PHP Laravel 開發的環境搭建 for Windows
搭建這個開發環境，不是必須的，卻是最好的。雖然麻煩點，卻是一勞永逸的。
開發環境用到三個軟件是VirtualBox、Vagrant、Homestead，現在先科普概念。
VirtualBox
VitrualBox 是一款非常強大的免費虛擬機軟件，使用者可以在 VitrualBox 上安裝並運行 Linux、Windows、Mac OS X 等操作系統，類似的軟件還有 VMware 等
Homestead
Homestead 是 Laravel 官方預封裝的一套開發環境。在Laravel 的開發中，強烈建議使用 Homestead，不論是一個人開發項目，還是團隊開發。
附注： 如果你是 Windows 用戶，你可能需要啟用硬件虛擬化（VT-x）。這通常需要通過 BIOS 來啟用它。
Vagrant
每次開始一個新的項目，必然要先搭建開發環境，不同的開發者可能習慣使用不同的系統，有人用 windows，有人用 mac，有人用 linux，在搭建環境的過程中又有可能會遇到各種 BUG 各種坑，代碼還沒開始寫，搭環境就先用掉幾天時間..很是頭疼，於是，為了解決這個問題，Vagrant 應運而生...
第一步 安裝必須的軟件
- 安裝vagrant
- 安裝Virtualbox
- 安裝Homestead ：包括盒子安裝和工具安裝。
第二步 安裝 Homestead 盒子（vagrant box add)
vagrant box add laravel/homestead
使用上述命令，會自動從國外網上下載box, 目前最新的box是5.0.1, 國外的比較慢。
建議下載過來，通過本地方式添加box：
vagrant box add laravel/homestead file:///F:/BaiduNetdiskDownload/homestead-5.0.1.box
我做了個百度網盤鏈接 ：
homestead-5.0.1.box：https://pan.baidu.com/s/1eTHY88q 密碼：qn3i
添加后，Vagrant會將所下載的box保存到 ~/.vagrant.d/boxes 目錄下。
對windows系統，大致目錄是：C:\Users\Administrator.vagrant.d\boxes。
安裝好后，最好用list命令驗證下。
- 列出box: vagrant box list
E:\Homestead>vagrant box list
centos/7 (virtualbox, 1710.01)
laravel/homestead (virtualbox, 4.0.0)
- 如果你不爽，或瘋了傻了，可以刪除用不到的box:
E:\Homestead>vagrant box remove laravel/homestead
Removing box 'laravel/homestead' (v4.0.0) with provider 'virtualbox'...
安裝時可能出現版本號是0的坑：
E:\Homestead>vagrant box list
centos/7 (virtualbox, 1710.01)
laravel/homestead (virtualbox, 0)
從本地添加的box文件，估計是信息不全，需要通過配置文件來添加。在Homestead文件夾是新建一個json文件，如 homestead.json：
{
"name": "laravel/homestead",
"versions": [{
"version": "5.0.1",
"providers": [{
"name": "virtualbox",
"url": "file:///d:/php/homestead-5.0.1.box"
}]
}]
}
注意填入正確的版本號和路徑名,然后重新添加：
vagrant box add homestead.json
再列出，發現原來的沒有刪除：
E:\Homestead>vagrant box list
centos/7 (virtualbox, 1710.01)
laravel/homestead (virtualbox, 0)
laravel/homestead (virtualbox, 5.0.1)
重復名字刪除時，要加上版本號：
E:\Homestead>vagrant box remove laravel/homestead --box-version 0
再列出，已完美：
E:\Homestead>vagrant box list
centos/7 (virtualbox, 1710.01)
laravel/homestead (virtualbox, 5.0.1)
到目前為止。我們做的工作，相當於創建了一個虛擬硬盤，雖然沒有直接操作VirtualBox, 但Vagrant 通過 VirtualBox提供的接口，替我們做了該做的一切。在這個虛擬硬盤中，已經裝了PHP開發所需要的一切，列出(copy from laravel.com)如下：
Included Software
- Ubuntu 16.04
- Git
- PHP 7.1
- Nginx
- MySQL
- MariaDB
- Sqlite3
- Postgres
- Composer
- Node (With Yarn, PM2, Bower, Grunt, and Gulp)
- Redis
- Memcached
- Beanstalkd
Homestead翻譯成中文，相當於家園，宅地之類，在這塊我們的地上，裝滿了開發可用的東西，省了心，不必讓每位開發者 勞神安裝配置，而且保證每個企業開發者的開發環境高度統一。
下一步要做的事，就是配置和啟動。
第三步 安裝 Homestead工具（通過git）
git clone https://github.com/laravel/homestead.git Homestead
上述安裝，在你選擇的工作目錄進行，我選擇是e:
如果你的機器上沒裝 git，自已安裝。這里略去。
第四步 Homestead盒子的初始化（vagrant init）
vagrant init 運行之前 ，先運行 init.bat
E:\>cd homestead
E:\Homestead>vagrant box list
centos/7 (virtualbox, 1710.01)
laravel/homestead (virtualbox, 5.0.1)
E:\Homestead>vagrant init laravel/homestead
Homestead settings file not found in E:/Homestead
E:\Homestead>init
已復制 1 個文件。
已復制 1 個文件。
已復制 1 個文件。
Homestead initialized!
E:\Homestead>vagrant init laravel/homestead
`Vagrantfile` already exists in this directory. Remove it before
running `vagrant init`.
Vagrantfile 文件已經存在，不能初始化，是因為安裝Homestead時已經有一個Vagrantfile 文件了，這個原來的文件，是正確的，先備份一下，等vagrant init laravel/homestead 運行后，再還回去：
E:\Homestead>copy Vagrantfile Vagrantfile_bak
已復制 1 個文件。
E:\Homestead>del vagrantfile
E:\Homestead>vagrant init laravel/homestead
A `Vagrantfile` has been placed in this directory. You are now
ready to `vagrant up` your first virtual environment! Please read
the comments in the Vagrantfile as well as documentation on
`vagrantup.com` for more information on using Vagrant.
E:\Homestead>copy Vagrantfile_bak Vagrantfile
覆蓋 Vagrantfile 嗎? (Yes/No/All): y
已復制 1 個文件。
走到這一步，Homestead虛擬機已創建成功，下一步是啟動它：
第五步 Homestead盒子的啟動（vagrant up)
E:\Homestead>vagrant up
Bringing machine 'homestead-7' up with 'virtualbox' provider...
==> homestead-7: Importing base box 'laravel/homestead'...
==> homestead-7: Matching MAC address for NAT networking...
.....（省略顯示）
homestead-7: ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAADAQABAAABAQDddrcmIDNVhDJTNir5xNowJLvuTjboUjyxax2fjd/QD/ac/QwiunArtqAE134JWQxGSljank8XDfCJOTpyWXFQlqpi/MAzXBcT7XVVMZB2HUjubcVvIPRhv2Ryz/xUhueR18K55+RgoYi2Qhg+0j/jxMK9qmlLmXEIhdyYBXORCGbVmn8EeorZmExBLbyT2oEurizQiRGUl0jbRiQ4+g+v/BJYvn45GAlcXIWQ5Dv7c9jx0aScYoC/PXLt+cdfvmYStKZVXimU41j5jfeFnpAY8v2GK4dBSvvMKci21q0xkSr8WiY4EUOg+h+x29od9HTYk7e5s8NKpINQr8Hm2I+X ntcat888@qq.com
==> homestead-7: Running provisioner: shell...
homestead-7: Running: inline script
.....（省略顯示）
注意到在up時，系統自動產生了一個私鑰，所以看上去不用運行 ssh-keygen -t rsa -C "ntcat888@qq.com"
，直接運行 ssh協議登錄虛擬機：
E:\Homestead>vagrant ssh
Welcome to Ubuntu 16.04.3 LTS (GNU/Linux 4.4.0-101-generic x86_64)
* Documentation: https://help.ubuntu.com
* Management: https://landscape.canonical.com
* Support: https://ubuntu.com/advantage
0 packages can be updated.
0 updates are security updates.
Last login: Sun Jan 21 07:35:42 2018 from 10.0.2.2
vagrant@homestead:~$
退出虛擬機：
vagrant@homestead:~$ exit
logout
Connection to 127.0.0.1 closed.
目前為止，我們只是嘗試了盒子的啟動和退出 ，在生產環境下，是需要配置虛擬機的，在配置前，首先關閉虛擬機：
E:\Homestead>vagrant halt
==> homestead-7: Attempting graceful shutdown of VM...
E:\Homestead>
查看系統狀態：
E:\Homestead>vagrant global-status
id name provider state directory
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
fb8b191 homestead-7 virtualbox poweroff C:/Users/Administrator/Homestead
7d8aa88 default virtualbox running E:/workspace/centos7
27fe266 default virtualbox running E:/Homestead
bd04938 homestead-7 virtualbox poweroff E:/Homestead
The above shows information about all known Vagrant environments
on this machine. This data is cached and may not be completely
up-to-date. To interact with any of the machines, you can go to
that directory and run Vagrant, or you can use the ID directly
with Vagrant commands from any directory. For example:
"vagrant destroy 1a2b3c4d"
第六步 Homestead盒子的配置（Homestead.yaml)
---
ip: "192.168.10.10" <-----啟動出現網絡錯誤，隨便改改這個IP
memory: 2048
cpus: 1
provider: virtualbox
authorize: ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub
keys:
- ~/.ssh/id_rsa
folders:
- map: ~/code <------ 你的項目代碼所在的共享文件夾，我填入的是e:/code
to: /home/vagrant/code
sites:
- map: homestead.test <------ 可以隨便換你想要的名字
to: /home/vagrant/code/public
databases:
- homestead
配置后重新啟動：
E:\Homestead>vagrant up
Bringing machine 'homestead-7' up with 'virtualbox' provider...
==> homestead-7: Checking if box 'laravel/homestead' is up to date...
==> homestead-7: Clearing any previously set forwarded ports...
==> homestead-7: Clearing any previously set network interfaces...
==> homestead-7: Preparing network interfaces based on configuration...
homestead-7: Adapter 1: nat
homestead-7: Adapter 2: hostonly
==> homestead-7: Forwarding ports...
homestead-7: 80 (guest) => 8000 (host) (adapter 1)
homestead-7: 443 (guest) => 44300 (host) (adapter 1)
homestead-7: 3306 (guest) => 33060 (host) (adapter 1)
homestead-7: 4040 (guest) => 4040 (host) (adapter 1)
homestead-7: 5432 (guest) => 54320 (host) (adapter 1)
homestead-7: 8025 (guest) => 8025 (host) (adapter 1)
homestead-7: 27017 (guest) => 27017 (host) (adapter 1)
homestead-7: 22 (guest) => 2222 (host) (adapter 1)
==> homestead-7: Running 'pre-boot' VM customizations...
==> homestead-7: Booting VM...
==> homestead-7: Waiting for machine to boot. This may take a few minutes...
homestead-7: SSH address: 127.0.0.1:2222
homestead-7: SSH username: vagrant <---第一次運行沒有出現這個用戶登錄，運行putty，輸入192.168.10.10
homestead-7: SSH auth method: private key |-----端口22,登錄時，它產生了個私鑰，再次運行就這樣正常了
homestead-7: Warning: Connection reset. Retrying...
homestead-7: Warning: Connection aborted. Retrying...
homestead-7: Warning: Remote connection disconnect. Retrying...
==> homestead-7: Machine booted and ready!
==> homestead-7: Checking for guest additions in VM...
homestead-7: The guest additions on this VM do not match the installed version of
homestead-7: VirtualBox! In most cases this is fine, but in rare cases it can
homestead-7: prevent things such as shared folders from working properly. If you see
homestead-7: shared folder errors, please make sure the guest additions within the
homestead-7: virtual machine match the version of VirtualBox you have installed on
homestead-7: your host and reload your VM.
homestead-7:
homestead-7: Guest Additions Version: 5.0.18_Ubuntu r106667
homestead-7: VirtualBox Version: 5.2
==> homestead-7: Setting hostname...
==> homestead-7: Configuring and enabling network interfaces...
==> homestead-7: Mounting shared folders...
homestead-7: /vagrant => E:/Homestead <---內置的共享
homestead-7: /home/vagrant/code => E:/code <---用戶設置的共享
==> homestead-7: Machine already provisioned. Run `vagrant provision` or use the `--provision`
==> homestead-7: flag to force provisioning. Provisioners marked to run always will still run.
再次登錄BOX:
E:\Homestead>vagrant ssh
vagrant@homestead:~$ cd /home/vagrant/code
vagrant@homestead:~/code$ ls <---看上去 直接打cd code也能進入，映射成家目錄了。
如果這里的文件和e:/code能隨時同步，就說明OK了。
第七步 安裝 PHP 7及Composer
參考其它安裝，安裝后用Composer 生成laravel 項目模板。隨后其它文章中細說。