顾名思义，深度残差收缩网络是由“残差网络”和“收缩”两个部分所组成的，是“残差网络”的一种改进算法。
其中，残差网络在2016年获得了ImageNet图像识别竞赛的冠军，目前已成为深度学习领域的基础网络；“收缩”就是“软阈值化”，是许多信号降噪方法的核心步骤。
深度残差收缩网络也是一种“注意力机制”下的深度学习算法。其软阈值化所需要的阈值，本质上是在注意力机制下设置的。
在本文中，我们首先对残差网络、软阈值化和注意力机制的相关基础进行了简要的回顾，然后对深度残差收缩网络的动机、算法和应用展开解读。
1. 相关基础
1.1 残差网络
残差网络（或称深度残差网络、深度残差学习，英文ResNet）属于一种卷积神经网络。相较于普通的卷积神经网络，残差网络采用了跨层恒等连接，以减轻卷积神经网络的训练难度。残差网络的一种基本模块如图1所示。
1.2 软阈值化
软阈值化是许多信号降噪方法的核心步骤。它的用处是将绝对值低于某个阈值的特征置为零，将其他的特征也朝着零进行调整，也就是收缩。在这里，阈值是一个需要预先设置的参数，其取值大小对于降噪的结果有着直接的影响。软阈值化的输入与输出之间的关系如图2所示。
从图2可以看出，软阈值化是一种非线性变换，有着与ReLU激活函数非常相似的性质：梯度要么是0，要么是1。因此，软阈值化也能够作为神经网络的激活函数。事实上，一些神经网络已经将软阈值函数作为激活函数进行了使用。
1.3 注意力机制
注意力机制就是将注意力集中于局部关键信息的机制，可以分成两步：第一，通过全局扫描，发现局部有用信息；第二，增强有用信息并抑制冗余信息。
Squeeze-and-Excitation Network是一种非常经典的注意力机制下的深度学习方法。它可以通过一个小型的子网络，自动学习得到一组权重，对特征图的各个通道进行加权。其含义在于，某些特征通道是较为重要的，而另一些特征通道是信息冗余的；那么，我们就可以通过这种方式增强有用特征通道、削弱冗余特征通道。Squeeze-and-Excitation Network的一种基本模块如下图所示。
值得指出的是，通过这种方式，每个样本都可以有自己独特的一组权重，可以根据样本自身的特点，进行独特的特征通道加权调整。例如，样本A的第一特征通道是重要的，第二特征通道是不重要的；而样本B的第一特征通道是不重要的，第二特征通道是重要的；通过这种方式，样本A可以有自己的一组权重，以加强第一特征通道，削弱第二特征通道；同样地，样本B可以有自己的一组权重，以削弱第一特征通道，加强第二特征通道。
2. 深度残差收缩网络理论
2.1 动机
首先，现实世界中的数据，或多或少都含有一些冗余信息。那么我们就可以尝试将软阈值化嵌入残差网络中，以进行冗余信息的消除。
其次，各个样本中冗余信息含量经常是不同的。那么我们就可以借助注意力机制，根据各个样本的情况，自适应地给各个样本设置不同的阈值。
2.2 算法
与残差网络和Squeeze-and-Excitation Network相似，深度残差收缩网络也是由许多基本模块堆叠而成的。每个基本模块都有一个子网络，用于自动学习得到一组阈值，用于特征图的软阈值化。值得指出的是，通过这种方式，每个样本都有着自己独特的一组阈值。深度残差收缩网络的一种基本模块如下图所示。
深度残差收缩网络的整体结构如下图所示，是由输入层、许多基本模块以及最后的全连接输出层等组成的。
2.3 应用
在论文中，深度残差收缩网络是应用于基于振动信号的旋转机械故障诊断。但是从原理上来讲，深度残差收缩网络面向的是数据集含有冗余信息的情况，而冗余信息是无处不在的。例如，在图像识别的时候，图像中总会包含一些与标签无关的区域；在语音识别的时候，音频中经常会含有各种形式的噪声。因此，深度残差收缩网络，或者说这种“注意力机制”+“软阈值化”的思路，有着较为广泛的研究价值和应用前景。
Keras代码
#!/usr/bin/env python3 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- """ Created on Sat Dec 28 23:24:05 2019 Implemented using TensorFlow 1.0.1 and Keras 2.2.1 M. Zhao, S. Zhong, X. Fu, et al., Deep Residual Shrinkage Networks for Fault Diagnosis, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 2019, DOI: 10.1109/TII.2019.2943898 @author: super_9527 """ from __future__ import print_function import keras import numpy as np from keras.datasets import mnist from keras.layers import Dense, Conv2D, BatchNormalization, Activation from keras.layers import AveragePooling2D, Input, GlobalAveragePooling2D from keras.optimizers import Adam from keras.regularizers import l2 from keras import backend as K from keras.models import Model from keras.layers.core import Lambda K.set_learning_phase(1) # Input image dimensions img_rows, img_cols = 28, 28 # The data, split between train and test sets (x_train, y_train), (x_test, y_test) = mnist.load_data() if K.image_data_format() == 'channels_first': x_train = x_train.reshape(x_train.shape[0], 1, img_rows, img_cols) x_test = x_test.reshape(x_test.shape[0], 1, img_rows, img_cols) input_shape = (1, img_rows, img_cols) else: x_train = x_train.reshape(x_train.shape[0], img_rows, img_cols, 1) x_test = x_test.reshape(x_test.shape[0], img_rows, img_cols, 1) input_shape = (img_rows, img_cols, 1) # Noised data x_train = x_train.astype('float32') / 255. + 0.5*np.random.random([x_train.shape[0], img_rows, img_cols, 1]) x_test = x_test.astype('float32') / 255. + 0.5*np.random.random([x_test.shape[0], img_rows, img_cols, 1]) print('x_train shape:', x_train.shape) print(x_train.shape[0], 'train samples') print(x_test.shape[0], 'test samples') # convert class vectors to binary class matrices y_train = keras.utils.to_categorical(y_train, 10) y_test = keras.utils.to_categorical(y_test, 10) def abs_backend(inputs): return K.abs(inputs) def expand_dim_backend(inputs): return K.expand_dims(K.expand_dims(inputs,1),1) def sign_backend(inputs): return K.sign(inputs) def pad_backend(inputs, in_channels, out_channels): pad_dim = (out_channels - in_channels)//2 inputs = K.expand_dims(inputs,-1) inputs = K.spatial_3d_padding(inputs, ((0,0),(0,0),(pad_dim,pad_dim)), 'channels_last') return K.squeeze(inputs, -1) # Residual Shrinakge Block def residual_shrinkage_block(incoming, nb_blocks, out_channels, downsample=False, downsample_strides=2): residual = incoming in_channels = incoming.get_shape().as_list()[-1] for i in range(nb_blocks): identity = residual if not downsample: downsample_strides = 1 residual = BatchNormalization()(residual) residual = Activation('relu')(residual) residual = Conv2D(out_channels, 3, strides=(downsample_strides, downsample_strides), padding='same', kernel_initializer='he_normal', kernel_regularizer=l2(1e-4))(residual) residual = BatchNormalization()(residual) residual = Activation('relu')(residual) residual = Conv2D(out_channels, 3, padding='same', kernel_initializer='he_normal', kernel_regularizer=l2(1e-4))(residual) # Calculate global means residual_abs = Lambda(abs_backend)(residual) abs_mean = GlobalAveragePooling2D()(residual_abs) # Calculate scaling coefficients scales = Dense(out_channels, activation=None, kernel_initializer='he_normal', kernel_regularizer=l2(1e-4))(abs_mean) scales = BatchNormalization()(scales) scales = Activation('relu')(scales) scales = Dense(out_channels, activation='sigmoid', kernel_regularizer=l2(1e-4))(scales) scales = Lambda(expand_dim_backend)(scales) # Calculate thresholds thres = keras.layers.multiply([abs_mean, scales]) # Soft thresholding sub = keras.layers.subtract([residual_abs, thres]) zeros = keras.layers.subtract([sub, sub]) n_sub = keras.layers.maximum([sub, zeros]) residual = keras.layers.multiply([Lambda(sign_backend)(residual), n_sub]) # Downsampling (it is important to use the pooL-size of (1, 1)) if downsample_strides > 1: identity = AveragePooling2D(pool_size=(1,1), strides=(2,2))(identity) # Zero_padding to match channels (it is important to use zero padding rather than 1by1 convolution) if in_channels != out_channels: identity = Lambda(pad_backend, arguments={'in_channels':in_channels,'out_channels':out_channels})(identity) residual = keras.layers.add([residual, identity]) return residual # define and train a model inputs = Input(shape=input_shape) net = Conv2D(8, 3, padding='same', kernel_initializer='he_normal', kernel_regularizer=l2(1e-4))(inputs) net = residual_shrinkage_block(net, 1, 8, downsample=True) net = BatchNormalization()(net) net = Activation('relu')(net) net = GlobalAveragePooling2D()(net) outputs = Dense(10, activation='softmax', kernel_initializer='he_normal', kernel_regularizer=l2(1e-4))(net) model = Model(inputs=inputs, outputs=outputs) model.compile(loss='categorical_crossentropy', optimizer=Adam(), metrics=['accuracy']) model.fit(x_train, y_train, batch_size=100, epochs=5, verbose=1, validation_data=(x_test, y_test)) # get results K.set_learning_phase(0) DRSN_train_score = model.evaluate(x_train, y_train, batch_size=100, verbose=0) print('Train loss:', DRSN_train_score[0]) print('Train accuracy:', DRSN_train_score[1]) DRSN_test_score = model.evaluate(x_test, y_test, batch_size=100, verbose=0) print('Test loss:', DRSN_test_score[0]) print('Test accuracy:', DRSN_test_score[1])
TFLearn代码
#!/usr/bin/env python3 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- """ Created on Mon Dec 23 21:23:09 2019 Implemented using TensorFlow 1.0 and TFLearn 0.3.2 M. Zhao, S. Zhong, X. Fu, B. Tang, M. Pecht, Deep Residual Shrinkage Networks for Fault Diagnosis, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 2019, DOI: 10.1109/TII.2019.2943898 @author: super_9527 """ from __future__ import division, print_function, absolute_import import tflearn import numpy as np import tensorflow as tf from tflearn.layers.conv import conv_2d # Data loading from tflearn.datasets import cifar10 (X, Y), (testX, testY) = cifar10.load_data() # Add noise X = X + np.random.random((50000, 32, 32, 3))*0.1 testX = testX + np.random.random((10000, 32, 32, 3))*0.1 # Transform labels to one-hot format Y = tflearn.data_utils.to_categorical(Y,10) testY = tflearn.data_utils.to_categorical(testY,10) def residual_shrinkage_block(incoming, nb_blocks, out_channels, downsample=False, downsample_strides=2, activation='relu', batch_norm=True, bias=True, weights_init='variance_scaling', bias_init='zeros', regularizer='L2', weight_decay=0.0001, trainable=True, restore=True, reuse=False, scope=None, name="ResidualBlock"): # residual shrinkage blocks with channel-wise thresholds residual = incoming in_channels = incoming.get_shape().as_list()[-1] # Variable Scope fix for older TF try: vscope = tf.variable_scope(scope, default_name=name, values=[incoming], reuse=reuse) except Exception: vscope = tf.variable_op_scope([incoming], scope, name, reuse=reuse) with vscope as scope: name = scope.name #TODO for i in range(nb_blocks): identity = residual if not downsample: downsample_strides = 1 if batch_norm: residual = tflearn.batch_normalization(residual) residual = tflearn.activation(residual, activation) residual = conv_2d(residual, out_channels, 3, downsample_strides, 'same', 'linear', bias, weights_init, bias_init, regularizer, weight_decay, trainable, restore) if batch_norm: residual = tflearn.batch_normalization(residual) residual = tflearn.activation(residual, activation) residual = conv_2d(residual, out_channels, 3, 1, 'same', 'linear', bias, weights_init, bias_init, regularizer, weight_decay, trainable, restore) # get thresholds and apply thresholding abs_mean = tf.reduce_mean(tf.reduce_mean(tf.abs(residual),axis=2,keep_dims=True),axis=1,keep_dims=True) scales = tflearn.fully_connected(abs_mean, out_channels//4, activation='linear',regularizer='L2',weight_decay=0.0001,weights_init='variance_scaling') scales = tflearn.batch_normalization(scales) scales = tflearn.activation(scales, 'relu') scales = tflearn.fully_connected(scales, out_channels, activation='linear',regularizer='L2',weight_decay=0.0001,weights_init='variance_scaling') scales = tf.expand_dims(tf.expand_dims(scales,axis=1),axis=1) thres = tf.multiply(abs_mean,tflearn.activations.sigmoid(scales)) # soft thresholding residual = tf.multiply(tf.sign(residual), tf.maximum(tf.abs(residual)-thres,0)) # Downsampling if downsample_strides > 1: identity = tflearn.avg_pool_2d(identity, 1, downsample_strides) # Projection to new dimension if in_channels != out_channels: if (out_channels - in_channels) % 2 == 0: ch = (out_channels - in_channels)//2 identity = tf.pad(identity, [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [ch, ch]]) else: ch = (out_channels - in_channels)//2 identity = tf.pad(identity, [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [ch, ch+1]]) in_channels = out_channels residual = residual + identity return residual # Real-time data preprocessing img_prep = tflearn.ImagePreprocessing() img_prep.add_featurewise_zero_center(per_channel=True) # Real-time data augmentation img_aug = tflearn.ImageAugmentation() img_aug.add_random_flip_leftright() img_aug.add_random_crop([32, 32], padding=4) # Build a Deep Residual Shrinkage Network with 3 blocks net = tflearn.input_data(shape=[None, 32, 32, 3], data_preprocessing=img_prep, data_augmentation=img_aug) net = tflearn.conv_2d(net, 16, 3, regularizer='L2', weight_decay=0.0001) net = residual_shrinkage_block(net, 1, 16) net = residual_shrinkage_block(net, 1, 32, downsample=True) net = residual_shrinkage_block(net, 1, 32, downsample=True) net = tflearn.batch_normalization(net) net = tflearn.activation(net, 'relu') net = tflearn.global_avg_pool(net) # Regression net = tflearn.fully_connected(net, 10, activation='softmax') mom = tflearn.Momentum(0.1, lr_decay=0.1, decay_step=20000, staircase=True) net = tflearn.regression(net, optimizer=mom, loss='categorical_crossentropy') # Training model = tflearn.DNN(net, checkpoint_path='model_cifar10', max_checkpoints=10, tensorboard_verbose=0, clip_gradients=0.) model.fit(X, Y, n_epoch=100, snapshot_epoch=False, snapshot_step=500, show_metric=True, batch_size=100, shuffle=True, run_id='model_cifar10') training_acc = model.evaluate(X, Y)[0] validation_acc = model.evaluate(testX, testY)[0]
文献来源
M. Zhao, S, Zhong, X. Fu, et al. Deep residual shrinkage networks for fault diagnosis. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 2019, DOI: 10.1109/TII.2019.2943898
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8850096/
源代码
https://github.com/zhao62/Deep-Residual-Shrinkage-Networks