數據庫(Mysql記錄操作)


在MySQL管理軟件中,可以通過SQL語句中的DML語言來實現數據的操作

一、插入數據(insert)

  
# insert into 表名 value (字段名1,字段名2,字段名3,字段名4);
# insert into 表名 values (字段名1,字段名2,字段名3,字段名4),(字段名1,字段名2,字段名3,字段名4);
# insert into 表名 (字段名1,字段名2) values (字段名1,字段名2);
# 示例:
# insert into 表名 value (1,'Annie',83,'不詳');
# insert into 表名 values (1,'Annie',83,'不詳'),(2,'Lisa',40,'male');
# insert into 表名 (id,name) values(3,'Andy');

# 增加數據(特殊方法)
# insert into 表名 select * from 另一張表;
# insert into 表名 select 字段名1,字段名2 from 另一張表;
# insert into 表名(字段名1,字段名2) select 字段名1,字段名2 from 另一張表;
insert into...

二、更新數據(update)

  
# update 表名 set 字段名=新的值 where 條件
# 示例:
# update stu set id=2 where age > 20   # 更新:id = 2
update...

三、刪除數據(delete)

  
# delete from 表名 where 條件
# 示例:
# delete from 表名 where id=3
delete from...

四、查詢數據 (search)之單表查詢

  4.1 單表查詢語法結構:

  
SELECT DISTINCT 字段1,字段2... FROM 表名
                              WHERE 條件
                              GROUP BY field
                              HAVING 篩選
                              ORDER BY field
                              LIMIT 限制條數


# 關鍵字優先級:
# from > where > group by > select > distinct > having > order by > limit
View Code

  4.2 建表:

  
company.employee
    員工id      id                  int             
    姓名        emp_name            varchar
    性別        sex                 enum
    年齡        age                 int
    入職日期     hire_date           date
    崗位        post                varchar
    職位描述     post_comment        varchar
    薪水        salary              double
    辦公室       office              int
    部門編號     depart_id           int



#創建表
create table employee(
id int not null unique auto_increment,
emp_name varchar(20) not null,
sex enum('male','female') not null default 'male', #大部分是男的
age int(3) unsigned not null default 28,
hire_date date not null,
post varchar(50),
post_comment varchar(100),
salary double(15,2),
office int, #一個部門一個屋子
depart_id int
);


#插入記錄
#三個部門:教學,銷售,運營
insert into employee(emp_name,sex,age,hire_date,post,salary,office,depart_id) values
('egon','male',18,'20170301','老男孩駐沙河辦事處外交大使',7300.33,401,1), #以下是教學部
('alex','male',78,'20150302','teacher',1000000.31,401,1),
('wupeiqi','male',81,'20130305','teacher',8300,401,1),
('yuanhao','male',73,'20140701','teacher',3500,401,1),
('liwenzhou','male',28,'20121101','teacher',2100,401,1),
('jingliyang','female',18,'20110211','teacher',9000,401,1),
('jinxin','male',18,'19000301','teacher',30000,401,1),
('成龍','male',48,'20101111','teacher',10000,401,1),

('歪歪','female',48,'20150311','sale',3000.13,402,2),#以下是銷售部門
('丫丫','female',38,'20101101','sale',2000.35,402,2),
('丁丁','female',18,'20110312','sale',1000.37,402,2),
('星星','female',18,'20160513','sale',3000.29,402,2),
('格格','female',28,'20170127','sale',4000.33,402,2),

('張野','male',28,'20160311','operation',10000.13,403,3), #以下是運營部門
('程咬金','male',18,'19970312','operation',20000,403,3),
('程咬銀','female',18,'20130311','operation',19000,403,3),
('程咬銅','male',18,'20150411','operation',18000,403,3),
('程咬鐵','female',18,'20140512','operation',17000,403,3)
;

#ps:如果在windows系統中,插入中文字符,select的結果為空白,可以將所有字符編碼統一設置成gbk

准備表和記錄
View Code

  4.3 簡單查詢:

  
#簡單查詢
    SELECT id,emp_name,sex,age,hire_date,post,post_comment,salary,office,depart_id
    FROM employee;

    SELECT * FROM employee;

    SELECT emp_name,salary FROM employee;

#避免重復DISTINCT
    SELECT DISTINCT post FROM employee;

#通過四則運算查詢
    SELECT emp_name, salary*12 FROM employee;
    SELECT emp_name, salary*12 AS Annual_salary FROM employee;  # as 重命名
    SELECT emp_name, salary*12 Annual_salary FROM employee;   # 空格 重命名(相當於as)

#定義顯示格式
   CONCAT() 函數用於連接字符串
   SELECT CONCAT('姓名: ',emp_name,'  年薪: ', salary*12)  AS Annual_salary
   FROM employee;

   CONCAT_WS() 第一個參數為分隔符
   SELECT CONCAT_WS(':',emp_name,salary*12)  AS Annual_salary
   FROM employee;

   結合CASE語句:
   SELECT
       (
           CASE
           WHEN emp_name = 'jingliyang' THEN
               emp_name
           WHEN emp_name = 'alex' THEN
               CONCAT(emp_name,'_BIGSB')
           ELSE
               concat(emp_name, 'SB')
           END
       ) as new_name
   FROM
       employee;
View Code
  
1 查出所有員工的名字,薪資,格式為
    <名字:egon>    <薪資:3000>
2 查出所有的崗位(去掉重復)
3 查出所有員工名字,以及他們的年薪,年薪的字段名為annual_year


答案:
select concat('<名字:',emp_name,'>    ','<薪資:',salary,'>') from employee;
select distinct depart_id from employee;
select emp_name,salary*12 annual_salary from employee;
小練習

  4.4 where約束:

  where字句中可以使用:

  1. 比較運算符:> < >= <= <> !=
  2. between 80 and 100 值在80到100之間
  3. in(80,90,100) 值是80或90或100
  4. like 'e%'
      通配符可以是%或_,
      %表示任意多字符
      _表示一個字符 
  5. 邏輯運算符:在多個條件直接可以使用邏輯運算符 and or not

  
#1:單條件查詢
    SELECT emp_name FROM employee
        WHERE post='sale';
        
#2:多條件查詢
    SELECT emp_name,salary FROM employee
        WHERE post='teacher' AND salary>10000;  

#3:關鍵字BETWEEN AND
    SELECT emp_name,salary FROM employee 
        WHERE salary BETWEEN 10000 AND 20000;  # 10000<salary<20000

    SELECT emp_name,salary FROM employee 
        WHERE salary NOT BETWEEN 10000 AND 20000;
    
#4:關鍵字IS NULL(判斷某個字段是否為NULL不能用等號,需要用IS)
    SELECT emp_name,post_comment FROM employee 
        WHERE post_comment IS NULL;

    SELECT emp_name,post_comment FROM employee 
        WHERE post_comment IS NOT NULL;
        
    SELECT emp_name,post_comment FROM employee 
        WHERE post_comment=''; 注意''是空字符串,不是null
    ps:
        執行
        update employee set post_comment='' where id=2;
        再用上條查看,就會有結果了

#5:關鍵字IN集合查詢
    SELECT emp_name,salary FROM employee 
        WHERE salary=3000 OR salary=3500 OR salary=4000 OR salary=9000 ;
    
    SELECT emp_name,salary FROM employee 
        WHERE salary IN (3000,3500,4000,9000) ;

    SELECT emp_name,salary FROM employee 
        WHERE salary NOT IN (3000,3500,4000,9000) ;

#6:關鍵字LIKE模糊查詢
    通配符’%’
    SELECT * FROM employee 
            WHERE emp_name LIKE 'eg%';  # % 表示多個字符

    通配符’_’
    SELECT * FROM employee 
            WHERE emp_name LIKE 'al__';  # _表示一個字符
View Code
  
1. 查看崗位是teacher的員工姓名、年齡
2. 查看崗位是teacher且年齡大於30歲的員工姓名、年齡
3. 查看崗位是teacher且薪資在9000-1000范圍內的員工姓名、年齡、薪資
4. 查看崗位描述不為NULL的員工信息
5. 查看崗位是teacher且薪資是10000或9000或30000的員工姓名、年齡、薪資
6. 查看崗位是teacher且薪資不是10000或9000或30000的員工姓名、年齡、薪資
7. 查看崗位是teacher且名字是jin開頭的員工姓名、年薪


答案:
select emp_name,age from employee where post = 'teacher';
select emp_name,age from employee where post='teacher' and age > 30; 
select emp_name,age,salary from employee where post='teacher' and salary between 9000 and 10000;
select * from employee where post_comment is not null;
select emp_name,age,salary from employee where post='teacher' and salary in (10000,9000,30000);
select emp_name,age,salary from employee where post='teacher' and salary not in (10000,9000,30000);
select emp_name,salary*12 from employee where post='teacher' and emp_name like 'jin%';
小練習

  4.5 group by 分組:

  
單獨使用GROUP BY關鍵字分組
    SELECT post FROM employee GROUP BY post;
    注意:我們按照post字段分組,那么select查詢的字段只能是post,想要獲取組內的其他相關信息,需要借助函數

GROUP BY關鍵字和GROUP_CONCAT()函數一起使用
    SELECT post,GROUP_CONCAT(emp_name) FROM employee GROUP BY post;#按照崗位分組,並查看組內成員名
    SELECT post,GROUP_CONCAT(emp_name) as emp_members FROM employee GROUP BY post;

GROUP BY與聚合函數一起使用
    select post,count(id) as count from employee group by post;#按照崗位分組,並查看每個組有多少人
特點

  如果我們用unique的字段作為分組的依據,則每一條記錄自成一組,這種分組沒有意義

  多條記錄之間的某個字段值相同,該字段通常用來作為分組的依據

  4. 6 聚合函數:

#強調:聚合函數聚合的是組的內容,若是沒有分組,則默認一組

示例:
    SELECT COUNT(*) FROM employee;
    SELECT COUNT(*) FROM employee WHERE depart_id=1;
    SELECT MAX(salary) FROM employee;
    SELECT MIN(salary) FROM employee;
    SELECT AVG(salary) FROM employee;
    SELECT SUM(salary) FROM employee;
    SELECT SUM(salary) FROM employee WHERE depart_id=3;
  
1. 查詢崗位名以及崗位包含的所有員工名字
2. 查詢崗位名以及各崗位內包含的員工個數
3. 查詢公司內男員工和女員工的個數
4. 查詢崗位名以及各崗位的平均薪資
5. 查詢崗位名以及各崗位的最高薪資
6. 查詢崗位名以及各崗位的最低薪資
7. 查詢男員工與男員工的平均薪資,女員工與女員工的平均薪資


答案:
#題1:分組
mysql> select post,group_concat(emp_name) from employee group by post;
#題目2:
mysql> select post,count(id) from employee group by post;
#題目3:
mysql> select sex,count(id) from employee group by sex;
#題目4:
mysql> select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post;
#題目5
mysql> select post,max(salary) from employee group by post;
#題目6
mysql> select post,min(salary) from employee group by post;
#題目七
mysql> select sex,avg(salary) from employee group by sex;
小練習

  4.7 having 過濾:

  HAVING與WHERE不一樣的地方在於!!!!!!

#!!!執行優先級從高到低:where > group by > having 
#1. Where 發生在分組group by之前,因而Where中可以有任意字段,但是絕對不能使用聚合函數。
#2. Having發生在分組group by之后,因而Having中可以使用分組的字段,無法直接取到其他字段,可以使用聚合函數
  
1. 查詢各崗位內包含的員工個數小於2的崗位名、崗位內包含員工名字、個數
3. 查詢各崗位平均薪資大於10000的崗位名、平均工資
4. 查詢各崗位平均薪資大於10000且小於20000的崗位名、平均工資


答案:
#題1:
mysql> select post,group_concat(emp_name),count(id) from employee group by post having count(id) < 2;
#題目2:
mysql> select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary) > 10000;
#題目3:
mysql> select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary) > 10000 and avg(salary) <20000;
小練習

  4.8 order by 查詢排序:

  
按單列排序
    SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary;
    SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary ASC;  # asc 增序(默認)
    SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC;   # desc 降序

按多列排序:先按照age排序,如果年紀相同,則按照薪資排序
    SELECT * from employee
        ORDER BY age,
        salary DESC;
View Code
  
1. 查詢所有員工信息,先按照age升序排序,如果age相同則按照hire_date降序排序
2. 查詢各崗位平均薪資大於10000的崗位名、平均工資,結果按平均薪資升序排列
3. 查詢各崗位平均薪資大於10000的崗位名、平均工資,結果按平均薪資降序排列


答案:
#題目1
mysql> select * from employee ORDER BY age asc,hire_date desc;
#題目2
mysql> select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary) > 10000 order by avg(salary) asc;
#題目3
mysql> select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary) > 10000 order by avg(salary) desc;
小練習

  4.9 limit 限制查詢的記錄數:

  
示例:
    SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC 
        LIMIT 3;                    #默認初始位置為0 
    
    SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC
        LIMIT 0,5; #從第0開始,即先查詢出第一條,然后包含這一條在內往后查5條

    SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC
        LIMIT 5,5; #從第5開始,即先查詢出第6條,然后包含這一條在內往后查5條
View Code
  
1. 分頁顯示,每頁5條


答案:
mysql> select * from  employee limit 0,5;
mysql> select * from  employee limit 5,5;
mysql> select * from  employee limit 10,5;
小練習

  4.9 正則表達式查詢:

  
SELECT * FROM employee WHERE emp_name REGEXP '^ale';

SELECT * FROM employee WHERE emp_name REGEXP 'on$';

SELECT * FROM employee WHERE emp_name REGEXP 'm{2}';


小結:對字符串匹配的方式
WHERE emp_name = 'egon';
WHERE emp_name LIKE 'yua%';
WHERE emp_name REGEXP 'on$';
View Code
  
查看所有員工中名字是jin開頭,n或者g結果的員工信息


答案:
select * from employee where emp_name regexp '^jin.*[gn]$';
小練習

五、查詢數據 (search)之多表查詢

  5.1 語法結構:

  
#重點:外鏈接語法

SELECT 字段列表
    FROM 表1 INNER|LEFT|RIGHT JOIN 表2
    ON 表1.字段 = 表2.字段;
語法結構

  5.2 多表連接查詢:

  交叉連接:不適用任何匹配條件。生成笛卡爾積

  
mysql> select * from employee,department;
View Code

  內連接:只連接匹配的行

  
#找兩張表共有的部分,相當於利用條件從笛卡爾積結果中篩選出了正確的結果
#department沒有204這個部門,因而employee表中關於204這條員工信息沒有匹配出來
mysql> select employee.id,employee.name,employee.age,employee.sex,department.name from employee inner join department on employee.dep_id=department.id; 


#上述sql等同於
mysql> select employee.id,employee.name,employee.age,employee.sex,department.name from employee,department where employee.dep_id=department.id;
View Code

  外鏈接之左連接:優先顯示左表全部記錄

  
#以左表為准,即找出所有員工信息,當然包括沒有部門的員工
#本質就是:在內連接的基礎上增加左邊有右邊沒有的結果
mysql> select employee.id,employee.name,department.name as depart_name from employee left join department on employee.dep_id=department.id;
View Code

  外鏈接之右連接:優先顯示右表全部記錄

  
#以右表為准,即找出所有部門信息,包括沒有員工的部門
#本質就是:在內連接的基礎上增加右邊有左邊沒有的結果
mysql> select employee.id,employee.name,department.name as depart_name from employee right join department on employee.dep_id=department.id;
View Code

  全外連接:顯示左右兩個表全部記錄

  
全外連接:在內連接的基礎上增加左邊有右邊沒有的和右邊有左邊沒有的結果
#注意:mysql不支持全外連接 full JOIN
#強調:mysql可以使用此種方式間接實現全外連接
select * from employee left join department on employee.dep_id = department.id
union
select * from employee right join department on employee.dep_id = department.id
;

#注意 union與union all的區別:union會去掉相同的紀錄
View Code
  
#示例1:以內連接的方式查詢employee和department表,並且employee表中的age字段值必須大於25,即找出年齡大於25歲的員工以及員工所在的部門
select employee.name,department.name from employee inner join department
    on employee.dep_id = department.id
    where age > 25;

#示例2:以內連接的方式查詢employee和department表,並且以age字段的升序方式顯示
select employee.id,employee.name,employee.age,department.name from employee,department
    where employee.dep_id = department.id
    and age > 25
    order by age asc;
小練習

  5.3 子查詢:

#1:子查詢是將一個查詢語句嵌套在另一個查詢語句中。
#2:內層查詢語句的查詢結果,可以為外層查詢語句提供查詢條件。
#3:子查詢中可以包含:IN、NOT IN、ANY、ALL、EXISTS 和 NOT EXISTS等關鍵字
#4:還可以包含比較運算符:= 、 !=、> 、<等

  帶IN關鍵字的子查詢

  
#查詢平均年齡在25歲以上的部門名
select id,name from department
    where id in 
        (select dep_id from employee group by dep_id having avg(age) > 25);

#查看技術部員工姓名
select name from employee
    where dep_id in 
        (select id from department where name='技術');

#查看不足1人的部門名(子查詢得到的是有人的部門id)
select name from department where id not in (select distinct dep_id from employee);
小練習

  帶比較運算符的子查詢

  
#比較運算符:=、!=、>、>=、<、<=、<>
#查詢大於所有人平均年齡的員工名與年齡
mysql> select name,age from emp where age > (select avg(age) from emp);


#查詢大於部門內平均年齡的員工名、年齡
select t1.name,t1.age from emp t1
inner join 
(select dep_id,avg(age) avg_age from emp group by dep_id) t2
on t1.dep_id = t2.dep_id
where t1.age > t2.avg_age; 
View Code

  帶EXISTS關鍵字的子查詢

  EXISTS關字鍵字表示存在。在使用EXISTS關鍵字時,內層查詢語句不返回查詢的記錄。
  而是返回一個真假值。True或False
  當返回True時,外層查詢語句將進行查詢;當返回值為False時,外層查詢語句不進行查詢

  
#department表中存在dept_id=203,Ture
mysql> select * from employee
    ->     where exists
    ->         (select id from department where id=200);


#department表中存在dept_id=205,False
mysql> select * from employee
    ->     where exists
    ->         (select id from department where id=204);
Empty set (0.00 sec)
小練習

  綜合練習一:

  
#創建表
create table employee(
id int not null unique auto_increment,
name varchar(20) not null,
sex enum('male','female') not null default 'male', #大部分是男的
age int(3) unsigned not null default 28,
hire_date date not null,
post varchar(50),
post_comment varchar(100),
salary double(15,2),
office int, #一個部門一個屋子
depart_id int
);


#插入記錄
#三個部門:教學,銷售,運營
insert into employee(name,sex,age,hire_date,post,salary,office,depart_id) values
('egon','male',18,'20170301','老男孩駐沙河辦事處外交大使',7300.33,401,1), #以下是教學部
('alex','male',78,'20150302','teacher',1000000.31,401,1),
('wupeiqi','male',81,'20130305','teacher',8300,401,1),
('yuanhao','male',73,'20140701','teacher',3500,401,1),
('liwenzhou','male',28,'20121101','teacher',2100,401,1),
('jingliyang','female',18,'20110211','teacher',9000,401,1),
('jinxin','male',18,'19000301','teacher',30000,401,1),
('成龍','male',48,'20101111','teacher',10000,401,1),

('歪歪','female',48,'20150311','sale',3000.13,402,2),#以下是銷售部門
('丫丫','female',38,'20101101','sale',2000.35,402,2),
('丁丁','female',18,'20110312','sale',1000.37,402,2),
('星星','female',18,'20160513','sale',3000.29,402,2),
('格格','female',28,'20170127','sale',4000.33,402,2),

('張野','male',28,'20160311','operation',10000.13,403,3), #以下是運營部門
('程咬金','male',18,'19970312','operation',20000,403,3),
('程咬銀','female',18,'20130311','operation',19000,403,3),
('程咬銅','male',18,'20150411','operation',18000,403,3),
('程咬鐵','female',18,'20140512','operation',17000,403,3)
;

#ps:如果在windows系統中,插入中文字符,select的結果為空白,可以將所有字符編碼統一設置成gbk

准備表和記錄
表與數據准備
  
答案:

SELECT
    *
FROM
    emp AS t1
INNER JOIN (
    SELECT
        post,
        max(hire_date) max_date
    FROM
        emp
    GROUP BY
        post
) AS t2 ON t1.post = t2.post
WHERE
    t1.hire_date = t2.max_date;
連表查詢

  綜合練習二:

 


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