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python爬蟲 requests模塊高級操作, 代理,模擬登錄

本文轉載自   查看原文   2019-05-29 15:42   1332    爬蟲

requests模塊高級操作

  • 代理相關的操作
  • 驗證碼的識別
  • cookie相關操作
  • 模擬登錄

一. 代理操作

  • 什么是代理?
    • 就是代理服務器
  • 提供代理的網站:
    • 快代理
    • 西祠代理
    • goubanjia
  • 代理的匿名度
    • 透明代理: 對方服務器可以知道你使用了代理,並且也知道你的真實ip
    • 匿名代理: 對方服務器可以知道你使用了代理,但不知道你的真實ip
    • 高匿代理: 對方服務器不知道你使用了代理, 更不知道那你的真實ip
  • 代理的類型:
    • http: 該類型的代理ip只可以發起http協議頭對應的請求
    • https: 該類型的代理ip只可以發起https協議頭對應的請求
  • requests的get方法和post方法常用的參數
    • url
    • headers
    • data/params
    • proxies

示例:用代理訪問

import random
import requests

https = [
    {'https':'223.19.212.30:8380'},
    {'https':'221.19.212.30:8380'}
]
http = [
    {'http':'223.19.212.30:8380'},
    {'http':'221.19.212.30:8380'}
]

headers = {
    'User-Agent':'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/70.0.3538.77 Safari/537.36'
}
url = 'https://www.baidu.com/s?wd=ip'

if url.split(':')[0] == 'https':
    page_text = requests.get(url=url,headers=headers,proxies=random.choice(https)).text
else:
     page_text = requests.get(url=url,headers=headers,proxies=random.choice(http)).text

with open('./ip.html','w',encoding='utf-8') as fp:
    fp.write(page_text)

二. 驗證碼識別

​ 常用的驗證碼的打碼平台有雲打碼, 打碼兔, 超級鷹,以雲打碼為例

雲打碼使用流程

  • 網址: http://www.yundama.com/demo.html

  • 注冊種類(兩種):

    • 普通用戶
      • 登錄普通用戶,查詢剩余題分,如果不夠需要充值
    • 開發者用戶
      • 創建一個軟件：我的軟件-》創建一個新軟件（軟件名稱，秘鑰不可以修改），使用軟件的id和秘鑰
      • 下載示例代碼：開發文檔-》點此下載：雲打碼接口DLL-》PythonHTTP示例下載

下載demo之后,可以看到api的使用示例:

import http.client, mimetypes, urllib, json, time, requests

######################################################################

class YDMHttp:

    apiurl = 'http://api.yundama.com/api.php'
    username = ''
    password = ''
    appid = ''
    appkey = ''

    def __init__(self, username, password, appid, appkey):
        self.username = username  
        self.password = password
        self.appid = str(appid)
        self.appkey = appkey

    def request(self, fields, files=[]):
        response = self.post_url(self.apiurl, fields, files)
        response = json.loads(response)
        return response
    
    def balance(self):
        data = {'method': 'balance', 'username': self.username, 'password': self.password, 'appid': self.appid, 'appkey': self.appkey}
        response = self.request(data)
        if (response):
            if (response['ret'] and response['ret'] < 0):
                return response['ret']
            else:
                return response['balance']
        else:
            return -9001
    
    def login(self):
        data = {'method': 'login', 'username': self.username, 'password': self.password, 'appid': self.appid, 'appkey': self.appkey}
        response = self.request(data)
        if (response):
            if (response['ret'] and response['ret'] < 0):
                return response['ret']
            else:
                return response['uid']
        else:
            return -9001

    def upload(self, filename, codetype, timeout):
        data = {'method': 'upload', 'username': self.username, 'password': self.password, 'appid': self.appid, 'appkey': self.appkey, 'codetype': str(codetype), 'timeout': str(timeout)}
        file = {'file': filename}
        response = self.request(data, file)
        if (response):
            if (response['ret'] and response['ret'] < 0):
                return response['ret']
            else:
                return response['cid']
        else:
            return -9001

    def result(self, cid):
        data = {'method': 'result', 'username': self.username, 'password': self.password, 'appid': self.appid, 'appkey': self.appkey, 'cid': str(cid)}
        response = self.request(data)
        return response and response['text'] or ''

    def decode(self, filename, codetype, timeout):
        cid = self.upload(filename, codetype, timeout)
        if (cid > 0):
            for i in range(0, timeout):
                result = self.result(cid)
                if (result != ''):
                    return cid, result
                else:
                    time.sleep(1)
            return -3003, ''
        else:
            return cid, ''

    def report(self, cid):
        data = {'method': 'report', 'username': self.username, 'password': self.password, 'appid': self.appid, 'appkey': self.appkey, 'cid': str(cid), 'flag': '0'}
        response = self.request(data)
        if (response):
            return response['ret']
        else:
            return -9001

    def post_url(self, url, fields, files=[]):
        for key in files:
            files[key] = open(files[key], 'rb');
        res = requests.post(url, files=files, data=fields)
        return res.text

將使用操作封裝為函數

#將示例代碼中的可執行程序封裝成函數
def transformCodeImg(imgPath,imgType):
    # 普通用戶名
    username    = 'bobo328410948'

    # 密碼
    password    = 'bobo328410948'                            

    # 軟件ＩＤ，開發者分成必要參數。登錄開發者后台【我的軟件】獲得！
    appid       = 6003                                     

    # 軟件密鑰，開發者分成必要參數。登錄開發者后台【我的軟件】獲得！
    appkey      = '1f4b564483ae5c907a1d34f8e2f2776c'    

    # 圖片文件
    filename    = imgPath                        

    # 驗證碼類型，# 例：1004表示4位字母數字，不同類型收費不同。請准確填寫，否則影響識別率。在此查詢所有類型 http://www.yundama.com/price.html
    codetype    = imgType

    # 超時時間，秒
    timeout     = 30                                    
    result = None
    # 檢查
    if (username == 'username'):
        print('請設置好相關參數再測試')
    else:
        # 初始化
        yundama = YDMHttp(username, password, appid, appkey)

        # 登陸雲打碼
        uid = yundama.login();
        print('uid: %s' % uid)

        # 查詢余額
        balance = yundama.balance();
        print('balance: %s' % balance)

        # 開始識別，圖片路徑，驗證碼類型ID，超時時間（秒），識別結果
        cid, result = yundama.decode(filename, codetype, timeout);
        
    return result

三. Cookie相關操作

​ cookie可以是服務端記錄客戶端的相關狀態, 有些網站get請求數據時,需要攜帶cookie

#需求：爬取雪球網中的新聞標題和對應的內容簡介
url = 'https://xueqiu.com/v4/statuses/public_timeline_by_category.json?since_id=-1&max_id=-1&count=10&category=-1'
headers = {
    'User-Agent':'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/70.0.3538.77 Safari/537.36'
}
json_obj = requests.get(url=url,headers=headers).json()
print(json_obj)

四.基於multiprocessing.dummy線程池的數據爬取

  • 需求：爬取梨視頻的視頻信息，並計算其爬取數據的耗時

普通爬取

import time
import requests
import random
from lxml import etree
import re
from fake_useragent import UserAgent
#安裝fake-useragent庫:pip install fake-useragent
url = 'http://www.pearvideo.com/category_1'
#隨機產生UA,如果報錯則可以添加如下參數：
#ua = UserAgent(verify_ssl=False,use_cache_server=False).random
#禁用服務器緩存：
#ua = UserAgent(use_cache_server=False)
#不緩存數據：
#ua = UserAgent(cache=False)
#忽略ssl驗證：
#ua = UserAgent(verify_ssl=False)

ua = UserAgent().random
headers = {
    'User-Agent':ua
}
#獲取首頁頁面數據
page_text = requests.get(url=url,headers=headers).text
#對獲取的首頁頁面數據中的相關視頻詳情鏈接進行解析
tree = etree.HTML(page_text)
li_list = tree.xpath('//div[@id="listvideoList"]/ul/li')
detail_urls = []
for li in li_list:
    detail_url = 'http://www.pearvideo.com/'+li.xpath('./div/a/@href')[0]
    title = li.xpath('.//div[@class="vervideo-title"]/text()')[0]
    detail_urls.append(detail_url)
for url in detail_urls:
    page_text = requests.get(url=url,headers=headers).text
    vedio_url = re.findall('srcUrl="(.*?)"',page_text,re.S)[0]
    
    data = requests.get(url=vedio_url,headers=headers).content
    fileName = str(random.randint(1,10000))+'.mp4' #隨機生成視頻文件名稱
    with open(fileName,'wb') as fp:
        fp.write(data)
        print(fileName+' is over')

基於線程池的爬取

import requests
import random
from lxml import etree
import re
from fake_useragent import UserAgent
#安裝fake-useragent庫:pip install fake-useragent
#導入線程池模塊
from multiprocessing.dummy import Pool
#實例化線程池對象
pool = Pool()
url = 'http://www.pearvideo.com/category_1'
#隨機產生UA
ua = UserAgent().random
headers = {
    'User-Agent':ua
}
#獲取首頁頁面數據
page_text = requests.get(url=url,headers=headers).text
#對獲取的首頁頁面數據中的相關視頻詳情鏈接進行解析
tree = etree.HTML(page_text)
li_list = tree.xpath('//div[@id="listvideoList"]/ul/li')

detail_urls = []#存儲二級頁面的url
for li in li_list:
    detail_url = 'http://www.pearvideo.com/'+li.xpath('./div/a/@href')[0]
    title = li.xpath('.//div[@class="vervideo-title"]/text()')[0]
    detail_urls.append(detail_url)
    
vedio_urls = []#存儲視頻的url
for url in detail_urls:
    page_text = requests.get(url=url,headers=headers).text
    vedio_url = re.findall('srcUrl="(.*?)"',page_text,re.S)[0]
    vedio_urls.append(vedio_url) 
    
#使用線程池進行視頻數據下載    
func_request = lambda link:requests.get(url=link,headers=headers).content
video_data_list = pool.map(func_request,vedio_urls)

#使用線程池進行視頻數據保存
func_saveData = lambda data:save(data)
pool.map(func_saveData,video_data_list)
def save(data):
    fileName = str(random.randint(1,10000))+'.mp4'
    with open(fileName,'wb') as fp:
        fp.write(data)
        print(fileName+'已存儲')
        
pool.close()
pool.join()

模擬古詩文登錄

  • 爬取古詩文網,模擬登陸
import requests
from lxml import etree

s = requests.Session()

headers = {
    "User-Agent":'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/74.0.3729.169 Safari/537.36'
}

# 獲取驗證碼圖片並且讓打碼平台
url = 'https://so.gushiwen.org/user/login.aspx'
page_text = s.get(url=url,headers=headers).text
tree = etree.HTML(page_text)
img_src = 'https://so.gushiwen.org' + tree.xpath('//*[@id="imgCode"]/@src')[0]

img_data = s.get(url=img_src,headers=headers).content
with open('./gushiwen.jpg','wb') as f:
    f.write(img_data)
result = transformCodeImg('./gushiwen.jpg',1004)

__VIEWSTATE = tree.xpath('//*[@id="__VIEWSTATE"]/@value')[0]
__VIEWSTATEGENERATOR = tree.xpath('//*[@id="__VIEWSTATEGENERATOR"]/@value')[0]


# 模擬登陸
post_url = 'https://so.gushiwen.org/user/login.aspx?from=http%3a%2f%2fso.gushiwen.org%2fuser%2fcollect.aspx'
data = {
    "__VIEWSTATE": __VIEWSTATE,
    "__VIEWSTATEGENERATOR": __VIEWSTATEGENERATOR,
    "from": "http://so.gushiwen.org/user/collect.aspx",
    "email":"hey2380@163.com",
    "pwd": "123456",
    "code": result,
    "denglu": "登錄",
}

response = s.post(url=post_url,headers=headers,data=data)
page_text = response.text
print(response.status_code)
# print(page_text)
print(result)
page_text = response.text
with open('./gushi.html','w',encoding='utf-8') as f:
    f.write(page_text)


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