在MySQL管理軟件中,可以通過SQL語句中的DML語言來實現數據的操作
一、插入數據(insert)

# insert into 表名 value (字段名1,字段名2,字段名3,字段名4); # insert into 表名 values (字段名1,字段名2,字段名3,字段名4),(字段名1,字段名2,字段名3,字段名4); # insert into 表名 (字段名1,字段名2) values (字段名1,字段名2); # 示例: # insert into 表名 value (1,'Annie',83,'不詳'); # insert into 表名 values (1,'Annie',83,'不詳'),(2,'Lisa',40,'male'); # insert into 表名 (id,name) values(3,'Andy'); # 增加數據(特殊方法) # insert into 表名 select * from 另一張表; # insert into 表名 select 字段名1,字段名2 from 另一張表; # insert into 表名(字段名1,字段名2) select 字段名1,字段名2 from 另一張表;
二、更新數據(update)

# update 表名 set 字段名=新的值 where 條件 # 示例: # update stu set id=2 where age > 20 # 更新:id = 2
三、刪除數據(delete)

# delete from 表名 where 條件 # 示例: # delete from 表名 where id=3
四、查詢數據 (search)之單表查詢
4.1 單表查詢語法結構:

SELECT DISTINCT 字段1,字段2... FROM 表名 WHERE 條件 GROUP BY field HAVING 篩選 ORDER BY field LIMIT 限制條數 # 關鍵字優先級: # from > where > group by > select > distinct > having > order by > limit
4.2 建表:

company.employee 員工id id int 姓名 emp_name varchar 性別 sex enum 年齡 age int 入職日期 hire_date date 崗位 post varchar 職位描述 post_comment varchar 薪水 salary double 辦公室 office int 部門編號 depart_id int #創建表 create table employee( id int not null unique auto_increment, emp_name varchar(20) not null, sex enum('male','female') not null default 'male', #大部分是男的 age int(3) unsigned not null default 28, hire_date date not null, post varchar(50), post_comment varchar(100), salary double(15,2), office int, #一個部門一個屋子 depart_id int ); #插入記錄 #三個部門:教學,銷售,運營 insert into employee(emp_name,sex,age,hire_date,post,salary,office,depart_id) values ('egon','male',18,'20170301','老男孩駐沙河辦事處外交大使',7300.33,401,1), #以下是教學部 ('alex','male',78,'20150302','teacher',1000000.31,401,1), ('wupeiqi','male',81,'20130305','teacher',8300,401,1), ('yuanhao','male',73,'20140701','teacher',3500,401,1), ('liwenzhou','male',28,'20121101','teacher',2100,401,1), ('jingliyang','female',18,'20110211','teacher',9000,401,1), ('jinxin','male',18,'19000301','teacher',30000,401,1), ('成龍','male',48,'20101111','teacher',10000,401,1), ('歪歪','female',48,'20150311','sale',3000.13,402,2),#以下是銷售部門 ('丫丫','female',38,'20101101','sale',2000.35,402,2), ('丁丁','female',18,'20110312','sale',1000.37,402,2), ('星星','female',18,'20160513','sale',3000.29,402,2), ('格格','female',28,'20170127','sale',4000.33,402,2), ('張野','male',28,'20160311','operation',10000.13,403,3), #以下是運營部門 ('程咬金','male',18,'19970312','operation',20000,403,3), ('程咬銀','female',18,'20130311','operation',19000,403,3), ('程咬銅','male',18,'20150411','operation',18000,403,3), ('程咬鐵','female',18,'20140512','operation',17000,403,3) ; #ps:如果在windows系統中,插入中文字符,select的結果為空白,可以將所有字符編碼統一設置成gbk 准備表和記錄
4.3 簡單查詢:

#簡單查詢 SELECT id,emp_name,sex,age,hire_date,post,post_comment,salary,office,depart_id FROM employee; SELECT * FROM employee; SELECT emp_name,salary FROM employee; #避免重復DISTINCT SELECT DISTINCT post FROM employee; #通過四則運算查詢 SELECT emp_name, salary*12 FROM employee; SELECT emp_name, salary*12 AS Annual_salary FROM employee; # as 重命名 SELECT emp_name, salary*12 Annual_salary FROM employee; # 空格 重命名(相當於as) #定義顯示格式 CONCAT() 函數用於連接字符串 SELECT CONCAT('姓名: ',emp_name,' 年薪: ', salary*12) AS Annual_salary FROM employee; CONCAT_WS() 第一個參數為分隔符 SELECT CONCAT_WS(':',emp_name,salary*12) AS Annual_salary FROM employee; 結合CASE語句: SELECT ( CASE WHEN emp_name = 'jingliyang' THEN emp_name WHEN emp_name = 'alex' THEN CONCAT(emp_name,'_BIGSB') ELSE concat(emp_name, 'SB') END ) as new_name FROM employee;

1 查出所有員工的名字,薪資,格式為 <名字:egon> <薪資:3000> 2 查出所有的崗位(去掉重復) 3 查出所有員工名字,以及他們的年薪,年薪的字段名為annual_year 答案: select concat('<名字:',emp_name,'> ','<薪資:',salary,'>') from employee; select distinct depart_id from employee; select emp_name,salary*12 annual_salary from employee;
4.4 where約束:
where字句中可以使用:
1. 比較運算符:> < >= <= <> !=
2. between 80 and 100 值在80到100之間
3. in(80,90,100) 值是80或90或100
4. like 'e%'
通配符可以是%或_,
%表示任意多字符
_表示一個字符
5. 邏輯運算符:在多個條件直接可以使用邏輯運算符 and or not

#1:單條件查詢 SELECT emp_name FROM employee WHERE post='sale'; #2:多條件查詢 SELECT emp_name,salary FROM employee WHERE post='teacher' AND salary>10000; #3:關鍵字BETWEEN AND SELECT emp_name,salary FROM employee WHERE salary BETWEEN 10000 AND 20000; # 10000<salary<20000 SELECT emp_name,salary FROM employee WHERE salary NOT BETWEEN 10000 AND 20000; #4:關鍵字IS NULL(判斷某個字段是否為NULL不能用等號,需要用IS) SELECT emp_name,post_comment FROM employee WHERE post_comment IS NULL; SELECT emp_name,post_comment FROM employee WHERE post_comment IS NOT NULL; SELECT emp_name,post_comment FROM employee WHERE post_comment=''; 注意''是空字符串,不是null ps: 執行 update employee set post_comment='' where id=2; 再用上條查看,就會有結果了 #5:關鍵字IN集合查詢 SELECT emp_name,salary FROM employee WHERE salary=3000 OR salary=3500 OR salary=4000 OR salary=9000 ; SELECT emp_name,salary FROM employee WHERE salary IN (3000,3500,4000,9000) ; SELECT emp_name,salary FROM employee WHERE salary NOT IN (3000,3500,4000,9000) ; #6:關鍵字LIKE模糊查詢 通配符’%’ SELECT * FROM employee WHERE emp_name LIKE 'eg%'; # % 表示多個字符 通配符’_’ SELECT * FROM employee WHERE emp_name LIKE 'al__'; # _表示一個字符

1. 查看崗位是teacher的員工姓名、年齡 2. 查看崗位是teacher且年齡大於30歲的員工姓名、年齡 3. 查看崗位是teacher且薪資在9000-1000范圍內的員工姓名、年齡、薪資 4. 查看崗位描述不為NULL的員工信息 5. 查看崗位是teacher且薪資是10000或9000或30000的員工姓名、年齡、薪資 6. 查看崗位是teacher且薪資不是10000或9000或30000的員工姓名、年齡、薪資 7. 查看崗位是teacher且名字是jin開頭的員工姓名、年薪 答案: select emp_name,age from employee where post = 'teacher'; select emp_name,age from employee where post='teacher' and age > 30; select emp_name,age,salary from employee where post='teacher' and salary between 9000 and 10000; select * from employee where post_comment is not null; select emp_name,age,salary from employee where post='teacher' and salary in (10000,9000,30000); select emp_name,age,salary from employee where post='teacher' and salary not in (10000,9000,30000); select emp_name,salary*12 from employee where post='teacher' and emp_name like 'jin%';
4.5 group by 分組:

單獨使用GROUP BY關鍵字分組 SELECT post FROM employee GROUP BY post; 注意:我們按照post字段分組,那么select查詢的字段只能是post,想要獲取組內的其他相關信息,需要借助函數 GROUP BY關鍵字和GROUP_CONCAT()函數一起使用 SELECT post,GROUP_CONCAT(emp_name) FROM employee GROUP BY post;#按照崗位分組,並查看組內成員名 SELECT post,GROUP_CONCAT(emp_name) as emp_members FROM employee GROUP BY post; GROUP BY與聚合函數一起使用 select post,count(id) as count from employee group by post;#按照崗位分組,並查看每個組有多少人
如果我們用unique的字段作為分組的依據,則每一條記錄自成一組,這種分組沒有意義
多條記錄之間的某個字段值相同,該字段通常用來作為分組的依據
4. 6 聚合函數:
#強調:聚合函數聚合的是組的內容,若是沒有分組,則默認一組 示例: SELECT COUNT(*) FROM employee; SELECT COUNT(*) FROM employee WHERE depart_id=1; SELECT MAX(salary) FROM employee; SELECT MIN(salary) FROM employee; SELECT AVG(salary) FROM employee; SELECT SUM(salary) FROM employee; SELECT SUM(salary) FROM employee WHERE depart_id=3;

1. 查詢崗位名以及崗位包含的所有員工名字 2. 查詢崗位名以及各崗位內包含的員工個數 3. 查詢公司內男員工和女員工的個數 4. 查詢崗位名以及各崗位的平均薪資 5. 查詢崗位名以及各崗位的最高薪資 6. 查詢崗位名以及各崗位的最低薪資 7. 查詢男員工與男員工的平均薪資,女員工與女員工的平均薪資 答案: #題1:分組 mysql> select post,group_concat(emp_name) from employee group by post; #題目2: mysql> select post,count(id) from employee group by post; #題目3: mysql> select sex,count(id) from employee group by sex; #題目4: mysql> select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post; #題目5 mysql> select post,max(salary) from employee group by post; #題目6 mysql> select post,min(salary) from employee group by post; #題目七 mysql> select sex,avg(salary) from employee group by sex;
4.7 having 過濾:
HAVING與WHERE不一樣的地方在於!!!!!!
#!!!執行優先級從高到低:where > group by > having #1. Where 發生在分組group by之前,因而Where中可以有任意字段,但是絕對不能使用聚合函數。 #2. Having發生在分組group by之后,因而Having中可以使用分組的字段,無法直接取到其他字段,可以使用聚合函數

1. 查詢各崗位內包含的員工個數小於2的崗位名、崗位內包含員工名字、個數 3. 查詢各崗位平均薪資大於10000的崗位名、平均工資 4. 查詢各崗位平均薪資大於10000且小於20000的崗位名、平均工資 答案: #題1: mysql> select post,group_concat(emp_name),count(id) from employee group by post having count(id) < 2; #題目2: mysql> select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary) > 10000; #題目3: mysql> select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary) > 10000 and avg(salary) <20000;
4.8 order by 查詢排序:

按單列排序 SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary; SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary ASC; # asc 增序(默認) SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC; # desc 降序 按多列排序:先按照age排序,如果年紀相同,則按照薪資排序 SELECT * from employee ORDER BY age, salary DESC;

1. 查詢所有員工信息,先按照age升序排序,如果age相同則按照hire_date降序排序 2. 查詢各崗位平均薪資大於10000的崗位名、平均工資,結果按平均薪資升序排列 3. 查詢各崗位平均薪資大於10000的崗位名、平均工資,結果按平均薪資降序排列 答案: #題目1 mysql> select * from employee ORDER BY age asc,hire_date desc; #題目2 mysql> select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary) > 10000 order by avg(salary) asc; #題目3 mysql> select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary) > 10000 order by avg(salary) desc;
4.9 limit 限制查詢的記錄數:

示例: SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC LIMIT 3; #默認初始位置為0 SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC LIMIT 0,5; #從第0開始,即先查詢出第一條,然后包含這一條在內往后查5條 SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC LIMIT 5,5; #從第5開始,即先查詢出第6條,然后包含這一條在內往后查5條

1. 分頁顯示,每頁5條 答案: mysql> select * from employee limit 0,5; mysql> select * from employee limit 5,5; mysql> select * from employee limit 10,5;
4.9 正則表達式查詢:

SELECT * FROM employee WHERE emp_name REGEXP '^ale'; SELECT * FROM employee WHERE emp_name REGEXP 'on$'; SELECT * FROM employee WHERE emp_name REGEXP 'm{2}'; 小結:對字符串匹配的方式 WHERE emp_name = 'egon'; WHERE emp_name LIKE 'yua%'; WHERE emp_name REGEXP 'on$';

查看所有員工中名字是jin開頭,n或者g結果的員工信息 答案: select * from employee where emp_name regexp '^jin.*[gn]$';
五、查詢數據 (search)之多表查詢
5.1 語法結構:

#重點:外鏈接語法 SELECT 字段列表 FROM 表1 INNER|LEFT|RIGHT JOIN 表2 ON 表1.字段 = 表2.字段;
5.2 多表連接查詢:
交叉連接:不適用任何匹配條件。生成笛卡爾積

mysql> select * from employee,department;
內連接:只連接匹配的行

#找兩張表共有的部分,相當於利用條件從笛卡爾積結果中篩選出了正確的結果 #department沒有204這個部門,因而employee表中關於204這條員工信息沒有匹配出來 mysql> select employee.id,employee.name,employee.age,employee.sex,department.name from employee inner join department on employee.dep_id=department.id; #上述sql等同於 mysql> select employee.id,employee.name,employee.age,employee.sex,department.name from employee,department where employee.dep_id=department.id;
外鏈接之左連接:優先顯示左表全部記錄

#以左表為准,即找出所有員工信息,當然包括沒有部門的員工 #本質就是:在內連接的基礎上增加左邊有右邊沒有的結果 mysql> select employee.id,employee.name,department.name as depart_name from employee left join department on employee.dep_id=department.id;
外鏈接之右連接:優先顯示右表全部記錄

#以右表為准,即找出所有部門信息,包括沒有員工的部門 #本質就是:在內連接的基礎上增加右邊有左邊沒有的結果 mysql> select employee.id,employee.name,department.name as depart_name from employee right join department on employee.dep_id=department.id;
全外連接:顯示左右兩個表全部記錄

全外連接:在內連接的基礎上增加左邊有右邊沒有的和右邊有左邊沒有的結果 #注意:mysql不支持全外連接 full JOIN #強調:mysql可以使用此種方式間接實現全外連接 select * from employee left join department on employee.dep_id = department.id union select * from employee right join department on employee.dep_id = department.id ; #注意 union與union all的區別:union會去掉相同的紀錄

#示例1:以內連接的方式查詢employee和department表,並且employee表中的age字段值必須大於25,即找出年齡大於25歲的員工以及員工所在的部門 select employee.name,department.name from employee inner join department on employee.dep_id = department.id where age > 25; #示例2:以內連接的方式查詢employee和department表,並且以age字段的升序方式顯示 select employee.id,employee.name,employee.age,department.name from employee,department where employee.dep_id = department.id and age > 25 order by age asc;
5.3 子查詢:
#1:子查詢是將一個查詢語句嵌套在另一個查詢語句中。 #2:內層查詢語句的查詢結果,可以為外層查詢語句提供查詢條件。 #3:子查詢中可以包含:IN、NOT IN、ANY、ALL、EXISTS 和 NOT EXISTS等關鍵字 #4:還可以包含比較運算符:= 、 !=、> 、<等
帶IN關鍵字的子查詢

#查詢平均年齡在25歲以上的部門名 select id,name from department where id in (select dep_id from employee group by dep_id having avg(age) > 25); #查看技術部員工姓名 select name from employee where dep_id in (select id from department where name='技術'); #查看不足1人的部門名(子查詢得到的是有人的部門id) select name from department where id not in (select distinct dep_id from employee);
帶比較運算符的子查詢

#比較運算符:=、!=、>、>=、<、<=、<> #查詢大於所有人平均年齡的員工名與年齡 mysql> select name,age from emp where age > (select avg(age) from emp); #查詢大於部門內平均年齡的員工名、年齡 select t1.name,t1.age from emp t1 inner join (select dep_id,avg(age) avg_age from emp group by dep_id) t2 on t1.dep_id = t2.dep_id where t1.age > t2.avg_age;
帶EXISTS關鍵字的子查詢
EXISTS關字鍵字表示存在。在使用EXISTS關鍵字時,內層查詢語句不返回查詢的記錄。
而是返回一個真假值。True或False
當返回True時,外層查詢語句將進行查詢;當返回值為False時,外層查詢語句不進行查詢

#department表中存在dept_id=203,Ture mysql> select * from employee -> where exists -> (select id from department where id=200); #department表中存在dept_id=205,False mysql> select * from employee -> where exists -> (select id from department where id=204); Empty set (0.00 sec)
綜合練習一:

#創建表 create table employee( id int not null unique auto_increment, name varchar(20) not null, sex enum('male','female') not null default 'male', #大部分是男的 age int(3) unsigned not null default 28, hire_date date not null, post varchar(50), post_comment varchar(100), salary double(15,2), office int, #一個部門一個屋子 depart_id int ); #插入記錄 #三個部門:教學,銷售,運營 insert into employee(name,sex,age,hire_date,post,salary,office,depart_id) values ('egon','male',18,'20170301','老男孩駐沙河辦事處外交大使',7300.33,401,1), #以下是教學部 ('alex','male',78,'20150302','teacher',1000000.31,401,1), ('wupeiqi','male',81,'20130305','teacher',8300,401,1), ('yuanhao','male',73,'20140701','teacher',3500,401,1), ('liwenzhou','male',28,'20121101','teacher',2100,401,1), ('jingliyang','female',18,'20110211','teacher',9000,401,1), ('jinxin','male',18,'19000301','teacher',30000,401,1), ('成龍','male',48,'20101111','teacher',10000,401,1), ('歪歪','female',48,'20150311','sale',3000.13,402,2),#以下是銷售部門 ('丫丫','female',38,'20101101','sale',2000.35,402,2), ('丁丁','female',18,'20110312','sale',1000.37,402,2), ('星星','female',18,'20160513','sale',3000.29,402,2), ('格格','female',28,'20170127','sale',4000.33,402,2), ('張野','male',28,'20160311','operation',10000.13,403,3), #以下是運營部門 ('程咬金','male',18,'19970312','operation',20000,403,3), ('程咬銀','female',18,'20130311','operation',19000,403,3), ('程咬銅','male',18,'20150411','operation',18000,403,3), ('程咬鐵','female',18,'20140512','operation',17000,403,3) ; #ps:如果在windows系統中,插入中文字符,select的結果為空白,可以將所有字符編碼統一設置成gbk 准備表和記錄

答案: SELECT * FROM emp AS t1 INNER JOIN ( SELECT post, max(hire_date) max_date FROM emp GROUP BY post ) AS t2 ON t1.post = t2.post WHERE t1.hire_date = t2.max_date;
綜合練習二: