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redis集群慢查詢引起的redis-clusterdown， cluster-node-timeout=15000（重要）

本文轉載自   查看原文   2022-03-08 21:33   927    redis

https://blog.csdn.net/carlosfu/article/details/84752805

 一、現象

 

    1. 報警：我們的redis私有雲有幾百個redis實例，對於每個實例的存活，都有定時任務會每隔5分鍾，重試多次ping命令去檢查它的存活性，比如多次都ping不通，這時候就會收到報警短信： xxx系統-實例(10.10.xx.xx:xxxx)-由運行中變為心跳停止。這時候我就會去線上看一下出現了哪些問題。

   

    2. 檢測代碼：比較簡易，但是比較有效。

 

  1.  
    public boolean isRun(final String ip, final int port) {
  2.  
    boolean isRun = new IdempotentConfirmer() {
  3.  
    private int timeOutFactor = 1;
  4.  
     
  5.  
    @Override
  6.  
    public boolean execute() {
  7.  
    Jedis jedis = new Jedis(ip, port);
  8.  
    try {
  9.  
    jedis.getClient().setConnectionTimeout(Protocol.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT * (timeOutFactor++));
  10.  
    jedis.getClient().setSoTimeout(Protocol.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT * (timeOutFactor++));
  11.  
    String pong = jedis.ping();
  12.  
    return pong != null && pong.equalsIgnoreCase("PONG");
  13.  
    } catch (JedisDataException e) {
  14.  
    String message = e.getMessage();
  15.  
    logger.warn(e.getMessage());
  16.  
    if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(message) && message.startsWith("LOADING")) {
  17.  
    return true;
  18.  
    }
  19.  
    return false;
  20.  
    } catch (Exception e) {
  21.  
    logger.warn( "{}:{} error message is {} ", ip, port, e.getMessage());
  22.  
    return false;
  23.  
    } finally {
  24.  
    jedis.close();
  25.  
    }
  26.  
    }
  27.  
    }.run();
  28.  
    return isRun;
  29.  
    }
    一個簡易的冪等操作器：
  1.  
    package com.sohu.cache.util;
  2.  
     
  3.  
    import org.slf4j.Logger;
  4.  
    import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
  5.  
     
  6.  
    /**
  7.  
    * 冪等操作器
  8.  
    */
  9.  
    public abstract class IdempotentConfirmer {
  10.  
    private final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(this.getClass());
  11.  
     
  12.  
    private int retry = 3;
  13.  
     
  14.  
    protected IdempotentConfirmer(int retry) {
  15.  
    this.retry = retry;
  16.  
    }
  17.  
     
  18.  
    public IdempotentConfirmer() {
  19.  
    }
  20.  
     
  21.  
    public abstract boolean execute();
  22.  
     
  23.  
    public boolean run() {
  24.  
    while (retry-- > 0) {
  25.  
    try {
  26.  
    boolean isOk = execute();
  27.  
    if (isOk){
  28.  
    return true;
  29.  
    }
  30.  
    } catch (Exception e) {
  31.  
    logger.error(e.getMessage(), e);
  32.  
    continue;
  33.  
    }
  34.  
    }
  35.  
    return false;
  36.  
    }
  37.  
    }

 

    

二、Redis-Cluster的拓撲結構

 

1. 拓撲圖：

 

 2. 拓撲表      

nodeid ip:port replication status
b6073bedf256d45e1dce97cd9242bb4789d52343 10.10.81.94:7497 master
efc1dfb19e120a2f41e0cec3d03d02f43e168238 10.10.79.150:6389

slave
792a356d3cd1474b8f1374aba1e5ceced1c6868d  10.10.81.95:7497

master
472823a5f04ad10027b3cde2672cc33f5accdf99 10.10.79.157:6390 slave
19544b078897d8999b68a41f2538a20cbf84288d 10.10.83.180:6382 master
74d5cda02571651bba185cbc1b10d5810d048ac3 10.10.81.96:6391 slave
b95759d39b6714544917e4aefa383b4de80f871c 10.10.81.97:7499 master
3379f2da275825c9ce4e476820254ccaf7b997d1 10.10.78.52:6398 slave
5711268a4881b723273e618894ba9276b27a297f 10.10.81.98:7496 master
5b2aa80014f168fd26c246104b5f6adf6426275e 10.10.78.53:6396 slave

 

 

三、日志分析：

   

   1. [10:35:09] 10.10.81.97:7499（b95759d39b6714544917e4aefa383b4de80f871c）發現10.10.81.94:7497（b6073bedf256d45e1dce97cd9242bb4789d52343）不可達：

4051:M 26 Nov 10:35:09.768 * Marking node b6073bedf256d45e1dce97cd9242bb4789d52343 as failing (quorum reached).

    

 

   2.10.10.81.97:7499（b95759d39b6714544917e4aefa383b4de80f871c）通過gossip協議廣播10.10.81.94:7497（b6073bedf256d45e1dce97cd9242bb4789d52343）失敗的信息，其他實例收到了這個流言：

29177:S 26 Nov 10:35:10.939 * FAIL message received from b95759d39b6714544917e4aefa383b4de80f871c about b6073bedf256d45e1dce97cd9242bb4789d52343

  

   3.投票：（在redisCluster中，只有Master會參與投票，因為從節點只是負責備份用），進入新的epoch

9611:M 26 Nov 10:35:12.068 # Failover auth granted to efc1dfb19e120a2f41e0cec3d03d02f43e168238 for epoch 18

   

   redis源碼：

  1.  
    // 主機已經是一個出錯節點了，自己作為從機可以升級為主機
  2.  
    void clusterHandleSlaveFailover(void) {
  3.  
    ......
  4.  
    // 故障修復超時，重新啟動故障修復
  5.  
    if (auth_age > auth_retry_time) { // 兩次故障修復間隔不能過短
  6.  
    // 更新一些時間
  7.  
    ......
  8.  
    redisLog(REDIS_WARNING,
  9.  
    "Start of election delayed for %lld milliseconds "
  10.  
    "(rank #%d, offset %lld).",
  11.  
    server.cluster->failover_auth_time - mstime(),
  12.  
    server.cluster->failover_auth_rank,
  13.  
    replicationGetSlaveOffset());
  14.  
    // 告知其他從機
  15.  
    /* Now that we have a scheduled election, broadcast our offset
  16.  
    * to all the other slaves so that they'll updated their offsets
  17.  
    * if our offset is better. */
  18.  
    clusterBroadcastPong(CLUSTER_BROADCAST_LOCAL_SLAVES);
  19.  
    return;
  20.  
    }
  21.  
    ......
  22.  
    // 開頭投票
  23.  
    /* Ask for votes if needed. */
  24.  
    if (server.cluster->failover_auth_sent == 0) {
  25.  
    server.cluster->currentEpoch++;
  26.  
    server.cluster->failover_auth_epoch = server.cluster->currentEpoch;
  27.  
    redisLog(REDIS_WARNING, "Starting a failover election for epoch %llu.",
  28.  
    (unsigned long long) server.cluster->currentEpoch);
  29.  
    clusterRequestFailoverAuth();
  30.  
    server.cluster->failover_auth_sent = 1;
  31.  
    clusterDoBeforeSleep(CLUSTER_TODO_SAVE_CONFIG|
  32.  
    CLUSTER_TODO_UPDATE_STATE|
  33.  
    CLUSTER_TODO_FSYNC_CONFIG);
  34.  
    return; /* Wait for replies. */
  35.  
    }
  36.  
    }

     

 

   4. 投票結果: 

   (1) 10.10.79.150:6389是新的master, 成功執行了failover

  1.  
    3173:S 26 Nov 10:35:11.003 # Start of election delayed for 515 milliseconds (rank #0, offset 21516181352).
  2.  
    3173:S 26 Nov 10:35:11.606 # Starting a failover election for epoch 18.
  3.  
    3173:S 26 Nov 10:35:11.660 # Failover election won: I'm the new master.
  4.  
    3173:S 26 Nov 10:35:11.660 # configEpoch set to 18 after successful failover

   

   (2) 原來的master:10.10.81.94:7497(主) ，收到了判決書：節點失敗(fail), 授權10.10.79.150:6389為它的master, 修改自己的cluster nodes, 沒有了slave, cluster status ok, 開始主從復制...

  1.  
    3022:M 26 Nov 10:35:15.560 # Cluster state changed: fail
  2.  
    3022:M 26 Nov 10:35:15.562 # Failover auth denied to efc1dfb19e120a2f41e0cec3d03d02f43e168238: its master is up
  3.  
    3022:M 26 Nov 10:35:15.595 # Configuration change detected. Reconfiguring myself as a replica of efc1dfb19e120a2f41e0cec3d03d02f43e168238
  4.  
    3022:S 26 Nov 10:35:15.595 # Connection with slave 10.10.79.150:6389 lost.
  5.  
    3022:S 26 Nov 10:35:15.616 # Cluster state changed: ok
  6.  
    .................

   

   (3)新的主從通信成功，主從關系確定

 

 5. 其他機器開始，認定新的slave

  1.  
    7925:S 26 Nov 10:36:20.879 * Marking node b6073bedf256d45e1dce97cd9242bb4789d52343 as failing (quorum reached).
  2.  
    7925:S 26 Nov 10:35:33.603 * Clear FAIL state for node b6073bedf256d45e1dce97cd9242bb4789d52343: slave is reachable again.

 

 6. 完整日志 

    (1). 10.10.81.94:7497(主)

  1.  
    3022:M 26 Nov 10:35:15.560 # Cluster state changed: fail
  2.  
    3022:M 26 Nov 10:35:15.562 # Failover auth denied to efc1dfb19e120a2f41e0cec3d03d02f43e168238: its master is up
  3.  
    3022:M 26 Nov 10:35:15.595 # Configuration change detected. Reconfiguring myself as a replica of efc1dfb19e120a2f41e0cec3d03d02f43e168238
  4.  
    3022:S 26 Nov 10:35:15.595 # Connection with slave 10.10.79.150:6389 lost.
  5.  
    3022:S 26 Nov 10:35:15.616 # Cluster state changed: ok
  6.  
    3022:S 26 Nov 10:35:16.061 * Connecting to MASTER 10.10.79.150:6389
  7.  
    3022:S 26 Nov 10:35:16.061 * MASTER <-> SLAVE sync started
  8.  
    3022:S 26 Nov 10:35:16.062 * Non blocking connect for SYNC fired the event.
  9.  
    3022:S 26 Nov 10:35:16.062 * Master replied to PING, replication can continue...
  10.  
    3022:S 26 Nov 10:35:16.062 * Partial resynchronization not possible (no cached master)
  11.  
    3022:S 26 Nov 10:35:16.062 * Full resync from master: 80ac45a2b236fc44ebbef3d851e535bcbdd6367b:21516181353
  12.  
    3022:S 26 Nov 10:35:45.273 * MASTER <-> SLAVE sync: receiving 494097946 bytes from master
  13.  
    3022:S 26 Nov 10:35:51.052 * MASTER <-> SLAVE sync: Flushing old data
  14.  
    3022:S 26 Nov 10:36:22.165 * MASTER <-> SLAVE sync: Loading DB in memory
  15.  
    3022:S 26 Nov 10:37:44.355 * MASTER <-> SLAVE sync: Finished with success
  16.  
    3022:S 26 Nov 10:37:44.440 * Background append only file rewriting started by pid 4036
  17.  
    3022:S 26 Nov 10:38:34.988 * AOF rewrite child asks to stop sending diffs.
  18.  
    4036:C 26 Nov 10:38:34.988 * Parent agreed to stop sending diffs. Finalizing AOF...
  19.  
    4036:C 26 Nov 10:38:34.988 * Concatenating 0.02 MB of AOF diff received from parent.
  20.  
    4036:C 26 Nov 10:38:34.989 * SYNC append only file rewrite performed
  21.  
    4036:C 26 Nov 10:38:35.029 * AOF rewrite: 5 MB of memory used by copy-on-write
  22.  
    3022:S 26 Nov 10:38:35.127 * Background AOF rewrite terminated with success
  23.  
    3022:S 26 Nov 10:38:35.127 * Residual parent diff successfully flushed to the rewritten AOF (0.00 MB)
  24.  
    3022:S 26 Nov 10:38:35.128 * Background AOF rewrite finished successfully

      

    (2) 10.10.79.150:6389(從)

  1.  
    3173:S 26 Nov 10:35:10.934 * FAIL message received from b95759d39b6714544917e4aefa383b4de80f871c about b6073bedf256d45e1dce97cd9242bb4789d52343
  2.  
    3173:S 26 Nov 10:35:11.003 # Start of election delayed for 515 milliseconds (rank #0, offset 21516181352).
  3.  
    3173:S 26 Nov 10:35:11.606 # Starting a failover election for epoch 18.
  4.  
    3173:S 26 Nov 10:35:11.660 # Failover election won: I'm the new master.
  5.  
    3173:S 26 Nov 10:35:11.660 # configEpoch set to 18 after successful failover
  6.  
    3173:M 26 Nov 10:35:11.660 # Connection with master lost.
  7.  
    3173:M 26 Nov 10:35:11.660 * Caching the disconnected master state.
  8.  
    3173:M 26 Nov 10:35:11.660 * Discarding previously cached master state.
  9.  
    3173:M 26 Nov 10:35:15.605 * Clear FAIL state for node b6073bedf256d45e1dce97cd9242bb4789d52343: master without slots is reachable again.
  10.  
    3173:M 26 Nov 10:35:16.071 * Slave 10.10.81.94:7497 asks for synchronization
  11.  
    3173:M 26 Nov 10:35:16.071 * Full resync requested by slave 10.10.81.94:7497
  12.  
    3173:M 26 Nov 10:35:16.071 * Starting BGSAVE for SYNC with target: disk
  13.  
    3173:M 26 Nov 10:35:16.188 * Background saving started by pid 23531
  14.  
    3173:M 26 Nov 10:35:18.091 * Asynchronous AOF fsync is taking too long (disk is busy?). Writing the AOF buffer without waiting for fsync to complete, this may slow down Redis.
  15.  
    3173:M 26 Nov 10:35:31.056 * Asynchronous AOF fsync is taking too long (disk is busy?). Writing the AOF buffer without waiting for fsync to complete, this may slow down Redis.
  16.  
    3173:M 26 Nov 10:35:40.040 * Asynchronous AOF fsync is taking too long (disk is busy?). Writing the AOF buffer without waiting for fsync to complete, this may slow down Redis.
  17.  
    23531:C 26 Nov 10:35:45.048 * DB saved on disk
  18.  
    23531:C 26 Nov 10:35:45.113 * RDB: 6 MB of memory used by copy-on-write
  19.  
    3173:M 26 Nov 10:35:45.281 * Background saving terminated with success
  20.  
    3173:M 26 Nov 10:35:51.059 * Synchronization with slave 10.10.81.94:7497 succeeded
  21.  
    3173:M 26 Nov 10:36:11.107 * FAIL message received from 792a356d3cd1474b8f1374aba1e5ceced1c6868d about b6073bedf256d45e1dce97cd9242bb4789d52343
  22.  
    3173:M 26 Nov 10:36:22.277 * Clear FAIL state for node b6073bedf256d45e1dce97cd9242bb4789d52343: slave is reachable again.

 

   (3) 10.10.81.95:7497(主)

  1.  
    14795:M 26 Nov 10:35:10.309 * FAIL message received from b95759d39b6714544917e4aefa383b4de80f871c about b6073bedf256d45e1dce97cd9242bb4789d52343
  2.  
    14795:M 26 Nov 10:35:11.034 # Failover auth granted to efc1dfb19e120a2f41e0cec3d03d02f43e168238 for epoch 18
  3.  
    14795:M 26 Nov 10:35:14.979 * Clear FAIL state for node b6073bedf256d45e1dce97cd9242bb4789d52343: master without slots is reachable again.
  4.  
    14795:M 26 Nov 10:36:20.480 * Marking node b6073bedf256d45e1dce97cd9242bb4789d52343 as failing (quorum reached).
  5.  
    14795:M 26 Nov 10:36:31.652 * Clear FAIL state for node b6073bedf256d45e1dce97cd9242bb4789d52343: slave is reachable again.

   (4) 10.10.79.157:6390(從)

  1.  
    29177:S 26 Nov 10:35:10.939 * FAIL message received from b95759d39b6714544917e4aefa383b4de80f871c about b6073bedf256d45e1dce97cd9242bb4789d52343
  2.  
    29177:S 26 Nov 10:35:15.609 * Clear FAIL state for node b6073bedf256d45e1dce97cd9242bb4789d52343: master without slots is reachable again.
  3.  
    29177:S 26 Nov 10:36:11.111 * FAIL message received from 792a356d3cd1474b8f1374aba1e5ceced1c6868d about b6073bedf256d45e1dce97cd9242bb4789d52343
  4.  
    29177:S 26 Nov 10:36:22.281 * Clear FAIL state for node b6073bedf256d45e1dce97cd9242bb4789d52343: slave is reachable again.

 

 

   (5) 10.10.83.180:6382(主)    

  1.  
    9611:M 26 Nov 10:35:11.342 * FAIL message received from b95759d39b6714544917e4aefa383b4de80f871c about b6073bedf256d45e1dce97cd9242bb4789d52343
  2.  
    9611:M 26 Nov 10:35:12.068 # Failover auth granted to efc1dfb19e120a2f41e0cec3d03d02f43e168238 for epoch 18
  3.  
    9611:M 26 Nov 10:35:16.013 * Clear FAIL state for node b6073bedf256d45e1dce97cd9242bb4789d52343: master without slots is reachable again.
  4.  
    9611:M 26 Nov 10:36:11.516 * FAIL message received from 792a356d3cd1474b8f1374aba1e5ceced1c6868d about b6073bedf256d45e1dce97cd9242bb4789d52343
  5.  
    9611:M 26 Nov 10:36:22.686 * Clear FAIL state for node b6073bedf256d45e1dce97cd9242bb4789d52343: slave is reachable again.

 

    

   (6) 10.10.81.96:6391(從)

  1.  
    7925:S 26 Nov 10:35:10.260 * FAIL message received from b95759d39b6714544917e4aefa383b4de80f871c about b6073bedf256d45e1dce97cd9242bb4789d52343
  2.  
    7925:S 26 Nov 10:35:14.930 * Clear FAIL state for node b6073bedf256d45e1dce97cd9242bb4789d52343: master without slots is reachable again.
  3.  
    7925:S 26 Nov 10:36:20.879 * Marking node b6073bedf256d45e1dce97cd9242bb4789d52343 as failing (quorum reached).
  4.  
    7925:S 26 Nov 10:35:33.603 * Clear FAIL state for node b6073bedf256d45e1dce97cd9242bb4789d52343: slave is reachable again.

 

 

   (7) 10.10.81.97:7499(主) 

  1.  
    4051:M 26 Nov 10:35:09.768 * Marking node b6073bedf256d45e1dce97cd9242bb4789d52343 as failing (quorum reached).
  2.  
    4051:M 26 Nov 10:35:10.507 # Failover auth granted to efc1dfb19e120a2f41e0cec3d03d02f43e168238 for epoch 18
  3.  
    4051:M 26 Nov 10:35:14.452 * Clear FAIL state for node b6073bedf256d45e1dce97cd9242bb4789d52343: master without slots is reachable again.
  4.  
    4051:M 26 Nov 10:36:09.955 * FAIL message received from 792a356d3cd1474b8f1374aba1e5ceced1c6868d about b6073bedf256d45e1dce97cd9242bb4789d52343
  5.  
    4051:M 26 Nov 10:36:21.125 * Clear FAIL state for node b6073bedf256d45e1dce97cd9242bb4789d52343: slave is reachable again.

 

      

   (8) 10.10.78.52:6398(從)

  

  1.  
    22972:S 26 Nov 10:35:10.944 * FAIL message received from b95759d39b6714544917e4aefa383b4de80f871c about b6073bedf256d45e1dce97cd9242bb4789d52343
  2.  
    22972:S 26 Nov 10:35:15.635 * Clear FAIL state for node b6073bedf256d45e1dce97cd9242bb4789d52343: master without slots is reachable again.
  3.  
    22972:S 26 Nov 10:36:11.116 * FAIL message received from 792a356d3cd1474b8f1374aba1e5ceced1c6868d about b6073bedf256d45e1dce97cd9242bb4789d52343
  4.  
    22972:S 26 Nov 10:36:22.286 * Clear FAIL state for node b6073bedf256d45e1dce97cd9242bb4789d52343: slave is reachable again.

 

 

   (9) 10.10.81.98:7496(主)

   

  1.  
    2062:M 26 Nov 10:35:10.908 * FAIL message received from b95759d39b6714544917e4aefa383b4de80f871c about b6073bedf256d45e1dce97cd9242bb4789d52343
  2.  
    2062:M 26 Nov 10:35:11.634 # Failover auth granted to efc1dfb19e120a2f41e0cec3d03d02f43e168238 for epoch 18
  3.  
    2062:M 26 Nov 10:35:15.599 * Clear FAIL state for node b6073bedf256d45e1dce97cd9242bb4789d52343: master without slots is reachable again.
  4.  
    2062:M 26 Nov 10:36:11.080 * FAIL message received from 792a356d3cd1474b8f1374aba1e5ceced1c6868d about b6073bedf256d45e1dce97cd9242bb4789d52343
  5.  
    2062:M 26 Nov 10:36:22.250 * Clear FAIL state for node b6073bedf256d45e1dce97cd9242bb4789d52343: slave is reachable again.

 

   (10) 10.10.78.53:6396(從)

  1.  
    19527:S 26 Nov 10:35:10.944 * FAIL message received from b95759d39b6714544917e4aefa383b4de80f871c about b6073bedf256d45e1dce97cd9242bb4789d52343
  2.  
    19527:S 26 Nov 10:35:15.615 * Clear FAIL state for node b6073bedf256d45e1dce97cd9242bb4789d52343: master without slots is reachable again.
  3.  
    19527:S 26 Nov 10:36:11.117 * FAIL message received from 792a356d3cd1474b8f1374aba1e5ceced1c6868d about b6073bedf256d45e1dce97cd9242bb4789d52343
  4.  
    19527:S 26 Nov 10:36:22.287 * Clear FAIL state for node b6073bedf256d45e1dce97cd9242bb4789d52343: slave is reachable again.
 

 

四、原因查找

redis節點被認為失敗，可能有如下原因：

1. 機器本身問題：負載過高，網絡阻塞，cpu過高等等。

   通過tsar命令，查詢機器當時各個指標，未發現有什么問題：

  1.  
    Time ---cpu-- ---mem-- ---tcp-- -----traffic---- --sda--- --sdb--- --sdc--- --sdd--- --sde--- --sdf--- --sdg--- --sdh--- --sdi--- --sdj--- --sdk--- --sdl--- --sdm--- ---load-
  2.  
    Time util util retran bytin bytout util util util util util util util util util util util util util load1
  3.  
    26/11/15-10:20 4.07 67.89 0.00 1.7M 1.7M 0.05 0.00 1.75 0.00 8.07 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.38 0.25 0.00 1.77
  4.  
    26/11/15-10:25 4.11 67.89 0.00 1.7M 1.6M 0.01 0.00 1.95 0.00 7.45 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.47 0.27 0.00 0.94
  5.  
    26/11/15-10:30 4.37 67.89 0.00 1.7M 1.7M 0.18 0.00 2.00 0.00 7.79 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.31 0.15 0.00 0.94
  6.  
    26/11/15-10:35 4.86 68.38 0.00 1.8M 1.7M 0.47 0.00 2.40 0.00 7.99 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.06 0.15 0.00 1.22
  7.  
    26/11/15-10:40 7.29 67.66 0.00 2.9M 1.6M 1.55 0.00 2.92 0.00 8.46 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.87 0.11 0.00 1.14
  8.  
    26/11/15-10:45 4.08 67.68 0.00 1.2M 1.6M 0.09 0.00 0.34 0.00 9.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.25 1.35 0.00 0.46

 

2. cluster-node-timeout: 這個我們設置的是15秒，一直未發現問題，從別人的分享看，這個數字已經足夠了。

 

3. 被判斷失敗的redis本身的問題：阻塞操作(比較常見的有: aof阻塞、慢查詢）：從redis的日志看沒有發生aof阻塞的情況，但是從慢查詢的日志中，發現了如下，瞬間就明白了，許多慢查詢，redis的單線程什么都堵住了。

 

 

五、注意：
     本文的日志時間做過糾正，實際有些機器沒有做時間同步，造成日志實際對不上，不利排查，而且在分布式系統中，時間的一致性通常非常重要，所以這個要注意。


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