矩陣是元素布置成二維矩形布局的R對象。 它們包含相同原子類型的元素。盡管我們可以創建只包含字符或只邏輯值的矩陣,但是它們沒有多大用處。我們使用的是在數學計算中含有數字元素矩陣。
使用 matrix()函數創建一個矩陣。
語法
R語言中創建矩陣的基本語法是:
matrix(data, nrow, ncol, byrow, dimnames)
以下是所使用的參數的說明:
- data - 是這成為矩陣的數據元素輸入向量。
- nrow - 是要創建的行數。
- ncol - 要被創建的列的數目。
- byrow - 是一個合乎邏輯。如果為True,那么輸入向量元素在安排的行。
- dimname - 是分配給行和列名稱。
示例
創建矩陣取向量的數量作為輸入
# Elements are arranged sequentially by row.
M <- matrix(c(3:14), nrow=4, byrow=TRUE)
print(M)
# Elements are arranged sequentially by column.
N <- matrix(c(3:14), nrow=4, byrow=FALSE)
print(N)
# Define the column and row names.
rownames = c("row1", "row2", "row3", "row4")
colnames = c("col1", "col2", "col3")
P <- matrix(c(3:14), nrow=4, byrow=TRUE, dimnames=list(rownames, colnames))
print(P)
當我們上面的代碼執行時,它產生以下結果:
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] 3 4 5
[2,] 6 7 8
[3,] 9 10 11
[4,] 12 13 14
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] 3 7 11
[2,] 4 8 12
[3,] 5 9 13
[4,] 6 10 14
col1 col2 col3
row1 3 4 5
row2 6 7 8
row3 9 10 11
row4 12 13 14
訪問矩陣的元素
矩陣的元素可以通過使用元素的列和行索引來訪問。我們考慮矩陣P上面找到具體內容如下。
# Define the column and row names.
rownames = c("row1", "row2", "row3", "row4")
colnames = c("col1", "col2", "col3")
# Create the matrix.
P <- matrix(c(3:14), nrow=4, byrow=TRUE, dimnames=list(rownames, colnames))
# Access the element at 3rd column and 1st row.
print(P[1,3])
# Access the element at 2nd column and 4th row.
print(P[4,2])
# Access only the 2nd row.
print(P[2,])
# Access only the 3rd column.
print(P[,3])
當我們上面的代碼執行時,它產生以下結果:
[1] 5 [1] 13 col1 col2 col3 6 7 8 row1 row2 row3 row4 5 8 11 14
矩陣計算
各種數學操作是在使用R運算矩陣執行。該操作的結果也是一個矩陣。
大小(行和列的數目)應與參與操作的矩陣相同。
矩陣加法和減法
# Create two 2x3 matrices.
matrix1 <- matrix(c(3, 9, -1, 4, 2, 6), nrow=2)
print(matrix1)
matrix2 <- matrix(c(5, 2, 0, 9, 3, 4), nrow=2)
print(matrix2)
# Add the matrices.
result <- matrix1 + matrix2
cat("Result of addition","\n")
print(result)
# Subtract the matrices
result <- matrix1 - matrix2
cat("Result of subtraction","\n")
print(result)
當我們上面的代碼執行時,它產生以下結果:
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] 3 -1 2
[2,] 9 4 6
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] 5 0 3
[2,] 2 9 4
Result of addition
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] 8 -1 5
[2,] 11 13 10
Result of subtraction
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] -2 -1 -1
[2,] 7 -5 2
矩陣乘法和除法
# Create two 2x3 matrices.
matrix1 <- matrix(c(3, 9, -1, 4, 2, 6), nrow=2)
print(matrix1)
matrix2 <- matrix(c(5, 2, 0, 9, 3, 4), nrow=2)
print(matrix2)
# Multiply the matrices.
result <- matrix1 * matrix2
cat("Result of multiplication","\n")
print(result)
# Divide the matrices
result <- matrix1 / matrix2
cat("Result of division","\n")
print(result)
當我們上面的代碼執行時,它產生以下結果:
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] 3 -1 2
[2,] 9 4 6
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] 5 0 3
[2,] 2 9 4
Result of multiplication
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] 15 0 6
[2,] 18 36 24
Result of division
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] 0.6 -Inf 0.6666667
[2,] 4.5 0.4444444 1.5000000
