引言:
前段時間項目中用到了REST風格來開發程序,但是當用POST、PUT模式提交數據時,發現服務器端接受不到提交的數據(服務器端參數綁定沒有加任何注解),查看了提交方式為application/json, 而且服務器端通過request.getReader() 打出的數據里確實存在瀏覽器提交的數據。為了找出原因,便對參數綁定(@RequestParam、 @RequestBody、 @RequestHeader 、 @PathVariable)進行了研究,同時也看了一下HttpMessageConverter的相關內容,在此一並總結。
簡介:
@RequestMapping
RequestMapping是一個用來處理請求地址映射的注解,可用於類或方法上。用於類上,表示類中的所有響應請求的方法都是以該地址作為父路徑。
RequestMapping注解有六個屬性,下面我們把她分成三類進行說明。
1、 value, method;
value: 指定請求的實際地址,指定的地址可以是URI Template 模式(后面將會說明);
當之設置value一個屬性時,value可以省略不寫,當有其他屬性時則需要加上進行區分,如下圖:
method: 指定請求的method類型, GET、POST、PUT、DELETE等;
2、 consumes,produces;
consumes: 指定處理請求的提交內容類型(Content-Type),例如application/json, text/html;
produces: 指定返回的內容類型,僅當request請求頭中的(Accept)類型中包含該指定類型才返回;
3、 params,headers;
params: 指定request中必須包含某些參數值是,才讓該方法處理。
headers: 指定request中必須包含某些指定的header值,才能讓該方法處理請求。
示例:
1、value / method 示例
默認RequestMapping("....str...")即為value的值;
1 @Controller 2 @RequestMapping("/appointments") 3 public class AppointmentsController { 4 5 private final AppointmentBook appointmentBook; 6 7 @Autowired 8 public AppointmentsController(AppointmentBook appointmentBook) { 9 this.appointmentBook = appointmentBook; 10 } 11 12 @RequestMapping(method = RequestMethod.GET) 13 public Map<String, Appointment> get() { 14 return appointmentBook.getAppointmentsForToday(); 15 } 16 17 @RequestMapping(value="/{day}", method = RequestMethod.GET) 18 public Map<String, Appointment> getForDay(@PathVariable @DateTimeFormat(iso=ISO.DATE) Date day, Model model) { 19 return appointmentBook.getAppointmentsForDay(day); 20 } 21 22 @RequestMapping(value="/new", method = RequestMethod.GET) 23 public AppointmentForm getNewForm() { 24 return new AppointmentForm(); 25 } 26 27 @RequestMapping(method = RequestMethod.POST) 28 public String add(@Valid AppointmentForm appointment, BindingResult result) { 29 if (result.hasErrors()) { 30 return "appointments/new"; 31 } 32 appointmentBook.addAppointment(appointment); 33 return "redirect:/appointments"; 34 } 35 }
value的uri值為以下三類:
A) 可以指定為普通的具體值;
B) 可以指定為含有某變量的一類值(URI Template Patterns with Path Variables);
C) 可以指定為含正則表達式的一類值( URI Template Patterns with Regular Expressions);
example B)
1 @RequestMapping(value="/owners/{ownerId}", method=RequestMethod.GET) 2 public String findOwner(@PathVariable String ownerId, Model model) { 3 Owner owner = ownerService.findOwner(ownerId); 4 model.addAttribute("owner", owner); 5 return "displayOwner"; 6 }
example C)
1 @RequestMapping("/spring-web/{symbolicName:[a-z-]+}-{version:\d\.\d\.\d}.{extension:\.[a-z]}") 2 public void handle(@PathVariable String version, @PathVariable String extension) { 3 // ... 4 } 5 }
2 consumes、produces 示例
cousumes的樣例:
1 @Controller 2 @RequestMapping(value = "/pets", method = RequestMethod.POST, consumes="application/json") 3 public void addPet(@RequestBody Pet pet, Model model) { 4 // implementation omitted 5 }
方法僅處理request Content-Type為“application/json”類型的請求。
produces的樣例:
1 @Controller 2 @RequestMapping(value = "/pets/{petId}", method = RequestMethod.GET, produces="application/json") 3 @ResponseBody 4 public Pet getPet(@PathVariable String petId, Model model) { 5 // implementation omitted 6 }
方法僅處理request請求中Accept頭中包含了"application/json"的請求,同時暗示了返回的內容類型為application/json;
3 params、headers 示例
params的樣例:
1 @Controller 2 @RequestMapping("/owners/{ownerId}") 3 public class RelativePathUriTemplateController { 4 5 @RequestMapping(value = "/pets/{petId}", method = RequestMethod.GET, params="myParam=myValue") 6 public void findPet(@PathVariable String ownerId, @PathVariable String petId, Model model) { 7 // implementation omitted 8 } 9 }
僅處理請求中包含了名為“myParam”,值為“myValue”的請求;
headers的樣例:
1 @Controller 2 @RequestMapping("/owners/{ownerId}") 3 public class RelativePathUriTemplateController { 4 5 @RequestMapping(value = "/pets", method = RequestMethod.GET, headers="Referer=http://www.ifeng.com/") 6 public void findPet(@PathVariable String ownerId, @PathVariable String petId, Model model) { 7 // implementation omitted 8 } 9 }
僅處理request的header中包含了指定“Refer”請求頭和對應值為“http://www.ifeng.com/
”的請求;
簡介:
handler method 參數綁定常用的注解,我們根據他們處理的Request的不同內容部分分為四類:(主要講解常用類型)
A、處理requet uri 部分(這里指uri template中variable,不含queryString部分)的注解: @PathVariable;
B、處理request header部分的注解: @RequestHeader, @CookieValue;
C、處理request body部分的注解:@RequestParam, @RequestBody;
D、處理attribute類型是注解: @SessionAttributes, @ModelAttribute;
1、 @PathVariable
當使用@RequestMapping URI template 樣式映射時, 即 someUrl/{paramId}, 這時的paramId可通過 @Pathvariable注解綁定它傳過來的值到方法的參數上。
示例代碼:
- @Controller
- @RequestMapping("/owners/{ownerId}")
- public class RelativePathUriTemplateController {
- @RequestMapping("/pets/{petId}")
- public void findPet(@PathVariable String ownerId, @PathVariable String petId, Model model) {
- // implementation omitted
- }
- }
上面代碼把URI template 中變量 ownerId的值和petId的值,綁定到方法的參數上。若方法參數名稱和需要綁定的uri template中變量名稱不一致,需要在@PathVariable("name")指定uri template中的名稱。
2、 @RequestHeader、@CookieValue
@RequestHeader 注解,可以把Request請求header部分的值綁定到方法的參數上。
示例代碼:
這是一個Request 的header部分:
- Host localhost:8080
- Accept text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9
- Accept-Language fr,en-gb;q=0.7,en;q=0.3
- Accept-Encoding gzip,deflate
- Accept-Charset ISO-8859-1,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.7
- Keep-Alive 300
- @RequestMapping("/displayHeaderInfo.do")
- public void displayHeaderInfo(@RequestHeader("Accept-Encoding") String encoding,
- @RequestHeader("Keep-Alive") long keepAlive) {
- //...
- }
上面的代碼,把request header部分的 Accept-Encoding的值,綁定到參數encoding上了, Keep-Alive header的值綁定到參數keepAlive上。
@CookieValue 可以把Request header中關於cookie的值綁定到方法的參數上。
例如有如下Cookie值:
參數綁定的代碼:
- @RequestMapping("/displayHeaderInfo.do")
- public void displayHeaderInfo(@CookieValue("JSESSIONID") String cookie) {
- //...
- }
即把JSESSIONID的值綁定到參數cookie上。
3、@RequestParam, @RequestBody
@RequestParam
A) 常用來處理簡單類型的綁定,通過Request.getParameter() 獲取的String可直接轉換為簡單類型的情況( String--> 簡單類型的轉換操作由ConversionService配置的轉換器來完成);因為使用request.getParameter()方式獲取參數,所以可以處理get 方式中queryString的值,也可以處理post方式中 body data的值;
B)用來處理Content-Type: 為 application/x-www-form-urlencoded
編碼的內容,提交方式GET、POST;
C) 該注解有兩個屬性: value、required; value用來指定要傳入值的id名稱,required用來指示參數是否必須綁定;
示例代碼:
- @Controller
- @RequestMapping("/pets")
- @SessionAttributes("pet")
- public class EditPetForm {
- // ...
- @RequestMapping(method = RequestMethod.GET)
- public String setupForm(@RequestParam("petId") int petId, ModelMap model) {
- Pet pet = this.clinic.loadPet(petId);
- model.addAttribute("pet", pet);
- return "petForm";
- }
- // ...
@RequestBody
該注解常用來處理Content-Type: 不是application/x-www-form-urlencoded
編碼的內容,例如application/json, application/xml等;
它是通過使用HandlerAdapter 配置的HttpMessageConverters
來解析post data body,然后綁定到相應的bean上的。
因為配置有FormHttpMessageConverter,所以也可以用來處理 application/x-www-form-urlencoded
的內容,處理完的結果放在一個MultiValueMap<String, String>里,這種情況在某些特殊需求下使用,詳情查看FormHttpMessageConverter api;
示例代碼:
- @RequestMapping(value = "/something", method = RequestMethod.PUT)
- public void handle(@RequestBody String body, Writer writer) throws IOException {
- writer.write(body);
- }
4、@SessionAttributes, @ModelAttribute
@SessionAttributes:
該注解用來綁定HttpSession中的attribute對象的值,便於在方法中的參數里使用。
該注解有value、types兩個屬性,可以通過名字和類型指定要使用的attribute 對象;
示例代碼:
- @Controller
- @RequestMapping("/editPet.do")
- @SessionAttributes("pet")
- public class EditPetForm {
- // ...
- }
@ModelAttribute
該注解有兩個用法,一個是用於方法上,一個是用於參數上;
用於方法上時: 通常用來在處理@RequestMapping之前,為請求綁定需要從后台查詢的model;
用於參數上時: 用來通過名稱對應,把相應名稱的值綁定到注解的參數bean上;要綁定的值來源於:
A) @SessionAttributes 啟用的attribute 對象上;
B) @ModelAttribute 用於方法上時指定的model對象;
C) 上述兩種情況都沒有時,new一個需要綁定的bean對象,然后把request中按名稱對應的方式把值綁定到bean中。
用到方法上@ModelAttribute的示例代碼:
- // Add one attribute
- // The return value of the method is added to the model under the name "account"
- // You can customize the name via @ModelAttribute("myAccount")
- @ModelAttribute
- public Account addAccount(@RequestParam String number) {
- return accountManager.findAccount(number);
- }
這種方式實際的效果就是在調用@RequestMapping的方法之前,為request對象的model里put(“account”, Account);
用在參數上的@ModelAttribute示例代碼:
- @RequestMapping(value="/owners/{ownerId}/pets/{petId}/edit", method = RequestMethod.POST)
- public String processSubmit(@ModelAttribute Pet pet) {
- }
首先查詢 @SessionAttributes有無綁定的Pet對象,若沒有則查詢@ModelAttribute方法層面上是否綁定了Pet對象,若沒有則將URI template中的值按對應的名稱綁定到Pet對象的各屬性上。
簡介:
@RequestBody
作用:
i) 該注解用於讀取Request請求的body部分數據,使用系統默認配置的HttpMessageConverter進行解析,然后把相應的數據綁定到要返回的對象上;
ii) 再把HttpMessageConverter返回的對象數據綁定到 controller中方法的參數上。
使用時機:
A) GET、POST方式提時, 根據request header Content-Type的值來判斷:
- application/x-www-form-urlencoded, 可選(即非必須,因為這種情況的數據@RequestParam, @ModelAttribute也可以處理,當然@RequestBody也能處理);
- multipart/form-data, 不能處理(即使用@RequestBody不能處理這種格式的數據);
- 其他格式, 必須(其他格式包括application/json, application/xml等。這些格式的數據,必須使用@RequestBody來處理);
B) PUT方式提交時, 根據request header Content-Type的值來判斷:
- application/x-www-form-urlencoded, 必須;
- multipart/form-data, 不能處理;
- 其他格式, 必須;
說明:request的body部分的數據編碼格式由header部分的Content-Type指定;
@ResponseBody
作用:
該注解用於將Controller的方法返回的對象,通過適當的HttpMessageConverter轉換為指定格式后,寫入到Response對象的body數據區。
使用時機:
返回的數據不是html標簽的頁面,而是其他某種格式的數據時(如json、xml等)使用;
HttpMessageConverter
- <span style="font-family:Microsoft YaHei;">/**
- * Strategy interface that specifies a converter that can convert from and to HTTP requests and responses.
- *
- * @author Arjen Poutsma
- * @author Juergen Hoeller
- * @since 3.0
- */
- public interface HttpMessageConverter<T> {
- /**
- * Indicates whether the given class can be read by this converter.
- * @param clazz the class to test for readability
- * @param mediaType the media type to read, can be {@code null} if not specified.
- * Typically the value of a {@code Content-Type} header.
- * @return {@code true} if readable; {@code false} otherwise
- */
- boolean canRead(Class<?> clazz, MediaType mediaType);
- /**
- * Indicates whether the given class can be written by this converter.
- * @param clazz the class to test for writability
- * @param mediaType the media type to write, can be {@code null} if not specified.
- * Typically the value of an {@code Accept} header.
- * @return {@code true} if writable; {@code false} otherwise
- */
- boolean canWrite(Class<?> clazz, MediaType mediaType);
- /**
- * Return the list of {@link MediaType} objects supported by this converter.
- * @return the list of supported media types
- */
- List<MediaType> getSupportedMediaTypes();
- /**
- * Read an object of the given type form the given input message, and returns it.
- * @param clazz the type of object to return. This type must have previously been passed to the
- * {@link #canRead canRead} method of this interface, which must have returned {@code true}.
- * @param inputMessage the HTTP input message to read from
- * @return the converted object
- * @throws IOException in case of I/O errors
- * @throws HttpMessageNotReadableException in case of conversion errors
- */
- T read(Class<? extends T> clazz, HttpInputMessage inputMessage)
- throws IOException, HttpMessageNotReadableException;
- /**
- * Write an given object to the given output message.
- * @param t the object to write to the output message. The type of this object must have previously been
- * passed to the {@link #canWrite canWrite} method of this interface, which must have returned {@code true}.
- * @param contentType the content type to use when writing. May be {@code null} to indicate that the
- * default content type of the converter must be used. If not {@code null}, this media type must have
- * previously been passed to the {@link #canWrite canWrite} method of this interface, which must have
- * returned {@code true}.
- * @param outputMessage the message to write to
- * @throws IOException in case of I/O errors
- * @throws HttpMessageNotWritableException in case of conversion errors
- */
- void write(T t, MediaType contentType, HttpOutputMessage outputMessage)
- throws IOException, HttpMessageNotWritableException;
- }
- </span>
該接口定義了四個方法,分別是讀取數據時的 canRead(), read() 和 寫入數據時的canWrite(), write()方法。
在使用 <mvc:annotation-driven />標簽配置時,默認配置了RequestMappingHandlerAdapter(注意是
RequestMappingHandlerAdapter
不是AnnotationMethodHandlerAdapter,詳情查看spring 3.1 document “16.14 Configuring Spring MVC”章節),並為他配置了一下默認的HttpMessageConverter:
- ByteArrayHttpMessageConverter converts byte arrays.
- StringHttpMessageConverter converts strings.
- ResourceHttpMessageConverter converts to/from org.springframework.core.io.Resource for all media types.
- SourceHttpMessageConverter converts to/from a javax.xml.transform.Source.
- FormHttpMessageConverter converts form data to/from a MultiValueMap<String, String>.
- Jaxb2RootElementHttpMessageConverter converts Java objects to/from XML — added if JAXB2 is present on the classpath.
- MappingJacksonHttpMessageConverter converts to/from JSON — added if Jackson is present on the classpath.
- AtomFeedHttpMessageConverter converts Atom feeds — added if Rome is present on the classpath.
- RssChannelHttpMessageConverter converts RSS feeds — added if Rome is present on the classpath.
ByteArrayHttpMessageConverter: 負責讀取二進制格式的數據和寫出二進制格式的數據;
StringHttpMessageConverter: 負責讀取字符串格式的數據和寫出二進制格式的數據;
ResourceHttpMessageConverter:負責讀取資源文件和寫出資源文件數據;
FormHttpMessageConverter: 負責讀取form提交的數據(能讀取的數據格式為 application/x-www-form-urlencoded,不能讀取multipart/form-data格式數據);負責寫入application/x-www-from-urlencoded和multipart/form-data格式的數據;
MappingJacksonHttpMessageConverter: 負責讀取和寫入json格式的數據;
SouceHttpMessageConverter: 負責讀取和寫入 xml 中javax.xml.transform.Source定義的數據;
Jaxb2RootElementHttpMessageConverter: 負責讀取和寫入xml 標簽格式的數據;
AtomFeedHttpMessageConverter: 負責讀取和寫入Atom格式的數據;
RssChannelHttpMessageConverter: 負責讀取和寫入RSS格式的數據;
當使用@RequestBody和@ResponseBody注解時,
RequestMappingHandlerAdapter
就使用它們來進行讀取或者寫入相應格式的數據。
HttpMessageConverter匹配過程:
@RequestBody注解時: 根據Request對象header部分的Content-Type類型,逐一匹配合適的HttpMessageConverter來讀取數據;
spring 3.1源代碼如下:
- <span style="font-family:Microsoft YaHei;">private Object readWithMessageConverters(MethodParameter methodParam, HttpInputMessage inputMessage, Class paramType)
- throws Exception {
- MediaType contentType = inputMessage.getHeaders().getContentType();
- if (contentType == null) {
- StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder(ClassUtils.getShortName(methodParam.getParameterType()));
- String paramName = methodParam.getParameterName();
- if (paramName != null) {
- builder.append(' ');
- builder.append(paramName);
- }
- throw new HttpMediaTypeNotSupportedException(
- "Cannot extract parameter (" + builder.toString() + "): no Content-Type found");
- }
- List<MediaType> allSupportedMediaTypes = new ArrayList<MediaType>();
- if (this.messageConverters != null) {
- for (HttpMessageConverter<?> messageConverter : this.messageConverters) {
- allSupportedMediaTypes.addAll(messageConverter.getSupportedMediaTypes());
- if (messageConverter.canRead(paramType, contentType)) {
- if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
- logger.debug("Reading [" + paramType.getName() + "] as \"" + contentType
- +"\" using [" + messageConverter + "]");
- }
- return messageConverter.read(paramType, inputMessage);
- }
- }
- }
- throw new HttpMediaTypeNotSupportedException(contentType, allSupportedMediaTypes);
- }</span>
@ResponseBody注解時: 根據Request對象header部分的Accept屬性(逗號分隔),逐一按accept中的類型,去遍歷找到能處理的HttpMessageConverter;
源代碼如下:
- <span style="font-family:Microsoft YaHei;">private void writeWithMessageConverters(Object returnValue,
- HttpInputMessage inputMessage, HttpOutputMessage outputMessage)
- throws IOException, HttpMediaTypeNotAcceptableException {
- List<MediaType> acceptedMediaTypes = inputMessage.getHeaders().getAccept();
- if (acceptedMediaTypes.isEmpty()) {
- acceptedMediaTypes = Collections.singletonList(MediaType.ALL);
- }
- MediaType.sortByQualityValue(acceptedMediaTypes);
- Class<?> returnValueType = returnValue.getClass();
- List<MediaType> allSupportedMediaTypes = new ArrayList<MediaType>();
- if (getMessageConverters() != null) {
- for (MediaType acceptedMediaType : acceptedMediaTypes) {
- for (HttpMessageConverter messageConverter : getMessageConverters()) {
- if (messageConverter.canWrite(returnValueType, acceptedMediaType)) {
- messageConverter.write(returnValue, acceptedMediaType, outputMessage);
- if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
- MediaType contentType = outputMessage.getHeaders().getContentType();
- if (contentType == null) {
- contentType = acceptedMediaType;
- }
- logger.debug("Written [" + returnValue + "] as \"" + contentType +
- "\" using [" + messageConverter + "]");
- }
- this.responseArgumentUsed = true;
- return;
- }
- }
- }
- for (HttpMessageConverter messageConverter : messageConverters) {
- allSupportedMediaTypes.addAll(messageConverter.getSupportedMediaTypes());
- }
- }
- throw new HttpMediaTypeNotAcceptableException(allSupportedMediaTypes);
- }</span>
補充:
MappingJacksonHttpMessageConverter 調用了 objectMapper.writeValue(OutputStream stream, Object)方法,使用@ResponseBody注解返回的對象就傳入Object參數內。若返回的對象為已經格式化好的json串時,不使用@RequestBody注解,而應該這樣處理:
1、response.setContentType("application/json; charset=UTF-8");
2、response.getWriter().print(jsonStr);
直接輸出到body區,然后的視圖為void。