(spring-第4回【IoC基礎篇】)spring基於注解的配置


基於XML的bean屬性配置:bean的定義信息與bean的實現類是分離的。

基於注解的配置:bean的定義信息是通過在bean實現類上標注注解實現。

也就是說,加了注解,相當於在XML中配置了,一樣一樣的。

 

一、舉個栗子:

 1 package com.mesopotamia.annotation;
 2 
 3 import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
 4 
 5 @Component
 6 public class Car {
 7     private String name;
 8     private String color;
 9     private double price;
10     public Car(){
11         name="保時捷";
12         color="黃色";
13     }
14     public String getName() {
15         return name;
16     }
17     public void setName(String name) {
18         this.name = name;
19     }
20     public String getColor() {
21         return color;
22     }
23     public void setColor(String color) {
24         this.color = color;
25     }
26     public double getPrice() {
27         return price;
28     }
29     public void setPrice(double price) {
30         this.price = price;
31     }
32 
33     public String toString(){
34         return "名字:"+name+" 顏色:"+color+" 價格:"+price;
35     }
36 }

 

第5行標注Component:spring看到這個屬性標志,會自動將Car變成容器管理類,等同於在XML中這樣配置:

1 <bean id="car" class="com.mesopotamia.annotation.Car"></bean>

 

二、spring啟動之前的配置?

 

 1 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
 2 <beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
 3     xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" 
 4     xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
 5     xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans 
 6          http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-3.0.xsd
 7          http://www.springframework.org/schema/context
 8          http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-3.0.xsd"
 9          >
10    <context:component-scan base-package="com.mesopotamia.annotation"/>
11 </beans>

 

如上,

使用空間:context,

使用context的規則:component-scan.

第10行的意義:掃描這個包中的所有類,並從注解信息中獲取bean的基本信息(沒加注解的不掃描也不實例化)。

 

三、如何啟動?

 

按正常方式啟動即可加載(自己復習spring容器的加載),例如:

 1 package com.mesopotamia.annotation;
 2 
 3 import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
 4 import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext;
 5 
 6 public class Main {
 7     
 8     public static void main(String args[]){
 9         ApplicationContext ctx = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("com/mesopotamia/annotation/beans.xml");
10         Car car= ctx.getBean(Car.class);
11         System.out.println(car.toString());
12     }
13 
14 }

第10行就已經實例化Car了,並且實例化之前先跑了Car的構造函數給car的屬性附了值(因為我給構造函數里專門寫了賦值語句,沒寫的話,屬性是沒有賦值的,除非見了鬼)。

下面是打印信息,從下面第4行結果可以看到已經附了值。

1 2015-11-13 23:44:18,414  INFO [main] (AbstractApplicationContext.java:456) - Refreshing org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext@e80a59: startup date [Fri Nov 13 23:44:18 CST 2015]; root of context hierarchy
2 2015-11-13 23:44:18,480  INFO [main] (XmlBeanDefinitionReader.java:315) - Loading XML bean definitions from class path resource [com/mesopotamia/annotation/beans.xml]
3 2015-11-13 23:44:18,728  INFO [main] (DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:555) - Pre-instantiating singletons in org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory@121ab80: defining beans [car,org.springframework.context.annotation.internalConfigurationAnnotationProcessor,org.springframework.context.annotation.internalAutowiredAnnotationProcessor,org.springframework.context.annotation.internalRequiredAnnotationProcessor,org.springframework.context.annotation.internalCommonAnnotationProcessor,org.springframework.context.annotation.internalPersistenceAnnotationProcessor]; root of factory hierarchy
4 名字:保時捷 顏色:黃色 價格:0.0

 

四、context:component-scan的配置直接選了相應包里的全部class,有沒有更多的過濾方式?

 

有。context:component-scan標簽下面可以再加子標簽,如:

1 <context:component-scan base-package="com.baobaotao">
2        <context:include-filter type="aspectj" expression="com.baobaotao.anno.*Plugin+"/>
3        <context:exclude-filter type="regex" expression="cn\.outofmemory\.spring\.[^.]+(Dao|Service)"/>
4</context:component-scan>

include-filter表示:包含哪些。type是類型,expression是表達式過濾。

exclude-filter表示:除去哪些。type是類型,expression是表達式過濾。

第二行表示:com.baobaotao.anno包下面所有以Plugin結尾的class。

第三行表示:除去所有以Dao或者Service結束的類。具體規則這里先不作討論,你要覺得你行,那你自己先啃啃里面的肉(先去復習一下正則表達式)

其他過濾表達式舉例:

 

五、除了Component外,其他的注解都有什么?

 

1、@Component 一般的bean類上面配置。

2、@Controller 對應表現層的Bean,也就是action。

3、@ Service 對應業務層bean。

4、@ Repository 對應持久層Bean。

上面的4種起到相同的效果,都是注入bean,注入bean的四大金剛,張龍趙虎王朝馬漢,輔佐包黑炭。

 

5、@Autowired 成員變量或方法入參處標注,按類型匹配自動注入。

6、@Qualifier 按名稱匹配方式注入。

7、@PostConstruct指定初始化方法。(相當於XML配置中的init-method)

8、@PreDestroy指定銷毀方法。(相當於XML配置中的destroy-method)

9、@Scope 指定bean是prototype還是singleton。

 

六、上面這幾個注解給個具體例子說明下?

 

 不想往下看的可以去陪女朋友了,因為重點已經講完了。下面是一個簡單登錄界面的栗子,為了突出重點,關於spring web方面的機制暫時不講,只講有關注解的部分,如果你還沒看過spring web應用部分也無妨,下面的例子只涉及注解注入部分:

XML配置文件如下:

 1 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
 2 <beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
 3     xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" 
 4     xmlns:p="http://www.springframework.org/schema/p"
 5     xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
 6     xmlns:aop="http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop" 
 7     xmlns:tx="http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx"
 8     xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans 
 9        http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-3.0.xsd
10        http://www.springframework.org/schema/context 
11        http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-3.0.xsd
12        http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx 
13        http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx/spring-tx-3.0.xsd
14        http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop
15        http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop/spring-aop-3.0.xsd">
16     
17     <!-- 掃描類包,將標注Spring注解的類自動轉化Bean,同時完成Bean的注入 -->
18     <context:component-scan base-package="com.baobaotao.dao"/>
19     <context:component-scan base-package="com.baobaotao.service"/>
20     <context:component-scan base-package="com.baobaotao.domain"/>
21     
22     <!-- 配置數據源 -->
23     <bean id="dataSource" class="org.apache.commons.dbcp.BasicDataSource"
24         destroy-method="close" 
25         p:driverClassName="com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"
26         p:url="jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/sampledb" 
27         p:username="root"
28         p:password="2009118293zjl" />
29 
30     <!-- 配置Jdbc模板  -->
31     <bean id="jdbcTemplate" class="org.springframework.jdbc.core.JdbcTemplate"
32         p:dataSource-ref="dataSource" />
33         
34     <!-- 配置事務管理器 -->
35     <bean id="transactionManager"
36         class="org.springframework.jdbc.datasource.DataSourceTransactionManager"
37         p:dataSource-ref="dataSource" />
38         
39     <!-- 通過AOP配置提供事務增強,讓service包下所有Bean的所有方法擁有事務 -->
40     <aop:config proxy-target-class="true">
41         <aop:pointcut id="serviceMethod"
42             expression=" execution(* com.baobaotao.service..*(..))" />
43         <aop:advisor pointcut-ref="serviceMethod" advice-ref="txAdvice" />
44     </aop:config>
45     <tx:advice id="txAdvice" transaction-manager="transactionManager">
46         <tx:attributes>
47             <tx:method name="*" />
48         </tx:attributes>
49     </tx:advice>
50 </beans>

重點第18到20行:spring只掃描配置路徑下所有帶注解的地方來注入相關數據。其他行先不看,你想看我也不攔你。

WEB應用后台java分三層:control、service、dao層,簡單講一下,直接與jsp交互的就是control層,直接操作數據庫的是dao層(持久層,數據庫里的數據都是持久性的嘛),service層負責把dao層數據拿到,經過處理,返回給control層。control層拿到數據再交給jsp前台。(dao就是程序員,service就是老板,control就是客戶,程序員做東西,客戶使用,而老板是橋梁)

 

下面是control層:

 1 package com.baobaotao.web;
 2 
 3 import java.util.Date;
 4 
 5 import javax.annotation.PostConstruct;
 6 import javax.annotation.PreDestroy;
 7 import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
 8 
 9 
10 import org.apache.commons.logging.Log;
11 import org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory;
12 import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
13 import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
14 import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
15 import org.springframework.web.servlet.ModelAndView;
16 
17 import com.baobaotao.domain.User;
18 import com.baobaotao.service.UserService;
19 
20 @Controller
21 public class LoginController{
22     Log log=LogFactory.getLog(LoginController.class);
23     
24     @Autowired(required=false)
25     private UserService userService;
26    
27     @RequestMapping(value = "/loginCheck.do")
28     public ModelAndView loginCheck(HttpServletRequest request,LoginCommand loginCommand){
29         boolean isValidUser = userService.hasMatchUser(loginCommand.getUserName(),loginCommand.getPassword());
30         if (!isValidUser) {
31             return new ModelAndView("login", "error", "用戶名或密碼錯誤。");
32         } else {
33             User user = userService.findUserByUserName(loginCommand
34                     .getUserName());
35             user.setLastIp(request.getLocalAddr());
36             user.setLastVisit(new Date());
37             userService.loginSuccess(user);
38             request.getSession().setAttribute("user", user);
39             
40             return new ModelAndView("main");
41         }
42     }
43     
44     @PostConstruct
45     public void init(){
46         log.info("本應用程序正式拉開帷幕。。。");
47     }
48     
49     @PreDestroy
50     public void destroy(){
51         log.info("本應用程序正式落幕,嚇嚇儂。。。");
52     }
53 }

這里用到了幾個注解,

spring看到@Controller會如同看到@Component一樣,轉換成spring容器管理的bean。

spring看到@Autowired(required=false)會自動注入(實例化)下面的userService。(直接用就行,就不用你來new一個對象啦)。

spring看到@PostConstruct就會在實例化本Bean后接着執行這個方法;

spring看到@PreDestroy就會在銷毀之前執行下面的方法;

你的眼神告訴我你不相信我。好的,咱們看日志:

tomcat啟動的時候spring容器會自動加載,下面是tomcat啟動的日志:

1 。。。。。。
 2 
 3 2015-11-15 21:24:31,673 DEBUG [main] (DefaultSingletonBeanRegistry.java:214) - Creating shared instance of singleton bean 'userDao'
 4 2015-11-15 21:24:31,674 DEBUG [main] (AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:430) - Creating instance of bean 'userDao'
 5 2015-11-15 21:24:31,674 DEBUG [main] (AbstractBeanFactory.java:242) - Returning cached instance of singleton bean 'org.springframework.aop.support.DefaultBeanFactoryPointcutAdvisor#0'
 6 
 7 。。。。。。
 8 
 9 2015-11-15 21:24:31,676 DEBUG [main] (InjectionMetadata.java:82) - Processing injected method of bean 'userDao': AutowiredFieldElement for private org.springframework.jdbc.core.JdbcTemplate com.baobaotao.dao.UserDao.jdbcTemplate
10 2015-11-15 21:24:31,677 DEBUG [main] (AbstractBeanFactory.java:242) - Returning cached instance of singleton bean 'jdbcTemplate'
11 2015-11-15 21:24:31,677 DEBUG [main] (AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.java:420) - Autowiring by type from bean name 'userDao' to bean named 'jdbcTemplate'
12 
13 。。。。。。
14 
15 2015-11-15 21:24:31,678 DEBUG [main] (AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:458) - Finished creating instance of bean 'userDao'
16 
17 
18 。。。。。。
19 
20 2015-11-15 21:24:31,679 DEBUG [main] (DefaultSingletonBeanRegistry.java:214) - Creating shared instance of singleton bean 'userService'
21 2015-11-15 21:24:31,679 DEBUG [main] (AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:430) - Creating instance of bean 'userService'
22 2015-11-15 21:24:31,679 DEBUG [main] (AbstractBeanFactory.java:242) - Returning cached instance of singleton bean 'org.springframework.aop.support.DefaultBeanFactoryPointcutAdvisor#0'
23 2015-11-15 21:24:31,680  INFO [main] (UserService.java:18) - 實例化了UserService... 24 
25 。。。。。。
26 
27 2015-11-15 21:24:31,683 DEBUG [main] (InjectionMetadata.java:82) - Processing injected method of bean 'userService': AutowiredFieldElement for private com.baobaotao.dao.UserDao com.baobaotao.service.UserService.userDao
28 2015-11-15 21:24:31,685 DEBUG [main] (AbstractBeanFactory.java:242) - Returning cached instance of singleton bean 'userDao'
29 2015-11-15 21:24:31,685 DEBUG [main] (AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.java:420) - Autowiring by type from bean name 'userService' to bean named 'userDao'
30 2015-11-15 21:24:31,686 DEBUG [main] (InjectionMetadata.java:82) - Processing injected method of bean 'userService': AutowiredFieldElement for private com.baobaotao.dao.LoginLogDao com.baobaotao.service.UserService.loginLogDao
31 2015-11-15 21:24:31,686 DEBUG [main] (AbstractBeanFactory.java:242) - Returning cached instance of singleton bean 'loginLogDao'
32 2015-11-15 21:24:31,687 DEBUG [main] (AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.java:420) - Autowiring by type from bean name 'userService' to bean named 'loginLogDao'
33 
34 。。。。。。
35 
36 2015-11-15 21:24:32,093  INFO [main] (UserService.java:18) - 實例化了UserService... 37 2015-11-15 21:24:32,094 DEBUG [main] (AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:458) - Finished creating instance of bean 'userService'
38 2015-11-15 21:24:32,094 DEBUG [main] (DefaultSingletonBeanRegistry.java:214) - Creating shared instance of singleton bean 'loginLog'
39 
40 。。。。。。
41 
42 015-11-15 21:24:32,252  INFO [main] (DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:555) - Pre-instantiating singletons in org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory@c272bc: defining beans [loginController,org.springframework.context.annotation.internalConfigurationAnnotationProcessor,org.springframework.context.annotation.internalAutowiredAnnotationProcessor,org.springframework.context.annotation.internalRequiredAnnotationProcessor,org.springframework.context.annotation.internalCommonAnnotationProcessor,org.springframework.web.servlet.view.InternalResourceViewResolver#0]; parent: org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory@691dee
43 2015-11-15 21:24:32,252 DEBUG [main] (DefaultSingletonBeanRegistry.java:214) - Creating shared instance of singleton bean 'loginController'
44 2015-11-15 21:24:32,254 DEBUG [main] (AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:430) - Creating instance of bean 'loginController'
45 2015-11-15 21:24:32,255  INFO [main] (LoginController.java:25) - 實例化了LoginController... 46 2015-11-15 21:24:32,264 DEBUG [main] (InitDestroyAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.java:200) - Found init method on class [com.baobaotao.web.LoginController]: public void com.baobaotao.web.LoginController.init() 47 2015-11-15 21:24:32,265 DEBUG [main] (InitDestroyAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.java:208) - Found destroy method on class [com.baobaotao.web.LoginController]: public void com.baobaotao.web.LoginController.destroy() 48 2015-11-15 21:24:32,265 DEBUG [main] (InitDestroyAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.java:251) - Found init method on class [com.baobaotao.web.LoginController]: org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.InitDestroyAnnotationBeanPostProcessor$LifecycleElement@316510
49 2015-11-15 21:24:32,265 DEBUG [main] (InitDestroyAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.java:259) - Found destroy method on class [com.baobaotao.web.LoginController]: org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.InitDestroyAnnotationBeanPostProcessor$LifecycleElement@5cd39ffa
50 2015-11-15 21:24:32,266 DEBUG [main] (InjectionMetadata.java:59) - Found injected element on class [com.baobaotao.web.LoginController]: AutowiredFieldElement for private com.baobaotao.service.UserService com.baobaotao.web.LoginController.userService 51 2015-11-15 21:24:32,267 DEBUG [main] (AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:504) - Eagerly caching bean 'loginController' to allow for resolving potential circular references
52 2015-11-15 21:24:32,268 DEBUG [main] (InjectionMetadata.java:82) - Processing injected method of bean 'loginController': AutowiredFieldElement for private com.baobaotao.service.UserService com.baobaotao.web.LoginController.userService
53 2015-11-15 21:24:32,269 DEBUG [main] (AbstractBeanFactory.java:242) - Returning cached instance of singleton bean 'userService'
54 2015-11-15 21:24:32,270 DEBUG [main] (AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.java:420) - Autowiring by type from bean name 'loginController' to bean named 'userService'
55 2015-11-15 21:24:32,271 DEBUG [main] (InitDestroyAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.java:291) - Invoking init method on bean 'loginController': public void com.baobaotao.web.LoginController.init() 56 2015-11-15 21:24:32,271  INFO [main] (LoginController.java:50) - 本應用程序正式拉開帷幕。。。 57 2015-11-15 21:24:32,271 DEBUG [main] (AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:458) - Finished creating instance of bean 'loginController'
58 
59 。。。。。。

第44、45行是實例化LoginController,

第46/47行是根據@PostContruct和@PreDestroy發現了我們定義的初始化和銷毀方法。

第53行,spring直接給了我們一個userService對象(因為它看到了@Autowired,required=false是說如果找不到對應的bean不報異常)。

第56行,spring看到@PostContruct執行了初始化方法。

當我把tomcat停掉,spring容器就會銷毀,那么是不是要執行@PreDestroy下面的銷毀方法?當然,你要相信科學,看停掉tomcat的日志:

。。。。。
5 2015-11-15 21:53:15,763 DEBUG [main] (InitDestroyAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.java:303) - Invoking destroy method on bean 'loginController': public void com.baobaotao.web.LoginController.destroy()
6 2015-11-15 21:53:15,763  INFO [main] (LoginController.java:55) - 本應用程序正式落幕,嚇嚇儂。。。 7 2015-11-15 21:53:15 org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationContext log
8 信息: Closing Spring root WebApplicationContext
9 2015-11-15 21:53:15,764  INFO [main] (AbstractApplicationContext.java:1002) - Closing Root WebApplicationContext: startup date [Sun Nov 15 21:24:29 CST 2015]; root of context hierarchy

第六行果然執行了銷毀方法。

請解釋前面那個日志里第53行的Returning cached instance of singleton bean 'userService'。

是這樣的,先看UserService的部分代碼:

1 @Service
2 public class UserService {
3     private static Log log=LogFactory.getLog(UserService.class);
4     public UserService(){
5         log.info("實例化了UserService...");
6     }

我在這個類中注釋了@Service,spring在啟動的時候跟@Component、@Controller、@Repository一樣,會自動把bean信息注入容器中(即把bean在spring容器中實例化),也就是說,當spring看到@Service時,會自動返回一個提前實例化好的UserService,而只要UserService上面不顯式標注:@Scope("prototype"),那么默認UserService就是單例模式的。單例模式下,spring會把bean放到IoC容器的緩存池中,而把bean的引用返回給調用者。這就是Returning cached instance of singleton bean 'userService'這句話的意義。

好的,我把UserService的注解改成下面的方式:

1 @Service
2 @Scope("prototype")
3 public class UserService {
4     private static Log log=LogFactory.getLog(UserService.class);
5     public UserService(){
6         log.info("實例化了UserService...");
7     }
8     

那么啟動tomcat打印日志如下:

 1 2015-11-15 22:11:09,723 DEBUG [main] (Cglib2AopProxy.java:755) - Method is declared on Advised interface: public abstract int org.springframework.aop.framework.Advised.indexOf(org.aopalliance.aop.Advice)
 2 2015-11-15 22:11:09,724 DEBUG [main] (Cglib2AopProxy.java:755) - Method is declared on Advised interface: public abstract int org.springframework.aop.framework.Advised.indexOf(org.springframework.aop.Advisor)
 3 2015-11-15 22:11:09,724 DEBUG [main] (Cglib2AopProxy.java:755) - Method is declared on Advised interface: public abstract java.lang.Class org.springframework.aop.TargetClassAware.getTargetClass()
 4 2015-11-15 22:11:09,760  INFO [main] (UserService.java:20) - 實例化了UserService...  5 2015-11-15 22:11:09,760 DEBUG [main] (AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:458) - Finished creating instance of bean 'userService'
 6 2015-11-15 22:11:09,761 DEBUG [main] (AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.java:420) - Autowiring by type from bean name 'loginController' to bean named 'userService'
 7 2015-11-15 22:11:09,761 DEBUG [main] (InitDestroyAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.java:291) - Invoking init method on bean 'loginController': public void com.baobaotao.web.LoginController.init()
 8 2015-11-15 22:11:09,761  INFO [main] (LoginController.java:50) - 本應用程序正式拉開帷幕。。。  9 2015-11-15 22:11:09,761 DEBUG [main] (AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:458) - Finished creating instance of bean 'loginController'
10 2015-11-15 22:11:09,761 DEBUG [main] (AbstractBeanFactory.java:242) - Returning cached instance of singleton bean 'org.springframework.context.annotati

你會看到,在拉開帷幕之前,又實例化了一次UserService,這就是prototype的作用。

再看:

 1 @Controller
 2 public class LoginController{
 3     Log log=LogFactory.getLog(LoginController.class);
 4     
 5     public LoginController(){
 6         log.info("實例化了LoginController...");
 7     }
 8     
 9     @Autowired(required=false)
10     @Qualifier("service")
11     private UserService userService;
12    

第10行,我在userService上面加了 @Qualifier("service")的注釋,這個表示,我引用的是名字為service的bean的實例,那么你要給UserService起個名字叫service:

1 @Service("service")
2 @Scope("prototype")
3 public class UserService {
4     private static Log log=LogFactory.getLog(UserService.class);
5     public UserService(){
6         log.info("實例化了UserService...");
7     }
8     

像第一行那樣。(Component、Controller、Repository也是那樣命名,如果是基於XML的注入如何命名?自己復習去。)

不加的話,系統找不到對應的bean,就會報錯。

 

spring容器的三座大山:XML配置文件(或者注解配置、bean配置等),spring容器,bean類。不管是基於XML還是基於注解,無非就是為了把bean信息注入到spring容器中,南拳和北腿,各有千秋。下面是二者的對比:

本節內容就講到這里。

 

 

 

吾生也有涯,而知也無涯。

            ——《庄子》 


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