JDK1.8 以前HashMap的實現是 數組+鏈表
JDK1.8 開始HashMap的實現是 數組+鏈表+紅黑樹,如下圖:
HashMap類中有兩個常量:
static final int TREEIFY_THRESHOLD = 8; static final int UNTREEIFY_THRESHOLD = 6;
當鏈表中節點數量大於等於TREEIFY_THRESHOLD時,鏈表會轉成紅黑樹。
當鏈表中節點數量小於等於UNTREEIFY_THRESHOLD時,紅黑樹會轉成鏈表。
為什么TREEIFY_THRESHOLD的默認值被設定為8?
HashMap中有這樣一段注釋
/* Because TreeNodes are about twice the size of regular nodes, we * use them only when bins contain enough nodes to warrant use * (see TREEIFY_THRESHOLD). And when they become too small (due to * removal or resizing) they are converted back to plain bins. In * usages with well-distributed user hashCodes, tree bins are * rarely used. Ideally, under random hashCodes, the frequency of * nodes in bins follows a Poisson distribution * (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisson_distribution) with a * parameter of about 0.5 on average for the default resizing * threshold of 0.75, although with a large variance because of * resizing granularity. Ignoring variance, the expected * occurrences of list size k are (exp(-0.5) * pow(0.5, k) / * factorial(k)). The first values are: * * 0: 0.60653066 * 1: 0.30326533 * 2: 0.07581633 * 3: 0.01263606 * 4: 0.00157952 * 5: 0.00015795 * 6: 0.00001316 * 7: 0.00000094 * 8: 0.00000006 * more: less than 1 in ten million */
意思就是HashMap節點分布遵循泊松分布,按照泊松分布的計算公式計算出了鏈表中元素個數和概率的對照表,可以看到鏈表中元素個數為8時的概率已經非常小。
另一方面紅黑樹平均查找長度是log(n),長度為8的時候,平均查找長度為3,如果繼續使用鏈表,平均查找長度為8/2=4,這才有轉換為樹的必要。鏈表長度如果是小於等於6,6/2=3,雖然速度也很快的,但是鏈表和紅黑樹之間的轉換也很耗時。還有選擇6和8,中間有個差值7可以有效防止鏈表和樹頻繁轉換。
下一節詳細講解HashMap的Put方法流程。