Java 內省(Introspector)深入理解
一些概念:
內省(Introspector) 是Java 語言對 JavaBean 類屬性、事件的一種缺省處理方法。
JavaBean是一種特殊的類,主要用於傳遞數據信息,這種類中的方法主要用於訪問私有的字段,且方法名符合某種命名規則。如果在兩個模塊之間傳遞信息,可以將信息封裝進JavaBean中,這種對象稱為“值對象”(Value Object),或“VO”。方法比較少。這些信息儲存在類的私有變量中,通過set()、get()獲得。
例如類UserInfo :
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package
com.peidasoft.Introspector;
public
class
UserInfo {
private
long
userId;
private
String userName;
private
int
age;
private
String emailAddress;
public
long
getUserId() {
return
userId;
}
public
void
setUserId(
long
userId) {
this
.userId = userId;
}
public
String getUserName() {
return
userName;
}
public
void
setUserName(String userName) {
this
.userName = userName;
}
public
int
getAge() {
return
age;
}
public
void
setAge(
int
age) {
this
.age = age;
}
public
String getEmailAddress() {
return
emailAddress;
}
public
void
setEmailAddress(String emailAddress) {
this
.emailAddress = emailAddress;
}
}
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在類UserInfo中有屬性 userName, 那我們可以通過 getUserName,setUserName來得到其值或者設置新的值。通過 getUserName/setUserName來訪問 userName屬性,這就是默認的規則。 Java JDK中提供了一套 API 用來訪問某個屬性的 getter/setter 方法,這就是內省。
JDK內省類庫:
PropertyDescriptor類:
PropertyDescriptor類表示JavaBean類通過存儲器導出一個屬性。主要方法:
1. getPropertyType(),獲得屬性的Class對象;
2. getReadMethod(),獲得用於讀取屬性值的方法;getWriteMethod(),獲得用於寫入屬性值的方法;
3. hashCode(),獲取對象的哈希值;
4. setReadMethod(Method readMethod),設置用於讀取屬性值的方法;
5. setWriteMethod(Method writeMethod),設置用於寫入屬性值的方法。
實例代碼如下:
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package
com.peidasoft.Introspector;
import
java.beans.BeanInfo;
import
java.beans.Introspector;
import
java.beans.PropertyDescriptor;
import
java.lang.reflect.Method;
public
class
BeanInfoUtil {
public
static
void
setProperty(UserInfo userInfo,String userName)
throws
Exception{
PropertyDescriptor propDesc=
new
PropertyDescriptor(userName,UserInfo.
class
);
Method methodSetUserName=propDesc.getWriteMethod();
methodSetUserName.invoke(userInfo,
"wong"
);
System.out.println(
"set userName:"
+userInfo.getUserName());
}
public
static
void
getProperty(UserInfo userInfo,String userName)
throws
Exception{
PropertyDescriptor proDescriptor =
new
PropertyDescriptor(userName,UserInfo.
class
);
Method methodGetUserName=proDescriptor.getReadMethod();
Object objUserName=methodGetUserName.invoke(userInfo);
System.out.println(
"get userName:"
+objUserName.toString());
}
}
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Introspector類:
將JavaBean中的屬性封裝起來進行操作。在程序把一個類當做JavaBean來看,就是調用Introspector.getBeanInfo()方法,得到的BeanInfo對象封裝了把這個類當做JavaBean看的結果信息,即屬性的信息。
getPropertyDescriptors(),獲得屬性的描述,可以采用遍歷BeanInfo的方法,來查找、設置類的屬性。具體代碼如下:
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package
com.peidasoft.Introspector;
import
java.beans.BeanInfo;
import
java.beans.Introspector;
import
java.beans.PropertyDescriptor;
import
java.lang.reflect.Method;
public
class
BeanInfoUtil {
public
static
void
setPropertyByIntrospector(UserInfo userInfo,String userName)
throws
Exception{
BeanInfo beanInfo=Introspector.getBeanInfo(UserInfo.
class
);
PropertyDescriptor[] proDescrtptors=beanInfo.getPropertyDescriptors();
if
(proDescrtptors!=
null
&&proDescrtptors.length>
0
){
for
(PropertyDescriptor propDesc:proDescrtptors){
if
(propDesc.getName().equals(userName)){
Method methodSetUserName=propDesc.getWriteMethod();
methodSetUserName.invoke(userInfo,
"alan"
);
System.out.println(
"set userName:"
+userInfo.getUserName());
break
;
}
}
}
}
public
static
void
getPropertyByIntrospector(UserInfo userInfo,String userName)
throws
Exception{
BeanInfo beanInfo=Introspector.getBeanInfo(UserInfo.
class
);
PropertyDescriptor[] proDescrtptors=beanInfo.getPropertyDescriptors();
if
(proDescrtptors!=
null
&&proDescrtptors.length>
0
){
for
(PropertyDescriptor propDesc:proDescrtptors){
if
(propDesc.getName().equals(userName)){
Method methodGetUserName=propDesc.getReadMethod();
Object objUserName=methodGetUserName.invoke(userInfo);
System.out.println(
"get userName:"
+objUserName.toString());
break
;
}
}
}
}
}
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通過這兩個類的比較可以看出,都是需要獲得PropertyDescriptor,只是方式不一樣:前者通過創建對象直接獲得,后者需要遍歷,所以使用PropertyDescriptor類更加方便。
使用實例:
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package
com.peidasoft.Introspector;
public
class
BeanInfoTest {
/**
* @param args
*/
public
static
void
main(String[] args) {
UserInfo userInfo=
new
UserInfo();
userInfo.setUserName(
"peida"
);
try
{
BeanInfoUtil.getProperty(userInfo,
"userName"
);
BeanInfoUtil.setProperty(userInfo,
"userName"
);
BeanInfoUtil.getProperty(userInfo,
"userName"
);
BeanInfoUtil.setPropertyByIntrospector(userInfo,
"userName"
);
BeanInfoUtil.getPropertyByIntrospector(userInfo,
"userName"
);
BeanInfoUtil.setProperty(userInfo,
"age"
);
}
catch
(Exception e) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
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輸出:
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get userName:peida
set userName:wong
get userName:wong
set userName:alan
get userName:alan
java.lang.IllegalArgumentException: argument type mismatch
at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method)
at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:
39
)
at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:
25
)
at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:
597
)
at com.peidasoft.Introspector.BeanInfoUtil.setProperty(BeanInfoUtil.java:
14
)
at com.peidasoft.Introspector.BeanInfoTest.main(BeanInfoTest.java:
22
)
|
說明:BeanInfoUtil.setProperty(userInfo, "age");報錯是應為age屬性是int數據類型,而setProperty方法里面默認給age屬性賦的值是String類型。所以會爆出argument type mismatch參數類型不匹配的錯誤信息。
BeanUtils工具包:
由上述可看出,內省操作非常的繁瑣,所以所以Apache開發了一套簡單、易用的API來操作Bean的屬性——BeanUtils工具包。
BeanUtils工具包:下載:http://commons.apache.org/beanutils/ 注意:應用的時候還需要一個logging包 http://commons.apache.org/logging/
使用BeanUtils工具包完成上面的測試代碼:
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package
com.peidasoft.Beanutil;
import
java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
import
org.apache.commons.beanutils.BeanUtils;
import
org.apache.commons.beanutils.PropertyUtils;
import
com.peidasoft.Introspector.UserInfo;
public
class
BeanUtilTest {
public
static
void
main(String[] args) {
UserInfo userInfo=
new
UserInfo();
try
{
BeanUtils.setProperty(userInfo,
"userName"
,
"peida"
);
System.out.println(
"set userName:"
+userInfo.getUserName());
System.out.println(
"get userName:"
+BeanUtils.getProperty(userInfo,
"userName"
));
BeanUtils.setProperty(userInfo,
"age"
,
18
);
System.out.println(
"set age:"
+userInfo.getAge());
System.out.println(
"get age:"
+BeanUtils.getProperty(userInfo,
"age"
));
System.out.println(
"get userName type:"
+BeanUtils.getProperty(userInfo,
"userName"
).getClass().getName());
System.out.println(
"get age type:"
+BeanUtils.getProperty(userInfo,
"age"
).getClass().getName());
PropertyUtils.setProperty(userInfo,
"age"
,
8
);
System.out.println(PropertyUtils.getProperty(userInfo,
"age"
));
System.out.println(PropertyUtils.getProperty(userInfo,
"age"
).getClass().getName());
PropertyUtils.setProperty(userInfo,
"age"
,
"8"
);
}
catch
(IllegalAccessException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
catch
(InvocationTargetException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
catch
(NoSuchMethodException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
|
運行結果:
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set userName:peida
get userName:peida
set age:
18
get age:
18
get userName type:java.lang.String
get age type:java.lang.String
8
java.lang.Integer
Exception in thread
"main"
java.lang.IllegalArgumentException: Cannot invoke com.peidasoft.Introspector.UserInfo.setAge
on bean
class
'class com.peidasoft.Introspector.UserInfo'
- argument type mismatch - had objects of type
"java.lang.String"
but expected signature
"int"
at org.apache.commons.beanutils.PropertyUtilsBean.invokeMethod(PropertyUtilsBean.java:
2235
)
at org.apache.commons.beanutils.PropertyUtilsBean.setSimpleProperty(PropertyUtilsBean.java:
2151
)
at org.apache.commons.beanutils.PropertyUtilsBean.setNestedProperty(PropertyUtilsBean.java:
1957
)
at org.apache.commons.beanutils.PropertyUtilsBean.setProperty(PropertyUtilsBean.java:
2064
)
at org.apache.commons.beanutils.PropertyUtils.setProperty(PropertyUtils.java:
858
)
at com.peidasoft.orm.Beanutil.BeanUtilTest.main(BeanUtilTest.java:
38
)
Caused by: java.lang.IllegalArgumentException: argument type mismatch
at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method)
at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:
39
)
at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:
25
)
at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:
597
)
at org.apache.commons.beanutils.PropertyUtilsBean.invokeMethod(PropertyUtilsBean.java:
2170
)
...
5
more
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說明:
1.獲得屬性的值,例如,BeanUtils.getProperty(userInfo,"userName"),返回字符串
2.設置屬性的值,例如,BeanUtils.setProperty(userInfo,"age",8),參數是字符串或基本類型自動包裝。設置屬性的值是字符串,獲得的值也是字符串,不是基本類型。 3.BeanUtils的特點:
1). 對基本數據類型的屬性的操作:在WEB開發、使用中,錄入和顯示時,值會被轉換成字符串,但底層運算用的是基本類型,這些類型轉到動作由BeanUtils自動完成。
2). 對引用數據類型的屬性的操作:首先在類中必須有對象,不能是null,例如,private Date birthday=new Date();。操作的是對象的屬性而不是整個對象,例如,BeanUtils.setProperty(userInfo,"birthday.time",111111);
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package
com.peidasoft.Introspector;
import
java.util.Date;
public
class
UserInfo {
private
Date birthday =
new
Date();
public
void
setBirthday(Date birthday) {
this
.birthday = birthday;
}
public
Date getBirthday() {
return
birthday;
}
}
|
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package
com.peidasoft.Beanutil;
import
java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
import
org.apache.commons.beanutils.BeanUtils;
import
com.peidasoft.Introspector.UserInfo;
public
class
BeanUtilTest {
public
static
void
main(String[] args) {
UserInfo userInfo=
new
UserInfo();
try
{
BeanUtils.setProperty(userInfo,
"birthday.time"
,
"111111"
);
Object obj = BeanUtils.getProperty(userInfo,
"birthday.time"
);
System.out.println(obj);
}
catch
(IllegalAccessException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
catch
(InvocationTargetException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
catch
(NoSuchMethodException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
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3.PropertyUtils類和BeanUtils不同在於,運行getProperty、setProperty操作時,沒有類型轉換,使用屬性的原有類型或者包裝類。由於age屬性的數據類型是int,所以方法PropertyUtils.setProperty(userInfo, "age", "8")會爆出數據類型不匹配,無法將值賦給屬性。