1.遇到的問題
今天寫Python代碼的時候遇到了一個大坑,差點就耽誤我交作業了。。。
問題是這樣的,我需要創建一個二維數組,如下:
m = n = 3
test = [[0] * m] * n
print("test =", test)
輸出結果如下:
test = [[0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0]]
是不是看起來沒有一點問題?
一開始我也是這么覺得的,以為是我其他地方用錯了什么函數,結果這么一試:
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m = n = 3
test = [[0] * m] * n
print("test =", test)
test[0][0] = 233
print("test =", test)
輸出結果如下:
test = [[0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0]]
test = [[233, 0, 0], [233, 0, 0], [233, 0, 0]]
是不是很驚訝?!
這個問題真的是折磨我一個中午,去網上一搜,官方文檔中給出的說明是這樣的:
Note also that the copies are shallow; nested structures are not copied. This often haunts new Python programmers; consider:
>>> lists = [[]] * 3
>>> lists
[[], [], []]
>>> lists[0].append(3)
>>> lists
[[3], [3], [3]]
What has happened is that [[]] is a one-element list containing an empty list, so all three elements of [[]] * 3 are (pointers to) this single empty list. Modifying any of the elements of lists modifies this single list. You can create a list of different lists this way:
>>>
>>> lists = [[] for i in range(3)]
>>> lists[0].append(3)
>>> lists[1].append(5)
>>> lists[2].append(7)
>>> lists
[[3], [5], [7]]
也就是說matrix = [array] * 3
操作中,只是創建3個指向array的引用,所以一旦array改變,matrix中3個list也會隨之改變。
2.創建二維數組的辦法
2.1 直接創建法
test = [0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0]]
簡單粗暴,不過太麻煩,一般不用。
2.2 列表生成式法
test = [[0 for i in range(m)] for j in range(n)]
學會使用列表生成式,終生受益。
2.3 使用模塊numpy創建
import numpy as np
test = np.zeros((m, n), dtype=np.int)