幾種經典的Hash算法的實現(源代碼)

來源聲明： http://blog.minidx.com/2008/01/27/446.html

先保存下來，以備后面研究，現在還看不懂！

哈希算法將任意長度的二進制值映射為固定長度的較小二進制值，這個小的二進制值稱為哈希值。哈希值是一段數據唯一且極其緊湊的數值表示形式。如果散列一段明文而且哪怕只更改該段落的一個字母，隨后的哈希都將產生不同的值。要找到散列為同一個值的兩個不同的輸入，在計算上是不可能的，所以數據的哈希值可以檢驗數據的完整性。

 

鏈表查找的時間效率為O(N)，二分法為log2N，B+ Tree為log2N，但Hash鏈表查找的時間效率為O(1)。

設計高效算法往往需要使用Hash鏈表，常數級的查找速度是任何別的算法無法比擬的，Hash鏈表的構造和沖突的不同實現方法對效率當然有一定的影響，然 而Hash函數是Hash鏈表最核心的部分，下面是幾款經典軟件中使用到的字符串Hash函數實現，通過閱讀這些代碼，我們可以在Hash算法的執行效率、離散性、空間利用率等方面有比較深刻的了解。

下面分別介紹幾個經典軟件中出現的字符串Hash函數。

●PHP中出現的字符串Hash函數

static unsigned long hashpjw(char *arKey, unsigned int nKeyLength)
{
unsigned long h = 0, g;
char *arEnd=arKey+nKeyLength; 

while (arKey < arEnd) {
h = (h << 4) + *arKey++;
if ((g = (h & 0xF0000000))) {
h = h ^ (g >> 24);
h = h ^ g;
}
}
return h;
}

●OpenSSL中出現的字符串Hash函數

unsigned long lh_strhash(char *str)
{
int i,l;
unsigned long ret=0;
unsigned short *s; 

if (str == NULL) return(0);
l=(strlen(str)+1)/2;
s=(unsigned short *)str; 

for (i=0; i
ret^=(s[i]<<(i&0x0f));
return(ret);
} 

/* The following hash seems to work very well on normal text strings 
* no collisions on /usr/dict/words and it distributes on %2^n quite 
* well, not as good as MD5, but still good. 
*/
unsigned long lh_strhash(const char *c)
{
unsigned long ret=0;
long n;
unsigned long v;
int r; 

if ((c == NULL) || (*c == '\0'))
return(ret);
/*
unsigned char b[16]; 
MD5(c,strlen(c),b); 
return(b[0]|(b[1]<<8)|(b[2]<<16)|(b[3]<<24)); 
*/ 

n=0x100;
while (*c)
{
v=n|(*c);
n+=0x100;
r= (int)((v>>2)^v)&0x0f;
ret=(ret(32-r));
ret&=0xFFFFFFFFL;
ret^=v*v;
c++;
} 

return((ret>>16)^ret);
}

●MySql中出現的字符串Hash函數

#ifndef NEW_HASH_FUNCTION 

/* Calc hashvalue for a key */
static uint calc_hashnr(const byte *key,uint length)
{
register uint nr=1, nr2=4; 

while (length--)
{
nr^= (((nr & 63)+nr2)*((uint) (uchar) *key++))+ (nr << 8);
nr2+=3;
} 

return((uint) nr);
} 

/* Calc hashvalue for a key, case indepenently */
static uint calc_hashnr_caseup(const byte *key,uint length)
{
register uint nr=1, nr2=4; 

while (length--)
{
nr^= (((nr & 63)+nr2)*((uint) (uchar) toupper(*key++)))+ (nr << 8);
nr2+=3;
} 

return((uint) nr);
}
#else
/* 
* Fowler/Noll/Vo hash 
* 
* The basis of the hash algorithm was taken from an idea sent by email to the 
* IEEE Posix P1003.2 mailing list from Phong Vo ([e-mail]) and 
* Glenn Fowler ([e-mail]). Landon Curt Noll ([e-mail]) 
* later improved on their algorithm. 
* 
* The magic is in the interesting relationship between the special prime 
* 16777619 (2^24 + 403) and 2^32 and 2^8. 
* 
* This hash produces the fewest collisions of any function that we've seen so 
* far, and works well on both numbers and strings. 
*/
uint calc_hashnr(const byte *key, uint len)
{
const byte *end=key+len;
uint hash; 

for (hash = 0; key < end; key++)
{
hash *= 16777619;
hash ^= (uint) *(uchar*) key;
} 

return (hash);
} 

uint calc_hashnr_caseup(const byte *key, uint len)
{
const byte *end=key+len;
uint hash; 

for (hash = 0; key < end; key++)
{
hash *= 16777619;
hash ^= (uint) (uchar) toupper(*key);
} 

return (hash);
}
#endif

Mysql中對字符串Hash函數還區分了大小寫

●另一個經典字符串Hash函數

unsigned int hash(char *str)
{
register unsigned int h;
register unsigned char *p; 

for(h=0, p = (unsigned char *)str; *p ; p++)
h = 31 * h + *p; 

return h;
}