from 192.168.10.10 icmp_seq=3 ttl=62 time=36.911 ms
84 bytes from 192.168.10.10 icmp_seq=4 ttl=62 time=37.904 ms
84 bytes from 192.168.10.10 icmp_seq=5 ttl=62 time=35.912 ms

通過PING測試，發現是可行的。

設想二

配置過程

  • 再在R1上刪除添加的靜態路由，添加默認路由。
R1(config)#no ip route 192.168.20.0 255.255.255.0
R1(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 192.168.30.2
R1(config)#do show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
       D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
       N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
       E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
       i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
       ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
       o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route

Gateway of last resort is 192.168.30.2 to network 0.0.0.0

C    192.168.30.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
C    192.168.10.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/1
S*   0.0.0.0/0 [1/0] via 192.168.30.2

PING 測試

PC1> ping 192.168.20.10
192.168.20.10 icmp_seq=1 timeout
192.168.20.10 icmp_seq=2 timeout
84 bytes from 192.168.20.10 icmp_seq=3 ttl=62 time=33.073 ms
84 bytes from 192.168.20.10 icmp_seq=4 ttl=62 time=36.042 ms
84 bytes from 192.168.20.10 icmp_seq=5 ttl=62 time=41.983 ms

PC2> ping 192.168.10.10
84 bytes from 192.168.10.10 icmp_seq=1 ttl=62 time=43.736 ms
84 bytes from 192.168.10.10 icmp_seq=2 ttl=62 time=42.030 ms
84 bytes from 192.168.10.10 icmp_seq=3 ttl=62 time=39.927 ms
84 bytes from 192.168.10.10 icmp_seq=4 ttl=62 time=34.038 ms
84 bytes from 192.168.10.10 icmp_seq=5 ttl=62 time=40.854 ms

好像也可以哦，沒問題；若是不小心ping了一個不存在的地址呢？

PC1> ping 192.168.40.10
*192.168.30.2 icmp_seq=1 ttl=254 time=698.062 ms (ICMP type:11, code:0, TTL expired in transit)
*192.168.30.2 icmp_seq=2 ttl=254 time=705.060 ms (ICMP type:11, code:0, TTL expired in transit)
*192.168.30.2 icmp_seq=3 ttl=254 time=707.124 ms (ICMP type:11, code:0, TTL expired in transit)
*192.168.30.2 icmp_seq=4 ttl=254 time=702.108 ms (ICMP type:11, code:0, TTL expired in transit)
*192.168.30.2 icmp_seq=5 ttl=254 time=694.003 ms (ICMP type:11, code:0, TTL expired in transit)

PC2> ping 192.168.40.10
*192.168.30.1 icmp_seq=1 ttl=254 time=700.994 ms (ICMP type:11, code:0, TTL expired in transit)
*192.168.30.1 icmp_seq=2 ttl=254 time=704.114 ms (ICMP type:11, code:0, TTL expired in transit)
*192.168.30.1 icmp_seq=3 ttl=254 time=698.020 ms (ICMP type:11, code:0, TTL expired in transit)
*192.168.30.1 icmp_seq=4 ttl=254 time=700.092 ms (ICMP type:11, code:0, TTL expired in transit)
*192.168.30.1 icmp_seq=5 ttl=254 time=694.289 ms (ICMP type:11, code:0, TTL expired in transit)

發現個問題，TTL傳輸中過期，說明數據包在兩個路由器之間被互相轉發，直到數據包TTL為0，這樣勢必會浪費路由器的資源，對正常的運作產生影響，所以這是不可行的。

最后

關於靜態路由的相關實驗到此結束，下一篇關於VLAN的實驗。


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