linux 掛載硬盤擴容的2種方法 張映 發表於 2015-12-30 分類目錄： linux 標簽：linux, lvm, 擴容, 硬盤 硬盤快滿了，加硬盤擴容，不管是獨立的服務器，還是雲空間新買的硬盤，擴容方式一樣。下面以阿里VPS為例，詳細說一下，掛載硬盤擴容的2種方法。 阿里VPS，個人覺得有以下二個方面需要改進 1，默認不是lvm，所以系統盤/dev/xvda1是不能擴容的，所以如果有大數據的東西，一開始就要考慮到擴容的問題。數據量越大，操作風險越大。 2，不能實現無縫擴容，也就是說，在后台擴容一下，不用登錄到VPS，進行調整。非專業人士，擴容困難 一，不采用lvm，直接將硬盤掛載到目錄 1，查看硬盤分區情況 查看復制打印? [root@iZ94zz3wqciZ ~]# df Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on /dev/xvda1 20641404 14778400 4814480 76% / tmpfs 509300 0 509300 0% /dev/shm [root@iZ94zz3wqciZ ~]# fdisk -l Disk /dev/xvda: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00078f9c Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/xvda1 * 1 2611 20970496 83 Linux //id是83，非lvm Disk /dev/xvdb: 23.6 GB, 23622320128 bytes //新買的硬盤 255 heads, 56 sectors/track, 3230 cylinders Units = cylinders of 14280 * 512 = 7311360 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x27cc1f5a 2，硬盤分區並查看分區情況 查看復制打印? [root@iZ94zz3wqciZ ~]# fdisk -S 56 /dev/xvdb //分區 WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to sectors (command 'u'). Command (m for help): n //輸入n Command action e extended p primary partition (1-4) p //主分區 Partition number (1-4): 1 //分區號1 First cylinder (1-3230, default 1): Using default value 1 Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1-3230, default 3230): Using default value 3230 Command (m for help): wq //保存並退出 The partition table has been altered! [root@iZ94zz3wqciZ ~]# fdisk -l Disk /dev/xvda: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00078f9c Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/xvda1 * 1 2611 20970496 83 Linux Disk /dev/xvdb: 23.6 GB, 23622320128 bytes 255 heads, 56 sectors/track, 3230 cylinders Units = cylinders of 14280 * 512 = 7311360 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x27cc1f5a Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/xvdb1 1 3230 23062172 83 Linux //分區后 3，格式化新分區xvdb1 查看復制打印? [root@iZ94zz3wqciZ ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/xvdb1 //格式化分區 mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) Filesystem label= OS type: Linux Block size=4096 (log=2) Fragment size=4096 (log=2) Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks 1441792 inodes, 5765543 blocks 288277 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user First data block=0 Maximum filesystem blocks=4294967296 176 block groups 32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group 8192 inodes per group Superblock backups stored on blocks: 32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208, 4096000 Writing inode tables: done Creating journal (32768 blocks): done Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done This filesystem will be automatically checked every 35 mounts or 180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override. 4，創建目錄，並掛載分區 查看復制打印? [root@iZ94zz3wqciZ ~]# mkdir /mnt/fastdfs //掛載目錄 [root@iZ94zz3wqciZ ~]# echo "/dev/xvdb1 /mnt/fastdfs ext4 defaults 0 0" >> /etc/fstab //重啟會自動掛載 [root@iZ94zz3wqciZ ~]# mount -a //掛載所有目錄 [root@iZ94zz3wqciZ ~]# df Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on /dev/xvda1 20641404 14778404 4814476 76% / tmpfs 509300 0 509300 0% /dev/shm /dev/xvdb1 22694396 176064 21365516 1% /mnt/fastdfs //新的分區已掛載 到這兒，就把一塊獨立的硬盤加到系統當中了。這種擴容的方式操作簡單，但是擴展性不強，不推薦這種擴容方式。 二，采用lvm的方式，進行硬盤擴容（推薦） 1，取消前面測試的掛載，並刪除分區 查看復制打印? [root@iZ94zz3wqciZ ~]# umount -a //取消掛載 [root@iZ94zz3wqciZ ~]# fdisk /dev/xvdb //分區 WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to sectors (command 'u'). Command (m for help): d //刪除分區 Selected partition 1 Command (m for help): wq //保存 The partition table has been altered! 2，安裝lvm 查看復制打印? [root@iZ94zz3wqciZ nginx]# uname -a //查看內核信息 Linux iZ94zz3wqciZ 2.6.32-431.23.3.el6.x86_64 #1 SMP Thu Jul 31 17:20:51 UTC 2014 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux [root@iZ94zz3wqciZ ~]# yum install lvm2 device-mapper //安裝 LVM2，2.6.9以后版本不用裝device-mapper [root@iZ94zz3wqciZ nginx]# lsmod | grep dm_mod //是否加載了dm_mod dm_mod 84337 5 dm_mirror,dm_log lvm的安裝,首先加載device-mapper模塊，從linux內核2.6.9開始，device-mapper模塊就已經包含在內，所以你只需加載即可。加載mapper模塊：modprobe dm_mod。 3，創建lvm分區 查看復制打印? [root@iZ94zz3wqciZ ~]# fdisk /dev/xvdb //分區 WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to sectors (command 'u'). Command (m for help): l 0 Empty 24 NEC DOS 81 Minix / old Lin bf Solaris 1 FAT12 39 Plan 9 82 Linux swap / So c1 DRDOS/sec (FAT- 2 XENIX root 3c PartitionMagic 83 Linux c4 DRDOS/sec (FAT- 3 XENIX usr 40 Venix 80286 84 OS/2 hidden C: c6 DRDOS/sec (FAT- 4 FAT16 <32M 41 PPC PReP Boot 85 Linux extended c7 Syrinx 5 Extended 42 SFS 86 NTFS volume set da Non-FS data 6 FAT16 4d QNX4.x 87 NTFS volume set db CP/M / CTOS / . 7 HPFS/NTFS 4e QNX4.x 2nd part 88 Linux plaintext de Dell Utility 8 AIX 4f QNX4.x 3rd part 8e Linux LVM df BootIt 9 AIX bootable 50 OnTrack DM 93 Amoeba e1 DOS access a OS/2 Boot Manag 51 OnTrack DM6 Aux 94 Amoeba BBT e3 DOS R/O b W95 FAT32 52 CP/M 9f BSD/OS e4 SpeedStor c W95 FAT32 (LBA) 53 OnTrack DM6 Aux a0 IBM Thinkpad hi eb BeOS fs e W95 FAT16 (LBA) 54 OnTrackDM6 a5 FreeBSD ee GPT f W95 Ext'd (LBA) 55 EZ-Drive a6 OpenBSD ef EFI (FAT-12/16/ 10 OPUS 56 Golden Bow a7 NeXTSTEP f0 Linux/PA-RISC b 11 Hidden FAT12 5c Priam Edisk a8 Darwin UFS f1 SpeedStor 12 Compaq diagnost 61 SpeedStor a9 NetBSD f4 SpeedStor 14 Hidden FAT16 <3 63 GNU HURD or Sys ab Darwin boot f2 DOS secondary 16 Hidden FAT16 64 Novell Netware af HFS / HFS+ fb VMware VMFS 17 Hidden HPFS/NTF 65 Novell Netware b7 BSDI fs fc VMware VMKCORE 18 AST SmartSleep 70 DiskSecure Mult b8 BSDI swap fd Linux raid auto 1b Hidden W95 FAT3 75 PC/IX bb Boot Wizard hid fe LANstep 1c Hidden W95 FAT3 80 Old Minix be Solaris boot ff BBT 1e Hidden W95 FAT1 Command (m for help): n Command action e extended p primary partition (1-4) p Partition number (1-4): 1 First cylinder (1-2871, default 1): Using default value 1 Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1-2871, default 2871): Using default value 2871 Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/xvdb: 23.6 GB, 23622320128 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2871 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x27cc1f5a Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/xvdb1 1 2871 23061276 83 Linux //不是lvm分區格式 Command (m for help): t //轉換 Selected partition 1 Hex code (type L to list codes): 8e //換成8e Changed system type of partition 1 to 8e (Linux LVM) Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/xvdb: 23.6 GB, 23622320128 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2871 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x27cc1f5a Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/xvdb1 1 2871 23061276 8e Linux LVM //現在lvm分區格式了 Command (m for help): wq The partition table has been altered! Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table. Syncing disks. 4，創建邏輯卷組，以及邏輯卷等 查看復制打印? [root@iZ94zz3wqciZ ~]# pvcreate /dev/xvdb1 //創建物理卷 Physical volume "/dev/xvdb1" successfully created [root@iZ94zz3wqciZ ~]# vgcreate myfiles /dev/xvdb1 //創建邏輯卷組 Volume group "myfiles" successfully created [root@iZ94zz3wqciZ ~]# vgchange -ay myfiles //激活邏輯卷組 0 logical volume(s) in volume group "myfiles" now active [root@iZ94zz3wqciZ ~]# vgdisplay myfiles | grep "Total PE" //查看該卷組所有的PE Total PE 5629 [root@iZ94zz3wqciZ ~]# lvcreate -l 5629 -n fastdfs myfiles //創建邏輯卷 Logical volume "fastdfs" created. 5，格式化邏輯卷 查看復制打印? [root@iZ94zz3wqciZ ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/myfiles/fastdfs //格式化邏輯卷 mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) Filesystem label= OS type: Linux Block size=4096 (log=2) Fragment size=4096 (log=2) Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks 1441792 inodes, 5764096 blocks 288204 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user First data block=0 Maximum filesystem blocks=4294967296 176 block groups 32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group 8192 inodes per group Superblock backups stored on blocks: 32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208, 4096000 Writing inode tables: done Creating journal (32768 blocks): done Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done This filesystem will be automatically checked every 39 mounts or 180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override. 6,設置自動掛載，並查看分區 查看復制打印? [root@iZ94zz3wqciZ ~]# echo '/dev/myfiles/fastdfs /mnt/fastdfs ext4 defaults 0 0' >> /etc/fstab //自動掛載 [root@iZ94zz3wqciZ ~]# mount -a //手動掛載 [root@iZ94zz3wqciZ ~]# df Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on /dev/xvda1 20641404 14778608 4814272 76% / tmpfs 509300 0 509300 0% /dev/shm /dev/mapper/myfiles-fastdfs 22694396 176064 21365516 1% /mnt/fastdfs //lvm邏輯卷已掛載 [root@iZ94zz3wqciZ ~]# reboot //操作完最好重啟一下 7，再擴容一塊硬盤到已有邏輯卷 查看復制打印? [root@iZ94zz3wqciZ ~]# fdisk /dev/xvdc //詳細過程同上，就不詳細說明了 [root@iZ94zz3wqciZ ~]# reboot [root@iZ94zz3wqciZ ~]# pvcreate /dev/xvdc1 //創建物理卷 Physical volume "/dev/xvdc1" successfully created [root@iZ94zz3wqciZ ~]# vgextend myfiles /dev/xvdc1 //將新硬盤加入卷組 Volume group "myfiles" successfully extended [root@iZ94zz3wqciZ ~]# vgdisplay myfiles | grep "Total PE" //查看所有PE Total PE 6907 [root@iZ94zz3wqciZ ~]# lvresize -l 6907 /dev/myfiles/fastdfs //重新規定大小 Size of logical volume myfiles/fastdfs changed from 21.99 GiB (5629 extents) to 26.98 GiB (6907 extents). Logical volume fastdfs successfully resized [root@iZ94zz3wqciZ ~]# resize2fs /dev/myfiles/fastdfs //重新規定大小 resize2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) Filesystem at /dev/myfiles/fastdfs is mounted on /mnt/fastdfs; on-line resizing required old desc_blocks = 2, new_desc_blocks = 2 Performing an on-line resize of /dev/myfiles/fastdfs to 7072768 (4k) blocks. The filesystem on /dev/myfiles/fastdfs is now 7072768 blocks long. [root@iZ94zz3wqciZ ~]# df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/xvda1 20G 15G 4.6G 76% / tmpfs 498M 0 498M 0% /dev/shm /dev/mapper/myfiles-fastdfs 27G 172M 26G 1% /mnt/fastdfs //新的5G硬盤加上去了 如果是頻繁的擴容硬盤的話，LVM是首選，擴展真的很方便。