swap介紹
Linux 的交換分區(swap),或者叫內存置換空間(swap space),是磁盤上的一塊區域,可以是一個分區,也可以是一個文件,或者是他們的組合。交換分區的作用是,當系統物理內存吃緊時,Linux 會將內存中不常訪問的數據保存到swap 上,這樣系統就有更多的物理內存為各個進程服務,而當系統需要訪問 swap 上存儲的內容時,再將 swap 上的數據加載到內存中,也就是說,當正常內存已經占滿,不夠用時,系統就會使用虛擬內存,以緩解服務器壓力,避免崩潰,增強穩定性。但是其速度有限,常只是作為突發情況的緩沖。
使用 swap 交換分區,顯著的優點是,通過操作系統的調度,應用程序實際可以使用的內存空間將遠遠超過系統的物理內存。由於硬盤空間的價格遠比 RAM 要低,因此這種方式無疑是經濟實惠的。當然,頻繁地讀寫硬盤,會顯著降低操作系統的運行速率,這也是使用 swap 交換分區最大的限制。
使用 swap 必須要知道它存在的缺點,以便判斷何時使用交換分區。使用交換分區的好處當然就是可以一定程度的緩解內存空間緊張的問題。然而,由於 CPU 所讀取的數據都來自於內存,交換分區則是存放在磁盤上的,磁盤的速度和內存比較起來慢了好幾個數量級,如果不停的讀寫 swap,那么對系統的性能肯定有影響,尤其是當系統內存很吃緊的時候,讀寫 swap 空間發生的頻率會很高,導致系統運行很慢。
如果使用是桌面系統,由於系統會自動將不常用的內存數據移到 swap 上,對桌面程序來說,有可能會導致最小化一個程序后,再打開時小卡一下,因為需要將 swap 上的數據重新加載到內存中來。在部署了數據庫的系統上,也不建議用交換分區,因為頻繁地在內存和磁盤上相互導數據會影響數據庫性能。
很多時候我們安裝系統的時候並沒有考慮到,並不會划分swap分區,而當需要用到時,可以通過命令手動增加,刪除,修改swap虛擬內存。下面就詳細記錄介紹一下如何操作虛擬內存。
新增swap有兩種方式:
- 磁盤上新增一個分區(lvm分區或直接分區),用分區作為swap。
- 磁盤上新增一個固定大小的文件,用文件作為swap。
推薦: 使用分區方式,新增一個分區。分區類型fdisk下為82,gdisk下為8200,partep分區標記沒有定義swap,其實分區后不更改分區類型也行測試也可以用,但為了在分區工具下方便查看最好還是把分區類型改成swap對應的分區類型,本人理解分區類型就是分區軟件下用來描述分區所要承載的文件系統的類型,比如分區類型為83表示為linxu分區,用於格式化成ext3 ext4等linux文件系統,分區創建的方法這里就不寫了前面有分區創建的方法。
准備環境
[root@localhost ~] # cat /etc/redhat-release
CentOS Linux release 7.5.1804 (Core)
[root@localhost ~] # uname -r
3.10.0-862.el7.x86_64
[root@localhost ~] # free -m
total used free shared buff /cache available
Mem: 3934 121 3474 11 338 3545
Swap: 0 0 0
[root@localhost ~] # df -Th
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda2 xfs 19G 1.1G 18G 6% /
devtmpfs devtmpfs 2.0G 0 2.0G 0% /dev
tmpfs tmpfs 2.0G 0 2.0G 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs tmpfs 2.0G 12M 2.0G 1% /run
tmpfs tmpfs 2.0G 0 2.0G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1 xfs 297M 107M 191M 36% /boot
tmpfs tmpfs 394M 0 394M 0% /run/user/0
[root@localhost ~] # blkid
/dev/sda1 : UUID= "0705b568-de2f-40dc-940f-ea2c91b3f059" TYPE= "xfs"
/dev/sda2 : UUID= "57859f61-6df4-40dc-8da5-6998dc7df3a7" TYPE= "xfs"
/dev/sr0 : UUID= "2018-05-03-21-07-04-00" LABEL= "CentOS 7 x86_64" TYPE= "iso9660" PTTYPE= "dos"
[root@localhost ~] # ls -l /dev/sd[a-z]
brw-rw----. 1 root disk 8, 0 Feb 25 10:26 /dev/sda
新增swap分區操作
VMware Workstation添加一塊硬盤
- 在"我的計算機"中選擇該主機--右鍵--設置--添加--硬盤--下一步--下一步--下一步--完成 添加硬盤步驟。
- 命令:echo "- - -" > /sys/class/scsi_host/host0/scan
- 1.新增添磁盤,還不能直接顯示出來,要想出現要對磁盤進行掃描(實際生產環境中不需要,都是熱插拔技術):
- 2.假如 fdisk -l 還是未發現新硬盤,則將上面命令中的host0,替換為host1,host2,....看看;
- 3.我們再查看系統日志/var/log/messages,發現對SCSI設備進行了一次重新掃描,用fdisk -l也看到了新增加的磁盤了。
查看新增的硬盤
[root@localhost ~] # echo "- - -" > /sys/class/scsi_host/host0/scan
[root@localhost ~] # ls -l /dev/sd[a-z]
brw-rw----. 1 root disk 8, 0 Feb 25 10:26 /dev/sda
brw-rw----. 1 root disk 8, 16 Feb 25 10:51 /dev/sdb
[root@localhost ~] # fdisk -l
Disk /dev/sda : 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical /physical ): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I /O size (minimum /optimal ): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type : dos
Disk identifier: 0x00094eb7
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 2048 616447 307200 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 616448 40462335 19922944 83 Linux
Disk /dev/sdb : 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical /physical ): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I /O size (minimum /optimal ): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
方式一:在/dev/sdb磁盤上使用lvm2創建分區
(lvm分區參考前文:Linux下使用lvm管理)
安裝lvm2
[root@localhost ~] # yum install lvm2 -y
[root@localhost ~] # rpm -qa |grep lvm2
lvm2-libs-2.02.187-6.el7_9.5.x86_64
lvm2-2.02.187-6.el7_9.5.x86_64
方式二:在/dev/sdb磁盤上直接創建物理分區
[root@localhost ~] # fdisk /dev/sdb
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command .
Device does not contain a recognized partition table
Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x3d895f28.
Command (m for help): n // 創建分區
Partition type :
p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free )
e extended
Select (default p): // 回車,默認p為主分區,e為擴展分區
Using default response p
Partition number (1-4, default 1): // 回車,默認分區號
First sector (2048-41943039, default 2048): // 回車(默認)
Using default value 2048
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-41943039, default 41943039): +8G // 新增分區大小
Partition 1 of type Linux and of size 8 GiB is set
Command (m for help): m // 顯示相關命令
Command action
a toggle a bootable flag
b edit bsd disklabel
c toggle the dos compatibility flag
d delete a partition
g create a new empty GPT partition table
G create an IRIX (SGI) partition table
l list known partition types
m print this menu
n add a new partition
o create a new empty DOS partition table
p print the partition table
q quit without saving changes
s create a new empty Sun disklabel
t change a partition's system id
u change display /entry units
v verify the partition table
w write table to disk and exit
x extra functionality (experts only)
Command (m for help): p // 顯示信息
Disk /dev/sdb : 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical /physical ): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I /O size (minimum /optimal ): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type : dos
Disk identifier: 0x3d895f28
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 2048 16779263 8388608 83 Linux
Command (m for help): l // 列出所有類型
0 Empty 24 NEC DOS 81 Minix / old Lin bf Solaris
1 FAT12 27 Hidden NTFS Win 82 Linux swap / So c1 DRDOS /sec (FAT-
2 XENIX root 39 Plan 9 83 Linux c4 DRDOS /sec (FAT-
3 XENIX usr 3c PartitionMagic 84 OS /2 hidden C: c6 DRDOS /sec (FAT-
4 FAT16 <32M 40 Venix 80286 85 Linux extended c7 Syrinx
5 Extended 41 PPC PReP Boot 86 NTFS volume set da Non-FS data
6 FAT16 42 SFS 87 NTFS volume set db CP /M / CTOS / .
7 HPFS /NTFS/exFAT 4d QNX4.x 88 Linux plaintext de Dell Utility
8 AIX 4e QNX4.x 2nd part 8e Linux LVM df BootIt
9 AIX bootable 4f QNX4.x 3rd part 93 Amoeba e1 DOS access
a OS /2 Boot Manag 50 OnTrack DM 94 Amoeba BBT e3 DOS R /O
b W95 FAT32 51 OnTrack DM6 Aux 9f BSD /OS e4 SpeedStor
c W95 FAT32 (LBA) 52 CP /M a0 IBM Thinkpad hi eb BeOS fs
e W95 FAT16 (LBA) 53 OnTrack DM6 Aux a5 FreeBSD ee GPT
f W95 Ext'd (LBA) 54 OnTrackDM6 a6 OpenBSD ef EFI (FAT-12 /16/
10 OPUS 55 EZ-Drive a7 NeXTSTEP f0 Linux /PA-RISC b
11 Hidden FAT12 56 Golden Bow a8 Darwin UFS f1 SpeedStor
12 Compaq diagnost 5c Priam Edisk a9 NetBSD f4 SpeedStor
14 Hidden FAT16 <3 61 SpeedStor ab Darwin boot f2 DOS secondary
16 Hidden FAT16 63 GNU HURD or Sys af HFS / HFS+ fb VMware VMFS
17 Hidden HPFS /NTF 64 Novell Netware b7 BSDI fs fc VMware VMKCORE
18 AST SmartSleep 65 Novell Netware b8 BSDI swap fd Linux raid auto
1b Hidden W95 FAT3 70 DiskSecure Mult bb Boot Wizard hid fe LANstep
1c Hidden W95 FAT3 75 PC /IX be Solaris boot ff BBT
1e Hidden W95 FAT1 80 Old Minix
Command (m for help): t // 修改類型
Selected partition 1
Hex code ( type L to list all codes): 82 // 修改為Linux swap類型
Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'Linux swap / Solaris'
Command (m for help): p // 再次顯示,確認修改成功
Disk /dev/sdb : 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical /physical ): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I /O size (minimum /optimal ): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type : dos
Disk identifier: 0x3d895f28
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 2048 16779263 8388608 82 Linux swap / Solaris
Command (m for help): w // 保存退出
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re- read partition table.
Syncing disks.
[root@localhost ~] # fdisk -l
Disk /dev/sda : 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical /physical ): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I /O size (minimum /optimal ): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type : dos
Disk identifier: 0x00094eb7
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 2048 616447 307200 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 616448 40462335 19922944 83 Linux
Disk /dev/sdb : 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical /physical ): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I /O size (minimum /optimal ): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type : dos
Disk identifier: 0x3d895f28
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 2048 16779263 8388608 82 Linux swap / Solaris
格式化swap分區
[root@localhost ~] # mkswap /dev/sdb1
Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 8388604 KiB
no label, UUID=ebe6d07e-a3df-4c08-af8f-8129b0989c72
[root@localhost ~] # free -m
total used free shared buff /cache available
Mem: 3934 122 3460 11 351 3543
Swap: 0 0 0
開啟swap分區
[root@localhost ~] # swapon /dev/sdb1
[root@localhost ~] # free -m
total used free shared buff /cache available
Mem: 3934 127 3454 11 351 3537
Swap: 8191 0 8191
[root@localhost ~] # blkid
/dev/sda1 : UUID= "0705b568-de2f-40dc-940f-ea2c91b3f059" TYPE= "xfs"
/dev/sda2 : UUID= "57859f61-6df4-40dc-8da5-6998dc7df3a7" TYPE= "xfs"
/dev/sr0 : UUID= "2018-05-03-21-07-04-00" LABEL= "CentOS 7 x86_64" TYPE= "iso9660" PTTYPE= "dos"
/dev/sdb1 : UUID= "ebe6d07e-a3df-4c08-af8f-8129b0989c72" TYPE="swap
將新添加的交換分區添加到 /etc/fstab 文件中使之開機啟動
[root@localhost ~] # echo "UUID=ebe6d07e-a3df-4c08-af8f-8129b0989c72 swap swap defaults 0 0" >> /etc/fstab
到此就完成了直接用物理分區新增為swap
刪除swap分區操作
關閉swap
[root@localhost ~] # swapoff /dev/sdb1
注釋掉或刪除 /etc/fstab 中的分區信息
[root@localhost ~] # sed -i_bak 's/^[^#].*swap*/#&/g' /etc/fstab
[root@localhost ~] # sed -i_bak '/swap/d' /etc/fstab
[root@localhost ~] # fdisk /dev/sdb
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command .
Device does not contain a recognized partition table
Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x8737f2c3.
Command (m for help): m
Command action
a toggle a bootable flag
b edit bsd disklabel
c toggle the dos compatibility flag
d delete a partition
g create a new empty GPT partition table
G create an IRIX (SGI) partition table
l list known partition types
m print this menu
n add a new partition
o create a new empty DOS partition table
p print the partition table
q quit without saving changes
s create a new empty Sun disklabel
t change a partition's system id
u change display /entry units
v verify the partition table
w write table to disk and exit
x extra functionality (experts only)
Command (m for help): d
No partition is defined yet!
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb1 : 8589 MB, 8589934592 bytes, 16777216 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical /physical ): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I /O size (minimum /optimal ): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type : dos
Disk identifier: 0x8737f2c3
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re- read partition table.
WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 22: Invalid argument.
The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at
the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8)
Syncing disks.
[root@localhost ~] # free -m
total used free shared buff /cache available
Mem: 3934 101 3695 11 137 3620
Swap: 0 0 0
到此就完全刪除了swap分區
新增swap交換文件操作
使用 dd 命令創建名為swapfile的swap交換文件,文件路徑為 /swapfile ,bs為單位,count為大小(8G)
[root@localhost ~] # dd if=/dev/zero of=/swapfile bs=1MB count=8192
8192+0 records in
8192+0 records out
8192000000 bytes (8.2 GB) copied, 55.0475 s, 149 MB /s
[root@localhost ~] # df -Th
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda2 xfs 19G 8.6G 11G 46% /
devtmpfs devtmpfs 2.0G 0 2.0G 0% /dev
tmpfs tmpfs 2.0G 0 2.0G 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs tmpfs 2.0G 12M 2.0G 1% /run
tmpfs tmpfs 2.0G 0 2.0G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1 xfs 297M 107M 191M 36% /boot
tmpfs tmpfs 394M 0 394M 0% /run/user/0
[root@localhost ~] # blkid
/dev/sda1 : UUID= "0705b568-de2f-40dc-940f-ea2c91b3f059" TYPE= "xfs"
/dev/sda2 : UUID= "57859f61-6df4-40dc-8da5-6998dc7df3a7" TYPE= "xfs"
/dev/sr0 : UUID= "2018-05-03-21-07-04-00" LABEL= "CentOS 7 x86_64" TYPE= "iso9660" PTTYPE= "dos"
驗證交換文件大小
[root@localhost ~] # du -sh /swapfile
7.7G /swapfile
修改文件的權限,避免其他用戶對這個文件進行誤操作
[root@localhost ~] # ls -l /swapfile
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 8192000000 Mar 24 14:27 /swapfile
[root@localhost ~] # chmod 600 /swapfile
[root@localhost ~] # ls -l /swapfile
-rw-------. 1 root root 8192000000 Mar 24 14:27 /swapfile
將交換文件格式化並轉換為swap分區
[root@localhost ~] # mkswap /swapfile
Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 7999996 KiB
no label, UUID=42e38c74-4067-499a-bee4-e53542262f91
[root@localhost ~] # free -m
total used free shared buff /cache available
Mem: 3934 102 127 11 3704 3515
Swap: 0 0 0
掛載並激活分區
[root@localhost ~] # swapon /swapfile
[root@localhost ~] # free -m
total used free shared buff /cache available
Mem: 3934 108 120 11 3704 3508
Swap: 7812 0 7812
設置開機自動掛載該分區
[root@localhost ~] # echo "/swapfile swap swap defaults 0 0" >> /etc/fstab
重新生成掛載單元 /etc/fstab
[root@localhost ~] # systemctl daemon-reload
刪除swap交換文件操作
查看swap
[root@localhost ~] # cat /proc/swaps
Filename Type Size Used Priority
/swapfile file 7999996 0 -1
[root@localhost ~] # free -m
total used free shared buff /cache available
Mem: 3934 110 3687 11 136 3612
Swap: 7812 0 7812
禁用交換文件
[root@localhost ~] # swapoff -v /swapfile
swapoff /swapfile
重新生成掛載單元 /etc/fstab
[root@localhost ~] # systemctl daemon-reload
刪除實際文件
[root@localhost ~] # rm /swapfile -rf
注釋掉或刪除 /etc/fstab 中的分區信息
[root@localhost ~] # sed -i_bak 's/^[^#].*swap*/#&/g' /etc/fstab
[root@localhost ~] # sed -i_bak '/swap/d' /etc/fstab
再次檢查swap
[root@localhost ~] # free -m
total used free shared buff /cache available
Mem: 3934 104 3693 11 136 3618
Swap: 0 0 0
[root@localhost ~] # cat /proc/swaps
Filename Type Size Used Priority<br>
附:在lvm2上使用swap【官方文檔】