如果你對Windows Workflow Foundation（WF）一無所知，當看到擴展C#與元編程（一）中由MW編譯器生成的FirstLook.mw.cs時，也許這么在想：我KAO，這是C#版的匯編語言！
WF到底是什么？可以這么認為：WF runtime是高級版的CLR（CLR上的CLR），activity是高級版的MSIL指令（可以勉強這么比喻），Metah.W是高級版的C#。
Activity可以分為兩類：primitive activity和composite activity。Primitive activity繼承自System.Activities.NativeActivity, System.Activities.NativeActivity<T>等，用來實現流程控制容器，如sequence, if-else, while, foreach, try-catch-finally等：
namespace System.Activities.Statements {
public sealed class Sequence : NativeActivity {
public Sequence();
public Collection<Variable> Variables { get; }
public Collection<Activity> Activities { get; }
//...
}
public sealed class If : NativeActivity {
public If();
public InArgument<bool> Condition { get; set; }
public Activity Then { get; set; }
public Activity Else { get; set; }
//...
}
public sealed class While : NativeActivity {
public While();
public Collection<Variable> Variables { get; }
public Activity<bool> Condition { get; set; }
public Activity Body { get; set; }
//...
}
public sealed class ForEach<T> : NativeActivity {
public ForEach();
public InArgument<IEnumerable<T>> Values { get; set; }
public ActivityAction<T> Body { get; set; }
//...
}
public sealed class TryCatch : NativeActivity {
public TryCatch();
public Activity Try { get; set; }
public Collection<Catch> Catches { get; }
public Activity Finally { get; set; }
//...
}
}
WF這個高級CLR令人拍手稱快的特性之一是，你可以自定義流程控制容器（可以想象成自定義MSIL指令），比如高大上的狀態機：
namespace System.Activities.Statements {
public sealed class StateMachine : NativeActivity {
public StateMachine();
public Collection<Variable> Variables { get; }
public State InitialState { get; set; }
public Collection<State> States { get; }
//...
}
public sealed class State {
public State();
public bool IsFinal { get; set; }
public Collection<Variable> Variables { get; }
public Activity Entry { get; set; }
public Activity Exit { get; set; }
public Collection<Transition> Transitions { get; }
//...
}
public sealed class Transition {
public Transition();
public Activity Trigger { get; set; }
public Activity<bool> Condition { get; set; }
public Activity Action { get; set; }
public State To { get; set; }
//...
}
}
SecondLook.mw展示了如何使用狀態機：
一個statemachine至少包含一個common state及一個final state，每個state由唯一的label標識，如InPark, InNeutral等，break關鍵字標明這是一個final state，statemachine關鍵字后的goto clause標明initial common state，當流程進入某common state后，首先執行~>所標識的entry statement，接着執行on關鍵字標識的trigger statement，然后依順序評估if關鍵字標識的condition expression，如果某condition評估為true，則執行<~所標識的exit statement和do關鍵字標識的action statement（SecondLook.mw中未使用），接着跳轉到goto關鍵字所標識的state，如果所有的condition expression都評估為false，則重新執行該state的trigger statement。如果某final state執行完畢，則該statemachine執行完畢。
MW編譯器將activity Drive翻譯成下面的C#代碼：
//SecondLook.mw.cs, generated by MW compiler
namespace HelloMW.SecondLook
{
class Drive : global::System.Activities.Activity
{
private global::System.Activities.Activity __GetImplementation__()
{
global::System.Activities.Activity __vroot__;
{
var __v__0 = new global::System.Activities.Statements.Sequence();
var isMoved = new global::System.Activities.Variable<bool>();
__v__0.Variables.Add(isMoved);
__v__0.Activities.Add(new global::MetahWActionActivity(__ctx__ =>
{
isMoved.SetEx(__ctx__, false);
}
));
var __v__1 = new global::System.Activities.Statements.While();
__v__1.Condition = new global::MetahWFuncActivity<bool>(__ctx__ => !isMoved.Get(__ctx__));
{
var __v__2 = new global::System.Activities.Statements.Sequence();
{
var __v__3 = new global::System.Activities.Statements.StateMachine();
var action = new global::System.Activities.Variable<DriveAction>();
__v__3.Variables.Add(action);
var __v__4 = new global::System.Activities.Statements.State();
var __v__5 = new global::System.Activities.Statements.Transition();
var __v__6 = new global::System.Activities.Statements.State();
var __v__7 = new global::System.Activities.Statements.Transition();
var __v__8 = new global::System.Activities.Statements.Transition();
var __v__9 = new global::System.Activities.Statements.Transition();
var __v__10 = new global::System.Activities.Statements.State();
var __v__11 = new global::System.Activities.Statements.Transition();
var __v__12 = new global::System.Activities.Statements.State();
var __v__13 = new global::System.Activities.Statements.Transition();
var __v__14 = new global::System.Activities.Statements.State();
{
__v__3.States.Add(__v__4);
__v__4.Entry = new global::MetahWActionActivity(__ctx__ =>
{
Console.WriteLine("Enter InPark");
}
);
__v__4.Exit = new global::MetahWActionActivity(__ctx__ =>
{
Console.WriteLine("Exit InPark");
}
);
__v__5.Trigger = new GetDriveAction().Initialize(__activity2__ =>
{
__activity2__.Result = new global::System.Activities.OutArgument<global::HelloMW.SecondLook.DriveAction>(new global::MetahWLocationActivity<global::HelloMW.SecondLook.DriveAction>(action));
}
);
__v__5.Condition = new global::MetahWFuncActivity<bool>(__ctx__ => action.Get(__ctx__) == DriveAction.Neutral);
__v__4.Transitions.Add(__v__5);
}
{
__v__3.States.Add(__v__6);
__v__6.Entry = new global::MetahWActionActivity(__ctx__ =>
{
Console.WriteLine("Enter InNeutral");
}
);
__v__6.Exit = new global::MetahWActionActivity(__ctx__ =>
{
Console.WriteLine("Exit InNeutral");
}
);
__v__7.Trigger = new GetDriveAction().Initialize(__activity2__ =>
{
__activity2__.Result = new global::System.Activities.OutArgument<global::HelloMW.SecondLook.DriveAction>(new global::MetahWLocationActivity<global::HelloMW.SecondLook.DriveAction>(action));
}
);
__v__7.Condition = new global::MetahWFuncActivity<bool>(__ctx__ => action.Get(__ctx__) == DriveAction.Forward);
__v__6.Transitions.Add(__v__7);
__v__8.Trigger = __v__7.Trigger;
__v__8.Condition = new global::MetahWFuncActivity<bool>(__ctx__ => action.Get(__ctx__) == DriveAction.Reverse);
__v__6.Transitions.Add(__v__8);
__v__9.Trigger = __v__7.Trigger;
__v__9.Condition = new global::MetahWFuncActivity<bool>(__ctx__ => action.Get(__ctx__) == DriveAction.TurnOff);
__v__6.Transitions.Add(__v__9);
}
{
__v__3.States.Add(__v__10);
__v__10.Entry = new global::MetahWActionActivity(__ctx__ =>
{
Console.WriteLine("Enter InForward");
isMoved.SetEx(__ctx__, true);
}
);
__v__10.Exit = new global::MetahWActionActivity(__ctx__ =>
{
Console.WriteLine("Exit InForward");
}
);
__v__11.Trigger = new GetDriveAction().Initialize(__activity2__ =>
{
__activity2__.Result = new global::System.Activities.OutArgument<global::HelloMW.SecondLook.DriveAction>(new global::MetahWLocationActivity<global::HelloMW.SecondLook.DriveAction>(action));
}
);
__v__11.Condition = new global::MetahWFuncActivity<bool>(__ctx__ => action.Get(__ctx__) == DriveAction.Neutral);
__v__10.Transitions.Add(__v__11);
}
{
__v__3.States.Add(__v__12);
__v__12.Entry = new global::MetahWActionActivity(__ctx__ =>
{
Console.WriteLine("Enter InReverse");
isMoved.SetEx(__ctx__, true);
}
);
__v__12.Exit = new global::MetahWActionActivity(__ctx__ =>
{
Console.WriteLine("Exit InReverse");
}
);
__v__13.Trigger = new GetDriveAction().Initialize(__activity2__ =>
{
__activity2__.Result = new global::System.Activities.OutArgument<global::HelloMW.SecondLook.DriveAction>(new global::MetahWLocationActivity<global::HelloMW.SecondLook.DriveAction>(action));
}
);
__v__13.Condition = new global::MetahWFuncActivity<bool>(__ctx__ => action.Get(__ctx__) == DriveAction.Neutral);
__v__12.Transitions.Add(__v__13);
}
{
__v__3.States.Add(__v__14);
__v__14.IsFinal = true;
__v__14.Entry = new global::MetahWActionActivity(__ctx__ =>
{
Console.WriteLine("TurnedOff");
}
);
}
__v__3.InitialState = __v__4;
__v__5.To = __v__6;
__v__7.To = __v__10;
__v__8.To = __v__12;
__v__9.To = __v__14;
__v__11.To = __v__6;
__v__13.To = __v__6;
__v__2.Activities.Add(__v__3);
}
__v__2.Activities.Add(new global::MetahWActionActivity(__ctx__ =>
{
Console.WriteLine("isMoved: " + isMoved.Get(__ctx__));
}
));
__v__1.Body = __v__2;
}
__v__0.Activities.Add(__v__1);
__vroot__ = __v__0;
}
return __vroot__;
}
private global::System.Func<global::System.Activities.Activity> __implementation__;
protected override global::System.Func<global::System.Activities.Activity> Implementation
{
get
{
return __implementation__ ?? (__implementation__ = __GetImplementation__);
}
set
{
throw new global::System.NotSupportedException();
}
}
}
}
“匯編語言代碼”總是冗長無趣的，所以有了Metah.W這樣的高級語言。下面是可能的執行結果：
Enter InPark
!action: Neutral
Exit InPark
Enter InNeutral
!action: Reverse
Exit InNeutral
Enter InReverse
!action: TurnOff
!action: Forward
!action: Neutral
Exit InReverse
Enter InNeutral
!action: Forward
Exit InNeutral
Enter InForward
!action: Forward
!action: Forward
!action: Reverse
!action: Neutral
Exit InForward
Enter InNeutral
!action: TurnOff
Exit InNeutral
TurnedOff
isMoved: True
請按任意鍵繼續. . .
Composite activity直接繼承自System.Activities.Activity或System.Activities.Activity<T>，它由其它primitive activity和/或composite activity組合而成。Metah.W和WF designer只能創作composite activity。
我不知道大家怎么看待微軟這家公司，多數時候MS是家專業但缺乏想象力的公司，有時它能創造出一些令人眼前一亮的作品，C#從第二版開始就一直閃亮，WF是個極富想象力的技術，不過，WF現在還是個藏在深山中的璞玉，希望此文能激起你研究WF的興趣。關於
Metah.W: A Workflow Metaprogramming的更多信息請訪問：https://github.com/knat/Metah 。
待續。