使用kubeadm創建kubernets集群


參考:  http://docs.kubernetes.org.cn/459.html

     https://blog.csdn.net/gui951753/article/details/83316976#_1

     http://www.mamicode.com/info-detail-2544943.html

     https://blog.csdn.net/nklinsirui/article/details/80581286#debian-ubuntu

     https://cloud.tencent.com/info/852b3e3d1ad1bc020eaacd3bef724443.html

 

 

1. 規划

IP 節點角色 工作職責
172.10.30.100 master 對外暴露API,對內提供工作流的調度和配置
172.10.30.101 node1 承載着k8s運行的實際任務
172.10.30.102 node2 同node1相同

 

 

2. 部署前提

  • 主機名稱解析,(在/etc/hosts文件編輯相關信息即可)

172.10.30.100 master

172.10.30.101 node1

172.10.30.102 node2

將上述配置文件拷貝到集群中的所有節點,包括master節點和node節點。

 

  •  時間同步(使用chrony服務實現)
yum -y install chrony 

vim /etc/chrony.conf

~~~
server master
#server 1.centos.pool.ntp.org iburst
#server 2.centos.pool.ntp.org iburst
#server 3.centos.pool.ntp.org iburst
~~~~
#注釋掉原有的server內容,把原有的時鍾同步服務設置為master結點上的時鍾同步。
  • 關閉所有節點的iptables和firewalld以及selinux
iptables -F
systemctl stop firewalld
systemctl disable firewalld

sed -i '/^SELINUX=/s/SELINUX=.*/SELINUX=disabled/g' /etc/selinux/config
setenforce 0
 
  • 禁止iptables對bridge數據進行處理

cat <<EOF >  /etc/sysctl.d/k8s.conf
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-ip6tables = 1
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables = 1
net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1
EOF sysctl -p /etc/sysctl.conf # 不起作用
sysctl -p  /etc/sysctl.d/k8s.conf #這樣可以
  • 關閉swap
swapoff -a 
sed 's/.*swap.*/#&/' /etc/fstab

 

 

 

3. docker 安裝

參考: https://docs.docker.com/install/linux/docker-ce/centos/#uninstall-old-versions

這里安裝特定的版本 docker-ce-18.06。

需要注意的是,Kubernetes 1.13已經針對Docker的1.11.1, 1.12.1, 1.13.1, 17.03, 17.06, 17.09, 18.06等版本做了驗證,最低支持的Docker版本是1.11.1,最高支持是18.06,而Docker最新版本已經是18.09了,故我們安裝時需要指定版本為18.06.1-ce

#移除舊版docker
yum
remove docker \ docker-client \ docker-client-latest \ docker-common \ docker-latest \ docker-latest-logrotate \ docker-logrotate \ docker-selinux \ docker-engine-selinux \ docker-engine #依賴 yum install -y yum-utils \ device-mapper-persistent-data \ lvm2 #docke-ce 官方yum 源 yum-config-manager \ --add-repo \ https://download.docker.com/linux/centos/docker-ce.repo

#阿里的docke-ce yum源 二者用其一
wget -P /etc/yum.repos.d/ https://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/centos/docker-ce.repo #從阿里雲獲取docker-ce的鏡像文件,-P指定下載文件存放的目錄
#查看docker版本 yum list docker-ce --showduplicates | sort -r
#安裝
yum install docker-ce-18.06.1.ce-3.el7 -y


systemctl start docker

systemctl enable docker

 

4. kubectl、kubelete、kubeadm安裝

cat <<EOF > /etc/yum.repos.d/kubernetes.repo
[kubernetes]
name=Kubernetes
baseurl=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/repos/kubernetes-el7-x86_64/
enabled=1
gpgcheck=1
repo_gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/doc/yum-key.gpg https://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/doc/rpm-package-key.gpg
EOF
setenforce 0
yum install -y kubelet kubeadm kubectl systemctl enable kubelet && systemctl start kubelet

 

5. 使用kubeadm創建一個單Master集群

5.1初始化Master節點

K8s的控制面板組件運行在Master節點上,包括etcd和API server(Kubectl便是通過API server與k8s通信)。

在執行初始化之前,我們還有一下3點需要注意:

1.選擇一個網絡插件,並檢查它是否需要在初始化Master時指定一些參數,比如我們可能需要根據選擇的插件來設置--pod-network-cidr參數。參考:Installing a pod network add-on

2.kubeadm使用eth0的默認網絡接口(通常是內網IP)做為Master節點的advertise address,如果我們想使用不同的網絡接口,可以使用--apiserver-advertise-address=<ip-address>參數來設置。如果適應IPv6,則必須使用IPv6d的地址,如:--apiserver-advertise-address=fd00::101

3.使用kubeadm config images pull來預先拉取初始化需要用到的鏡像,用來檢查是否能連接到Kubenetes的Registries。

Kubenetes默認Registries地址是k8s.gcr.io,很明顯,在國內並不能訪問gcr.io,因此在kubeadm v1.13之前的版本,安裝起來非常麻煩,但是在1.13版本中終於解決了國內的痛點,其增加了一個--image-repository參數,默認值是k8s.gcr.io,我們將其指定為國內鏡像地址:registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers,其它的就可以完全按照官方文檔來愉快的玩耍了。

其次,我們還需要指定--kubernetes-version參數,因為它的默認值是stable-1,會導致從https://dl.k8s.io/release/stable-1.txt下載最新的版本號,我們可以將其指定為固定版本(最新版:v1.13.0)來跳過網絡請求。

現在,我們就來試一下:

# 使用calico網絡 --pod-network-cidr=192.168.0.0/16
sudo kubeadm init --image-repository registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers --kubernetes-version v1.13.0 --pod-network-cidr=192.168.0.0/16

輸出

[init] Using Kubernetes version: v1.13.0
[preflight] Running pre-flight checks
[preflight] Pulling images required for setting up a Kubernetes cluster
[preflight] This might take a minute or two, depending on the speed of your internet connection
[preflight] You can also perform this action in beforehand using 'kubeadm config images pull'
[kubelet-start] Writing kubelet environment file with flags to file "/var/lib/kubelet/kubeadm-flags.env"
[kubelet-start] Writing kubelet configuration to file "/var/lib/kubelet/config.yaml"
[kubelet-start] Activating the kubelet service
[certs] Using certificateDir folder "/etc/kubernetes/pki"
[certs] Generating "front-proxy-ca" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "front-proxy-client" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "etcd/ca" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "etcd/server" certificate and key
[certs] etcd/server serving cert is signed for DNS names [master localhost] and IPs [172.10.30.100 127.0.0.1 ::1]
[certs] Generating "etcd/peer" certificate and key
[certs] etcd/peer serving cert is signed for DNS names [master localhost] and IPs [172.10.30.100 127.0.0.1 ::1]
[certs] Generating "etcd/healthcheck-client" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "apiserver-etcd-client" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "ca" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "apiserver" certificate and key
[certs] apiserver serving cert is signed for DNS names [master kubernetes kubernetes.default kubernetes.default.svc kubernetes.default.svc.cluster.local] and IPs [10.96.0.1 172.10.30.100]
[certs] Generating "apiserver-kubelet-client" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "sa" key and public key
[kubeconfig] Using kubeconfig folder "/etc/kubernetes"
[kubeconfig] Writing "admin.conf" kubeconfig file
[kubeconfig] Writing "kubelet.conf" kubeconfig file
[kubeconfig] Writing "controller-manager.conf" kubeconfig file
[kubeconfig] Writing "scheduler.conf" kubeconfig file
[control-plane] Using manifest folder "/etc/kubernetes/manifests"
[control-plane] Creating static Pod manifest for "kube-apiserver"
[control-plane] Creating static Pod manifest for "kube-controller-manager"
[control-plane] Creating static Pod manifest for "kube-scheduler"
[etcd] Creating static Pod manifest for local etcd in "/etc/kubernetes/manifests"
[wait-control-plane] Waiting for the kubelet to boot up the control plane as static Pods from directory "/etc/kubernetes/manifests". This can take up to 4m0s
[apiclient] All control plane components are healthy after 26.004391 seconds
[uploadconfig] storing the configuration used in ConfigMap "kubeadm-config" in the "kube-system" Namespace
[kubelet] Creating a ConfigMap "kubelet-config-1.13" in namespace kube-system with the configuration for the kubelets in the cluster
[patchnode] Uploading the CRI Socket information "/var/run/dockershim.sock" to the Node API object "master" as an annotation
[mark-control-plane] Marking the node master as control-plane by adding the label "node-role.kubernetes.io/master=''"
[mark-control-plane] Marking the node master as control-plane by adding the taints [node-role.kubernetes.io/master:NoSchedule]
[bootstrap-token] Using token: 485yy9.azkhnftmz2mf9me5
[bootstrap-token] Configuring bootstrap tokens, cluster-info ConfigMap, RBAC Roles
[bootstraptoken] configured RBAC rules to allow Node Bootstrap tokens to post CSRs in order for nodes to get long term certificate credentials
[bootstraptoken] configured RBAC rules to allow the csrapprover controller automatically approve CSRs from a Node Bootstrap Token
[bootstraptoken] configured RBAC rules to allow certificate rotation for all node client certificates in the cluster
[bootstraptoken] creating the "cluster-info" ConfigMap in the "kube-public" namespace
[addons] Applied essential addon: CoreDNS
[addons] Applied essential addon: kube-proxy

Your Kubernetes master has initialized successfully!

To start using your cluster, you need to run the following as a regular user:

  mkdir -p $HOME/.kube
  sudo cp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf $HOME/.kube/config
  sudo chown $(id -u):$(id -g) $HOME/.kube/config

You should now deploy a pod network to the cluster.
Run "kubectl apply -f [podnetwork].yaml" with one of the options listed at:
  https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/addons/

You can now join any number of machines by running the following on each node
as root:

  kubeadm join 172.10.30.100:6443 --token 485yy9.azkhnftmz2mf9me5 --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:165d19adeaac9bd84837367b414a45b01879dbb8f36092a32b957223904e9c30
輸出

這次非常順利的就部署成功了,如果我們想使用非root用戶操作kubectl,可以使用以下命令,這也是kubeadm init輸出的一部分:

 

mkdir -p $HOME/.kube
sudo cp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf $HOME/.kube/config
sudo chown $(id -u):$(id -g) $HOME/.kube/config

 

5.2 安裝網絡插件

參考: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/addons/

            http://docs.kubernetes.org.cn/459.html

為了讓Pods間可以相互通信,我們必須安裝一個網絡插件,並且必須在部署任何應用之前安裝,CoreDNS也是在網絡插件安裝之后才會啟動的。

網絡的插件完整列表,請參考 Networking and Network Policy

在安裝之前,我們先查看一下當前Pods的狀態: 

[kuber@master ~]$ kubectl get pods --all-namespaces
NAMESPACE     NAME                             READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
kube-system   coredns-78d4cf999f-8z6d6         0/1     Pending   0          3m34s
kube-system   coredns-78d4cf999f-l4dhk         0/1     Pending   0          3m34s
kube-system   etcd-master                      1/1     Running   0          2m54s
kube-system   kube-apiserver-master            1/1     Running   0          2m43s
kube-system   kube-controller-manager-master   1/1     Running   0          2m50s
kube-system   kube-proxy-4jmf5                 1/1     Running   0          3m34s
kube-system   kube-scheduler-master            1/1     Running   0          2m35s

如上,可以看到CoreDND的狀態是Pending,這是因為我們還沒有安裝網絡插件。

Calico是一個純三層的虛擬網絡方案,Calico 為每個容器分配一個 IP,每個 host 都是 router,把不同 host 的容器連接起來。與 VxLAN 不同的是,Calico 不對數據包做額外封裝,不需要 NAT 和端口映射,擴展性和性能都很好。

默認情況下,Calico網絡插件使用的的網段是192.168.0.0/16,在init的時候,我們已經通過--pod-network-cidr=192.168.0.0/16來適配Calico,當然你也可以修改calico.yml文件來指定不同的網段。

可以使用如下命令命令來安裝Canal插件:詳細參考: https://docs.projectcalico.org/v3.4/getting-started/kubernetes/

#######
[kuber@master ~]$ cat /etc/NetworkManager/conf.d/calico.conf
[keyfile]
unmanaged-devices=interface-name:cali*;interface-name:tunl*



########
kubectl apply -f \
https://docs.projectcalico.org/v3.4/getting-started/kubernetes/installation/hosted/etcd.yaml


##########

kubectl apply -f \
https://docs.projectcalico.org/v3.4/getting-started/kubernetes/installation/hosted/calico.yaml

######
[kuber@master ~]$ kubectl get pods --all-namespaces
NAMESPACE     NAME                                       READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
kube-system   calico-etcd-7w8dl                          1/1     Running   0          24m
kube-system   calico-kube-controllers-5d94b577bb-kswkt   1/1     Running   0          37m
kube-system   calico-node-vl9cf                          1/1     Running   0          7m1s
kube-system   coredns-78d4cf999f-9cz26                   1/1     Running   4          40m
kube-system   coredns-78d4cf999f-stf4z                   1/1     Running   4          40m
kube-system   etcd-master                                1/1     Running   0          39m
kube-system   kube-apiserver-master                      1/1     Running   0          39m
kube-system   kube-controller-manager-master             1/1     Running   0          39m
kube-system   kube-proxy-snh7v                           1/1     Running   0          40m
kube-system   kube-scheduler-master                      1/1     Running   0          39m

如上,STATUS全部變為了Running,表示安裝成功,接下來就可以加入其他節點以及部署應用了。

 

5.3  master隔離

默認情況下,由於安全原因,集群並不會將pods部署在Master節點上。但是在開發環境下,我們可能就只有一個Master節點,這時可以使用下面的命令來解除這個限制:

 

kubectl taint nodes --all node-role.kubernetes.io/master-

## 輸出
node/master untainted

 

 5.4 加工作節點

要為群集添加工作節點,需要為每台計算機執行以下操作:

  • SSH到機器
  • 成為root用戶,(如: sudo su -)
  • 運行上面的kubeadm init命令輸出的:kubeadm join --token <token> <master-ip>:<master-port> --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:<hash>

如果我們忘記了Master節點的加入token,可以使用如下命令來查看:

kubeadm token list

# 輸出
TOKEN                     TTL       EXPIRES                USAGES                   DESCRIPTION                                                EXTRA GROUPS
6pkrlg.8glf2fqpuf3i489m   22h       2018-12-07T13:46:33Z   authentication,signing   The default bootstrap token generated by 'kubeadm init'.   system:bootstrappers:kubeadm:default-node-token

默認情況下,token的有效期是24小時,如果我們的token已經過期的話,可以使用以下命令重新生成:

kubeadm token create

# 輸出
u2mt59.tyqpo0v5wf05lx2q

如果我們也沒有--discovery-token-ca-cert-hash的值,可以使用以下命令生成:

openssl x509 -pubkey -in /etc/kubernetes/pki/ca.crt | openssl rsa -pubin -outform der 2>/dev/null | openssl dgst -sha256 -hex | sed 's/^.* //'

# 輸出
eebfe256113bee397b218ba832f412273ae734bd4686241fb910885d26efd222

現在,我們登錄到工作節點服務器,然后運行如下命令加入集群(這也是上面init輸出的一部分):

kubeadm join 172.10.30.100:6443 --token 8gl99n.iu0m7c669vm0d1b1 --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:e3107f0be5fa44f939a6460b0c980a89e6d491dca89f5a44bc6923e40acc8e0b

 

 

等待一會,我們可以在Master節點上使用kubectl get nodes命令來查看節點的狀態:

[kuber@master ~]$ kubectl get nodes
NAME     STATUS   ROLES    AGE   VERSION
master   Ready    master   50m   v1.13.1
node1    Ready    <none>   56s   v1.13.1

如上全部Ready,大功告成,我們可以運行一些命令來測試一下集群是否正常。

 

 

5.5 測試

首先驗證kube-apiserverkube-controller-managerkube-schedulerpod network 是否正常:

# 部署一個 Nginx Deployment,包含兩個Pod
# https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/deployment/
kubectl create deployment nginx --image=nginx:alpine
kubectl scale deployment nginx --replicas=2

# 驗證Nginx Pod是否正確運行,並且會分配192.168.開頭的集群IP
kubectl get pods -l app=nginx -o wide

# 輸出如下:
NAME                     READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE   IP            NODE    NOMINATED NODE   READINESS GATES
nginx-54458cd494-p8jzs   1/1     Running   0          31s   192.168.1.2   node1   <none>           <none>
nginx-54458cd494-v2m4b   1/1     Running   0          24s   192.168.1.3   node1   <none>           <none>

 

再驗證一下kube-proxy是否正常:

# 以 NodePort 方式對外提供服務 https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/services-networking/connect-applications-service/
kubectl expose deployment nginx --port=80 --type=NodePort

# 查看集群外可訪問的Port
kubectl get services nginx

# 輸出
NAME    TYPE       CLUSTER-IP     EXTERNAL-IP   PORT(S)        AGE
nginx   NodePort   10.110.49.49   <none>        80:31899/TCP   4s

# 可以通過任意 NodeIP:Port 在集群外部訪問這個服務,本示例中部署的2台集群IP分別是172.17.20.210和172.17.20.211
curl http://172.17.20.210:31899
curl http://172.17.20.211:31899

 

最后驗證一下dnspod network是否正常:

# 運行Busybox並進入交互模式
kubectl run -it curl --image=radial/busyboxplus:curl

# 輸入`nslookup nginx`查看是否可以正確解析出集群內的IP,已驗證DNS是否正常
[ root@curl-66959f6557-6sfqh:/ ]$ nslookup nginx

# 輸出
Server:    10.96.0.10
Address 1: 10.96.0.10 kube-dns.kube-system.svc.cluster.local

Name:      nginx
Address 1: 10.110.49.49 nginx.default.svc.cluster.local

# 通過服務名進行訪問,驗證kube-proxy是否正常
[ root@curl-66959f6557-6sfqh:/ ]$ curl http://nginx/

# 輸出如下:
# <!DOCTYPE html> ---省略

# 分別訪問一下2個Pod的內網IP,驗證跨Node的網絡通信是否正常
[ root@curl-66959f6557-6sfqh:/ ]$ curl http://192.168.1.2/
[ root@curl-66959f6557-6sfqh:/ ]$ curl http://192.168.1.3/

 


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