自動化測試框架pytest -- 安裝和入門到精通實戰

pytest是一個能夠簡化測試系統構建、方便測試規模擴展的框架，它讓測試變得更具表現力和可讀性--模版代碼不再是必需的。

只需要幾分鍾的時間，就可以對你的應用開始一個簡單的單元測試或者復雜的功能測試。

1. 安裝

• 命令行執行如下命令：pipenv install pytest==5.1.3

• 查看安裝的版本信息：pipenv run pytest --version

2. 創建你的第一個測試用例

它只有四行代碼：

# src/chapter-1/test_sample.py def func(x): return x + 1 def test_sample(): assert func(3) == 5

通過以下命令執行測試：

λ pipenv run pytest src/chapter-1/test_sample.py ============================= test session starts ============================== platform win32 -- Python 3.7.3, pytest-5.1.3, py-1.8.0, pluggy-0.13.0 rootdir: D:\Personal Files\Projects\pytest-chinese-doc collected 1 item src\chapter-1\test_sample.py F [100%] =================================== FAILURES =================================== _________________________________ test_sample __________________________________ def test_sample(): > assert func(3) == 5 E assert 4 == 5 E + where 4 = func(3) src\chapter-1\test_sample.py:28: AssertionError ============================== 1 failed in 0.05s ===============================

pytest返回一個失敗的測試報告，因為func(3)不等於5。

3. 執行多個測試用例

執行pipenv run pytest命令，它會執行當前及其子文件夾中，所有命名符合test_*.py或者*_test.py規則的文件；

4. 觸發一個指定異常的斷言

使用raises可以檢查代碼是否拋出一個指定的異常：

# src/chapter-1/test_sysexit.py import pytest def f(): # 解釋器請求退出 raise SystemExit(1) def test_mytest(): with pytest.raises(SystemExit): f()

執行這個測試用例時，加上-q選項可以查看精簡版的測試報告：

λ pipenv run pytest -q src/chapter-1/test_sysexit.py . [100%] 1 passed in 0.01s

5. 在一個類中組織多個測試用例

pytest可以讓你很容易的通過創建一個測試類來包含多個測試用例：

# src/chapter-1/test_class.py class TestClass: def test_one(self): x = 'this' assert 'h' in x def test_two(self): x = 'hello' assert hasattr(x, 'check')

現在我們來執行這個測試用例：

λ pipenv run pytest -q src/chapter-1/test_class.py .F [100%] =================================== FAILURES =================================== ______________________________ TestClass.test_two ______________________________ self = <test_class.TestClass object at 0x000001D364778E48> def test_two(self): x = 'hello' > assert hasattr(x, 'check') E AssertionError: assert False E + where False = hasattr('hello', 'check') src\chapter-1\test_class.py:30: AssertionError 1 failed, 1 passed in 0.05s

從輸出的報告中我們可以看到：

• test_one測試通過，用.表示；test_two測試失敗，用F表示；
• 清除的看到，test_two失敗的原因是：False = hasattr('hello', 'check')；

注意：

測試類要符合特定的規則，pytest才能發現它：

• 測試類的命令要符合Test*規則；
• 測試類中不能有__init__()方法；

6. 申請一個唯一的臨時目錄

pytest提供一些內置的fixtures，可以用來請求一些系統的資源。例如，一個唯一的臨時性目錄：

# src/chapter-1/test_tmpdir.py def test_needsfiles(tmpdir): print(tmpdir) assert 0

在測試用例中，以形參的方式使用內置的tempdir fixture，pytest會事先創建一個目錄，並將一個py.path.local對象作為實參傳入；

現在，我們來執行這個測試用例：

λ pipenv run pytest -q src/chapter-1/test_tmpdir.py F [100%] =================================== FAILURES =================================== _______________________________ test_needsfiles ________________________________ tmpdir = local('C:\\Users\\luyao\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\pytest-of-luyao\\pytest-1\\test_needsfiles0') def test_needsfiles(tmpdir): print(tmpdir) > assert 0 E assert 0 src\chapter-1\test_tmpdir.py:25: AssertionError ----------------------------- Captured stdout call ----------------------------- C:\Users\luyao\AppData\Local\Temp\pytest-of-luyao\pytest-1\test_needsfiles0 1 failed in 0.05s

可以使用如下命令查看所有可用的fixtures，如果想同時查看以_開頭的fixtures，需要添加-v選項：

λ pipenv run pytest -q -v --fixtures ============================= test session starts ============================== platform win32 -- Python 3.7.3, pytest-5.1.3, py-1.8.0, pluggy-0.13.0 rootdir: D:\Personal Files\Projects\pytest-chinese-doc collected 5 items cache Return a cache object that can persist state between testing sessions. cache.get(key, default) cache.set(key, value) Keys must be a ``/`` separated value, where the first part is usually the name of your plugin or application to avoid clashes with other cache users. Values can be any object handled by the json stdlib module. capsys Enable text capturing of writes to ``sys.stdout`` and ``sys.stderr``. The captured output is made available via ``capsys.readouterr()`` method calls, which return a ``(out, err)`` namedtuple. ``out`` and ``err`` will be ``text`` objects. capsysbinary Enable bytes capturing of writes to ``sys.stdout`` and ``sys.stderr``. The captured output is made available via ``capsysbinary.readouterr()`` method calls, which return a ``(out, err)`` namedtuple. ``out`` and ``err`` will be ``bytes`` objects. capfd Enable text capturing of writes to file descriptors ``1`` and ``2``. The captured output is made available via ``capfd.readouterr()`` method calls, which return a ``(out, err)`` namedtuple. ``out`` and ``err`` will be ``text`` objects. capfdbinary Enable bytes capturing of writes to file descriptors ``1`` and ``2``. The captured output is made available via ``capfd.readouterr()`` method calls, which return a ``(out, err)`` namedtuple. ``out`` and ``err`` will be ``byte`` objects. doctest_namespace [session scope] Fixture that returns a :py:class:`dict` that will be injected into the namespace of doctests. pytestconfig [session scope] Session-scoped fixture that returns the :class:`_pytest.config.Config` object. Example:: def test_foo(pytestconfig): if pytestconfig.getoption("verbose") > 0: ... record_property Add an extra properties the calling test. User properties become part of the test report and are available to the configured reporters, like JUnit XML. The fixture is callable with ``(name, value)``, with value being automatically xml-encoded. Example:: def test_function(record_property): record_property("example_key", 1) record_xml_attribute Add extra xml attributes to the tag for the calling test. The fixture is callable with ``(name, value)``, with value being automatically xml-encoded record_testsuite_property [session scope] Records a new ``<property>`` tag as child of the root ``<testsuite>``. This is suitable to writing global information regarding the entire test suite, and is compatible with ``xunit2`` JUnit family. This is a ``session``-scoped fixture which is called with ``(name, value)``. Example: .. code-block:: python def test_foo(record_testsuite_property): record_testsuite_property("ARCH", "PPC") record_testsuite_property("STORAGE_TYPE", "CEPH") ``name`` must be a string, ``value`` will be converted to a string and properly xml-escaped. caplog Access and control log capturing. Captured logs are available through the following properties/methods:: * caplog.text -> string containing formatted log output * caplog.records -> list of logging.LogRecord instances * caplog.record_tuples -> list of (logger_name, level, message) tuples * caplog.clear() -> clear captured records and formatted log output string monkeypatch The returned ``monkeypatch`` fixture provides these helper methods to modify objects, dictionaries or os.environ:: monkeypatch.setattr(obj, name, value, raising=True) monkeypatch.delattr(obj, name, raising=True) monkeypatch.setitem(mapping, name, value) monkeypatch.delitem(obj, name, raising=True) monkeypatch.setenv(name, value, prepend=False) monkeypatch.delenv(name, raising=True) monkeypatch.syspath_prepend(path) monkeypatch.chdir(path) All modifications will be undone after the requesting test function or fixture has finished. The ``raising`` parameter determines if a KeyError or AttributeError will be raised if the set/deletion operation has no target. recwarn Return a :class:`WarningsRecorder` instance that records all warnings emitted by test functions. See http://docs.python.org/library/warnings.html for information on warning categories. tmpdir_factory [session scope] Return a :class:`_pytest.tmpdir.TempdirFactory` instance for the test session. tmp_path_factory [session scope] Return a :class:`_pytest.tmpdir.TempPathFactory` instance for the test session. tmpdir Return a temporary directory path object which is unique to each test function invocation, created as a sub directory of the base temporary directory. The returned object is a `py.path.local`_ path object. .. _`py.path.local`: https://py.readthedocs.io/en/latest/path.html tmp_path Return a temporary directory path object which is unique to each test function invocation, created as a sub directory of the base temporary directory. The returned object is a :class:`pathlib.Path` object. .. note:: in python < 3.6 this is a pathlib2.Path ============================ no tests ran in 0.10s =============================

GitHub倉庫地址：https://github.com/luizyao/pytest-chinese-doc