本文為joshua317原創文章,轉載請注明：轉載自joshua317博客 https://www.joshua317.com/article/172
一、簡介
Linux下的hdparm（英文全稱：hard disk parameters）命令，主要用來查看硬盤的相關信息或對硬盤進行測速、優化、修改硬盤相關參數設定。它提供了一個命令行的接口用於讀取和設置IDE或SCSI硬盤參數。
若沒有安裝hdparm ，可以通過sudo yum install hdparm 來安裝。
二、格式說明
hdparm [options] ...[device]...
hdparm [參數]...[設備]...
Options:
-a Get/set fs readahead
-A Get/set the drive look-ahead flag (0/1)
-b Get/set bus state (0 == off, 1 == on, 2 == tristate)
-B Set Advanced Power Management setting (1-255)
-c Get/set IDE 32-bit IO setting
-C Check drive power mode status
-d Get/set using_dma flag
-D Enable/disable drive defect management
-E Set cd/dvd drive speed
-f Flush buffer cache for device on exit
-F Flush drive write cache
-g Display drive geometry
-h Display terse usage information
-H Read temperature from drive (Hitachi only)
-i Display drive identification
-I Detailed/current information directly from drive
-J Get/set Western DIgital "Idle3" timeout for a WDC "Green" drive (DANGEROUS)
-k Get/set keep_settings_over_reset flag (0/1)
-K Set drive keep_features_over_reset flag (0/1)
-L Set drive doorlock (0/1) (removable harddisks only)
-m Get/set multiple sector count
-M Get/set acoustic management (0-254, 128: quiet, 254: fast)
-n Get/set ignore-write-errors flag (0/1)
-N Get/set max visible number of sectors (HPA) (VERY DANGEROUS)
-p Set PIO mode on IDE interface chipset (0,1,2,3,4,...)
-P Set drive prefetch count
-q Change next setting quietly
-Q Get/set DMA queue_depth (if supported)
-r Get/set device readonly flag (DANGEROUS to set)
-R Get/set device write-read-verify flag
-s Set power-up in standby flag (0/1) (DANGEROUS)
-S Set standby (spindown) timeout
-t Perform device read timings
-T Perform cache read timings
-u Get/set unmaskirq flag (0/1)
-U Obsolete
-v Use defaults; same as -acdgkmur for IDE drives
-V Display program version and exit immediately
-w Perform device reset (DANGEROUS)
-W Get/set drive write-caching flag (0/1)
-x Obsolete
-X Set IDE xfer mode (DANGEROUS)
-y Put drive in standby mode
-Y Put drive to sleep
-z Re-read partition table
-Z Disable Seagate auto-powersaving mode
--dco-freeze Freeze/lock current device configuration until next power cycle
--dco-identify Read/dump device configuration identify data
--dco-restore Reset device configuration back to factory defaults
--direct Use O_DIRECT to bypass page cache for timings
--drq-hsm-error Crash system with a "stuck DRQ" error (VERY DANGEROUS)
--fallocate Create a file without writing data to disk
--fibmap Show device extents (and fragmentation) for a file
--fwdownload Download firmware file to drive (EXTREMELY DANGEROUS)
--fwdownload-mode3 Download firmware using min-size segments (EXTREMELY DANGEROUS)
--fwdownload-mode3-max Download firmware using max-size segments (EXTREMELY DANGEROUS)
--fwdownload-mode7 Download firmware using a single segment (EXTREMELY DANGEROUS)
--idle-immediate Idle drive immediately
--idle-unload Idle immediately and unload heads
--Istdin Read identify data from stdin as ASCII hex
--Istdout Write identify data to stdout as ASCII hex
--make-bad-sector Deliberately corrupt a sector directly on the media (VERY DANGEROUS)
--offset use with -t, to begin timings at given offset (in GiB) from start of drive
--prefer-ata12 Use 12-byte (instead of 16-byte) SAT commands when possible
--read-sector Read and dump (in hex) a sector directly from the media
--repair-sector Alias for the --write-sector option (VERY DANGEROUS)
--security-help Display help for ATA security commands
--trim-sector-ranges Tell SSD firmware to discard unneeded data sectors: lba:count ..
--trim-sector-ranges-stdin Same as above, but reads lba:count pairs from stdin
--verbose Display extra diagnostics from some commands
--write-sector Repair/overwrite a (possibly bad) sector directly on the media (VERY DANGEROUS)
三、選項說明
-a<快取分區>：設定讀取文件時，預先存入塊區的分區數，若不加上<快取分區>選項，則顯示目前的設定；
-A<0或1>：啟動或關閉讀取文件時的快取功能；
-c<I/O模式>：設定IDE32位I/O模式；
-C：檢測IDE硬盤的電源管理模式；
-d<0或1>：設定磁盤的DMA模式；
-f：將內存緩沖區的數據寫入硬盤，並清除緩沖區；
-g：顯示硬盤的磁軌，磁頭，磁區等參數；
-h：顯示幫助；
-i：顯示硬盤的硬件規格信息，這些信息是在開機時由硬盤本身所提供；
-I：直接讀取硬盤所提供的硬件規格信息；
-k<0或1>：重設硬盤時，保留-dmu參數的設定；
-K<0或1>：重設硬盤時，保留-APSWXZ參數的設定；
-m<磁區數>：設定硬盤多重分區存取的分區數；
-n<0或1>：忽略硬盤寫入時所發生的錯誤；
-p<PIO模式>：設定硬盤的PIO模式；
-P<磁區數>：設定硬盤內部快取的分區數；
-q:在執行后續的參數時，不在屏幕上顯示任何信息；
-r<0或1>:設定硬盤的讀寫模式；
-S<時間>:設定硬盤進入省電模式前的等待時間；
-t;評估硬盤的讀取效率；
-T：評估硬盤緩存的讀取速度；
-u<0或1>：在硬盤存取時，允許其他中斷要求同時執行；
-v：顯示硬盤的相關設定；
-w<0或1>：設定硬盤的寫入快取；
-X<傳輸模式>：設定硬盤的傳輸模式；
-y：使IDE硬盤進入省電模式；
-Y：使IDE硬盤進入睡眠模式；
-Z：關閉某些Seagate硬盤的自動省電功能。
四、命令功能
用來查看硬盤的相關信息或對硬盤進行測速、優化、修改硬盤相關參數設定。
五、常見用法
5.1 顯示硬盤的相關設置
# hdparm /dev/vda
/dev/vda:
HDIO_DRIVE_CMD(identify) failed: Inappropriate ioctl for device
readonly = 0 (off)
readahead = 8192 (on)
geometry = 104025/16/63, sectors = 104857600, start = 0
5.2 顯示硬盤的柱面、磁頭、扇區數
# hdparm -g /dev/vda
/dev/vda:
geometry = 104025/16/63, sectors = 104857600, start = 0
#其中：
geometry = 104025［柱面數］/16［磁頭數］/63［扇區數］, sectors = 104857600［總扇區數］, start = 0［起始扇區數］
5.3 評估硬盤的讀取效率
# hdparm -t /dev/vda
/dev/vda:
Timing buffered disk reads: 290 MB in 3.15 seconds = 92.08 MB/sec
5.4 評估硬盤緩存的讀取速度
# hdparm -T /dev/vda
/dev/vda:
Timing cached reads: 20508 MB in 2.00 seconds = 10267.18 MB/sec
5.5 檢測硬盤的電源管理模式
# hdparm -C /dev/vda
/dev/vda:
drive state is: unknown
5.6 查看並設置硬盤多重扇區存取的扇區數，以增進硬盤的存取效率
#查看
# hdparm -m /dev/vda
#設置
# hdparm -m 8 /dev/vda
5.7 讀取硬盤所提供的硬件規格信息
#hdparm -I /dev/vda
5.8 將內存緩沖區的數據寫入硬盤，並清空緩沖區
# hdparm -f /dev/vda
本文為joshua317原創文章,轉載請注明：轉載自joshua317博客 https://www.joshua317.com/article/172