Python之Socket模塊使用


  由於最近要開發一款服務器、多客戶端應用,自然而然地想到了要用Socket模塊。

  此模塊官方有資料,詳見socket --- 底層網絡接口 — Python 3.9.5 文檔。函數 socket() 返回一個 套接字對象 ,其方法是對各種套接字系統調用的實現。

  具體操作如下:

一、客戶端編程

  1.創建Socket

  socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)  

  上述代碼使用了下面兩個屬性來創建 Socket:

  • 地址簇 : AF_INET (IPv4)
  • 類型: SOCK_STREAM (使用 TCP 傳輸控制協議)

   2.錯誤處理

  如果 socket 函數失敗了,python 將拋出一個名為 socket.error 的異常,這個異常必須予以處理:

 1 #handling errors in python socket programs
 2 
 3 import socket   #for sockets
 4 import sys  #for exit
 5 
 6 try:
 7     #create an AF_INET, STREAM socket (TCP)
 8     s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
 9 except socket.error, msg:
10     print 'Failed to create socket. Error code: ' + str(msg[0]) + ' , Error message : ' + msg[1]
11     sys.exit();
12 
13 print 'Socket Created'

  3.連接到服務器

  連接到服務器需要服務器地址和端口號。

 1 import socket   #for sockets
 2 import sys  #for exit
 3 
 4 try:
 5     #create an AF_INET, STREAM socket (TCP)
 6     s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
 7 except socket.error, msg:
 8     print 'Failed to create socket. Error code: ' + str(msg[0]) + ' , Error message : ' + msg[1]
 9     sys.exit();
10 
11 print 'Socket Created'
12 #or IP here
13 host = 'www.oschina.net'
14 
15 try:
16     remote_ip = socket.gethostbyname( host )
17 
18 except socket.gaierror:
19     #could not resolve
20     print 'Hostname could not be resolved. Exiting'
21     sys.exit()
22 
23 print 'Ip address of ' + host + ' is ' + remote_ip

  此時我們已經有了IP地址,接下來還需要端口信息。

 1 import socket   #for sockets
 2 import sys  #for exit
 3 
 4 try:
 5     #create an AF_INET, STREAM socket (TCP)
 6     s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
 7 except socket.error, msg:
 8     print 'Failed to create socket. Error code: ' + str(msg[0]) + ' , Error message : ' + msg[1]
 9     sys.exit();
10 
11 print 'Socket Created'
12 
13 host = 'www.oschina.net'
14 port = 80
15 
16 try:
17     remote_ip = socket.gethostbyname( host )
18 
19 except socket.gaierror:
20     #could not resolve
21     print 'Hostname could not be resolved. Exiting'
22     sys.exit()
23 
24 print 'Ip address of ' + host + ' is ' + remote_ip
25 
26 #Connect to remote server
27 s.connect((remote_ip , port))
28 
29 print 'Socket Connected to ' + host + ' on ip ' + remote_ip

  運行后得到的結果如下。

$ python client.py
Socket Created
Ip address of www.oschina.net is 61.145.122.155
Socket Connected to www.oschina.net on ip 61.145.122.155

這段程序創建了一個 Socket 並進行連接,已經連接上了,接下來就是往服務器上發送數據。

4.發送數據。
sendall 函數用於簡單的發送數據,我們來向 oschina 發送一些數據:
 1 import socket   #for sockets
 2 import sys  #for exit
 3 
 4 try:
 5     #create an AF_INET, STREAM socket (TCP)
 6     s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
 7 except socket.error, msg:
 8     print 'Failed to create socket. Error code: ' + str(msg[0]) + ' , Error message : ' + msg[1]
 9     sys.exit();
10 
11 print 'Socket Created'
12 
13 host = 'www.oschina.net'
14 port = 80
15 
16 try:
17     remote_ip = socket.gethostbyname( host )
18 
19 except socket.gaierror:
20     #could not resolve
21     print 'Hostname could not be resolved. Exiting'
22     sys.exit()
23 
24 print 'Ip address of ' + host + ' is ' + remote_ip
25 
26 #Connect to remote server
27 s.connect((remote_ip , port))
28 
29 print 'Socket Connected to ' + host + ' on ip ' + remote_ip
30 
31 #Send some data to remote server
32 message = "GET / HTTP/1.1\r\n\r\n"
33 
34 try :
35     #Set the whole string
36     s.sendall(message.encode("utf-8")) 
37 except socket.error: 38 #Send failed 39 print 'Send failed' 40 sys.exit() 41 42 print 'Message send successfully'

  注意:s.sendall函數里面的內容必須加上.encode("utf-8"),否則會報錯。

  上述例子中,首先連接到目標服務器,然后發送字符串數據 "GET / HTTP/1.1\r\n\r\n" ,這是一個 HTTP 協議的命令,用來獲取網站首頁的內容。

  接下來需要讀取服務器返回的數據。

  5.接收數據

  recv 函數用於從 socket 接收數據:

 1 #Socket client example in python
 2 
 3 import socket   #for sockets
 4 import sys  #for exit
 5 
 6 #create an INET, STREAMing socket
 7 try:
 8     s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
 9 except socket.error:
10     print 'Failed to create socket'
11     sys.exit()
12 
13 print 'Socket Created'
14 
15 host = 'oschina.net';
16 port = 80;
17 
18 try:
19     remote_ip = socket.gethostbyname( host )
20 
21 except socket.gaierror:
22     #could not resolve
23     print 'Hostname could not be resolved. Exiting'
24     sys.exit()
25 
26 #Connect to remote server
27 s.connect((remote_ip , port))
28 
29 print 'Socket Connected to ' + host + ' on ip ' + remote_ip
30 
31 #Send some data to remote server
32 message = "GET / HTTP/1.1\r\nHost: oschina.net\r\n\r\n"
33 
34 try :
35     #Set the whole string
36     s.sendall(message)
37 except socket.error:
38     #Send failed
39     print 'Send failed'
40     sys.exit()
41 
42 print 'Message send successfully'
43 
44 #Now receive data
45 reply = s.recv(4096)
46 
47 print reply

下面是上述程序執行的結果:

$ python client.py
Socket Created
Ip address of oschina.net is 61.145.122.
Socket Connected to oschina.net on ip 61.145.122.155
Message send successfully
HTTP/1.1 301 Moved Permanently
Server: nginx
Date: Wed, 24 Oct 2012 13:26:46 GMT
Content-Type: text/html
Content-Length: 178
Connection: keep-alive
Keep-Alive: timeout=20
Location: http://www.oschina.net/

 回應了我們所請求的 URL 的內容,很簡單。數接收完了,可以關閉 Socket 了。

  6.關閉SOCKET  

  close 函數用於關閉 Socket:

 s.close()
 
二、服務器端編程

  服務器端編程主要包括下面幾步:

  1. 打開 socket
  2. 綁定到一個地址和端口
  3. 偵聽進來的連接
  4. 接受連接
  5. 讀寫數據

  我們已經學習過如何打開 Socket 了,下面是綁定到指定的地址和端口上。 

  綁定 Socket

  bind 函數用於將 Socket 綁定到一個特定的地址和端口,它需要一個類似 connect 函數所需的 sockaddr_in 結構體。

  示例代碼:

 1 import socket
 2 import sys
 3 
 4 HOST = ''   # Symbolic name meaning all available interfaces
 5 PORT = 8888 # Arbitrary non-privileged port
 6 
 7 s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
 8 print 'Socket created'
 9 
10 try:
11     s.bind((HOST, PORT))
12 except socket.error , msg:
13     print 'Bind failed. Error Code : ' + str(msg[0]) + ' Message ' + msg[1]
14     sys.exit()
15 
16 print 'Socket bind complete'

  

  綁定完成后,就需要讓 Socket 開始偵聽連接。很顯然,你不能將兩個不同的 Socket 綁定到同一個端口之上。

  連接偵聽

  綁定 Socket 之后就可以開始偵聽連接,我們需要將 Socket 變成偵聽模式。socket 的 listen 函數用於實現偵聽模式:

1 s.listen(10)
2 print 'Socket now listening'

  listen 函數所需的參數成為 backlog,用來控制程序忙時可保持等待狀態的連接數。這里我們傳遞的是 10,意味着如果已經有 10 個連接在等待處理,那么第 11 個連接將會被拒絕。當檢查了 socket_accept 后這個會更加清晰。

  接受連接

  示例代碼:

 1 import socket
 2 import sys
 3 
 4 HOST = ''   # Symbolic name meaning all available interfaces
 5 PORT = 8888 # Arbitrary non-privileged port
 6 
 7 s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
 8 print 'Socket created'
 9 
10 try:
11     s.bind((HOST, PORT))
12 except socket.error , msg:
13     print 'Bind failed. Error Code : ' + str(msg[0]) + ' Message ' + msg[1]
14     sys.exit()
15 
16 print 'Socket bind complete'
17 
18 s.listen(10)
19 print 'Socket now listening'
20 
21 #wait to accept a connection - blocking call
22 conn, addr = s.accept()
23 
24 #display client information
25 print 'Connected with ' + addr[0] + ':' + str(addr[1])

  輸出

  運行該程序將會顯示

$ python server.py
Socket created
Socket bind complete
Socket now listening
現在這個程序開始等待連接進入,端口是 8888,請不要關閉這個程序,我們來通過 telnet 程序來進行測試。

打開命令行窗口並輸入:

$ telnet localhost 8888

It will immediately show
$ telnet localhost 8888
Trying 127.0.0.1...
Connected to localhost.
Escape character is '^]'.
Connection closed by foreign host.

而服務器端窗口顯示的是:

$ python server.py
Socket created
Socket bind complete
Socket now listening
Connected with 127.0.0.1:59954

我們可看到客戶端已經成功連接到服務器。

上面例子我們接收到連接並立即關閉,這樣的程序沒什么實際的價值,連接建立后一般會有大量的事情需要處理,因此讓我們來給客戶端做出點回應吧。

sendall 函數可通過 Socket 給客戶端發送數據:

 1 import socket
 2 import sys
 3 
 4 HOST = ''   # Symbolic name meaning all available interfaces
 5 PORT = 8888 # Arbitrary non-privileged port
 6 
 7 s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
 8 print 'Socket created'
 9 
10 try:
11     s.bind((HOST, PORT))
12 except socket.error , msg:
13     print 'Bind failed. Error Code : ' + str(msg[0]) + ' Message ' + msg[1]
14     sys.exit()
15 
16 print 'Socket bind complete'
17 
18 s.listen(10)
19 print 'Socket now listening'
20 
21 #wait to accept a connection - blocking call
22 conn, addr = s.accept()
23 
24 print 'Connected with ' + addr[0] + ':' + str(addr[1])
25 
26 #now keep talking with the client
27 data = conn.recv(1024)
28 conn.sendall(data)
29 
30 conn.close()
31 s.close()

繼續運行上述代碼,然后打開另外一個命令行窗口輸入下面命令:

$ telnet localhost 8888
Trying 127.0.0.1...
Connected to localhost.
Escape character is '^]'.
happy
happy
Connection closed by foreign host.

可看到客戶端接收到來自服務器端的回應內容。

上面的例子還是一樣,服務器端回應后就立即退出了。而一些真正的服務器像  是一直在運行的,時刻接受連接請求。

也就是說服務器端應該一直處於運行狀態,否則就不能成為“服務”,因此我們要讓服務器端一直運行,最簡單的方法就是把 accept 方法放在一個循環內。

一直在運行的服務器

對上述代碼稍作改動:

 1 import socket
 2 import sys
 3 
 4 HOST = ''   # Symbolic name meaning all available interfaces
 5 PORT = 8888 # Arbitrary non-privileged port
 6 
 7 s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
 8 print 'Socket created'
 9 
10 try:
11     s.bind((HOST, PORT))
12 except socket.error , msg:
13     print 'Bind failed. Error Code : ' + str(msg[0]) + ' Message ' + msg[1]
14     sys.exit()
15 
16 print 'Socket bind complete'
17 
18 s.listen(10)
19 print 'Socket now listening'
20 
21 #now keep talking with the client
22 while 1:
23     #wait to accept a connection - blocking call
24     conn, addr = s.accept()
25     print 'Connected with ' + addr[0] + ':' + str(addr[1])
26 
27     data = conn.recv(1024)
28     reply = 'OK...' + data
29     if not data: 
30         break
31 
32     conn.sendall(reply)
33 
34 conn.close()
35 s.close()

很簡單只是加多一個 while 1 語句而已。

繼續運行服務器,然后打開另外三個命令行窗口。每個窗口都使用 telnet 命令連接到服務器:

$ telnet localhost 5000
Trying 127.0.0.1...
Connected to localhost.
Escape character is '^]'.
happy
OK .. happy
Connection closed by foreign host.

服務器所在的終端窗口顯示的是:

$ python server.py
Socket created
Socket bind complete
Socket now listening
Connected with 127.0.0.1:60225
Connected with 127.0.0.1:60237
Connected with 127.0.0.1:60239

你看服務器再也不退出了,好吧,用 Ctrl+C 關閉服務器,所有的 telnet 終端將會顯示 "Connection closed by foreign host."

已經很不錯了,但是這樣的通訊效率太低了,服務器程序使用循環來接受連接並發送回應,這相當於是一次最多處理一個客戶端的請求,而我們要求服務器可同時處理多個請求。

 

處理多個連接

為了處理多個連接,我們需要一個獨立的處理代碼在主服務器接收到連接時運行。一種方法是使用線程,服務器接收到連接然后創建一個線程來處理連接收發數據,然后主服務器程序返回去接收新的連接。

下面是我們使用線程來處理連接請求:

 1 import socket
 2 import sys
 3 from thread import *
 4 
 5 HOST = ''   # Symbolic name meaning all available interfaces
 6 PORT = 8888 # Arbitrary non-privileged port
 7 
 8 s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
 9 print 'Socket created'
10 
11 #Bind socket to local host and port
12 try:
13     s.bind((HOST, PORT))
14 except socket.error , msg:
15     print 'Bind failed. Error Code : ' + str(msg[0]) + ' Message ' + msg[1]
16     sys.exit()
17 
18 print 'Socket bind complete'
19 
20 #Start listening on socket
21 s.listen(10)
22 print 'Socket now listening'
23 
24 #Function for handling connections. This will be used to create threads
25 def clientthread(conn):
26     #Sending message to connected client
27     conn.send('Welcome to the server. Type something and hit enter\n') #send only takes string
28 
29     #infinite loop so that function do not terminate and thread do not end.
30     while True:
31 
32         #Receiving from client
33         data = conn.recv(1024)
34         reply = 'OK...' + data
35         if not data: 
36             break
37 
38         conn.sendall(reply)
39 
40     #came out of loop
41     conn.close()
42 
43 #now keep talking with the client
44 while 1:
45     #wait to accept a connection - blocking call
46     conn, addr = s.accept()
47     print 'Connected with ' + addr[0] + ':' + str(addr[1])
48 
49     #start new thread takes 1st argument as a function name to be run, second is the tuple of arguments to the function.
50     start_new_thread(clientthread ,(conn,))
51 
52 s.close()

運行上述服務端程序,然后像之前一樣打開三個終端窗口並執行 telent 命令:

$ telnet localhost 8888
Trying 127.0.0.1...
Connected to localhost.
Escape character is '^]'.
Welcome to the server. Type something and hit enter
hi
OK...hi
asd
OK...asd
cv
OK...cv

服務器端所在終端窗口輸出信息如下:

$ python server.py
Socket created
Socket bind complete
Socket now listening
Connected with 127.0.0.1:60730
Connected with 127.0.0.1:60731

線程接管了連接並返回相應數據給客戶端。

這便是我們所要介紹的服務器端編程。



 


免責聲明!

本站轉載的文章為個人學習借鑒使用,本站對版權不負任何法律責任。如果侵犯了您的隱私權益,請聯系本站郵箱yoyou2525@163.com刪除。



 
粵ICP備18138465號   © 2018-2025 CODEPRJ.COM