@Configuration的使用
從Spring3.0,@Configuration用於定義配置類,可替換xml配置文件,被注解的類內部包含有一個或多個被@Bean注解的方法,這些方法將會被AnnotationConfigApplicationContext或AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext類進行掃描,並用於構建bean定義,初始化Spring容器。
注意:@Configuration注解的配置類有如下要求:
- @Configuration不可以是final類型;
- @Configuration不可以是匿名類;
- 嵌套的configuration必須是靜態類。
一、用@Configuration加載spring
1.1、@Configuration配置spring並啟動spring容器
1.2、@Configuration啟動容器+@Bean注冊Bean
1.3、@Configuration啟動容器+@Component注冊Bean
1.4、使用 AnnotationConfigApplicationContext 注冊 AppContext 類的兩種方法
1.5、配置Web應用程序(web.xml中配置AnnotationConfigApplicationContext)
二、組合多個配置類
2.1、在@configuration中引入spring的xml配置文件
2.2、在@configuration中引入其它注解配置
2.3、@configuration嵌套(嵌套的Configuration必須是靜態類)
三、@EnableXXX注解
四、@Profile邏輯組配置
五、使用外部變量
一、@Configuation加載Spring方法
1.1、@Configuration配置spring並啟動spring容器
@Configuration標注在類上,相當於把該類作為spring的xml配置文件中的<beans>,作用為:配置spring容器(應用上下文)
package com.dxz.demo.configuration;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
@Configuration
public class TestConfiguration {
public TestConfiguration() {
System.out.println("TestConfiguration容器啟動初始化。。。");
}
}
相當於:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context" xmlns:jdbc="http://www.springframework.org/schema/jdbc"
xmlns:jee="http://www.springframework.org/schema/jee" xmlns:tx="http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx"
xmlns:util="http://www.springframework.org/schema/util" xmlns:task="http://www.springframework.org/schema/task" xsi:schemaLocation="
http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-4.0.xsd
http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-4.0.xsd
http://www.springframework.org/schema/jdbc http://www.springframework.org/schema/jdbc/spring-jdbc-4.0.xsd
http://www.springframework.org/schema/jee http://www.springframework.org/schema/jee/spring-jee-4.0.xsd
http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx/spring-tx-4.0.xsd
http://www.springframework.org/schema/util http://www.springframework.org/schema/util/spring-util-4.0.xsd
http://www.springframework.org/schema/task http://www.springframework.org/schema/task/spring-task-4.0.xsd" default-lazy-init="false">
</beans>
主方法進行測試:
package com.dxz.demo.configuration;
import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.AnnotationConfigApplicationContext;
public class TestMain {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// @Configuration注解的spring容器加載方式,用AnnotationConfigApplicationContext替換ClassPathXmlApplicationContext
ApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(TestConfiguration.class);
// 如果加載spring-context.xml文件:
// ApplicationContext context = new
// ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-context.xml");
}
}
從運行主方法結果可以看出,spring容器已經啟動了:

1.2、@Configuration啟動容器+@Bean注冊Bean,@Bean下管理bean的生命周期
@Bean標注在方法上(返回某個實例的方法),等價於spring的xml配置文件中的<bean>,作用為:注冊bean對象
bean類:
package com.dxz.demo.configuration;
public class TestBean {
private String username;
private String url;
private String password;
public void sayHello() {
System.out.println("TestBean sayHello...");
}
public String toString() {
return "username:" + this.username + ",url:" + this.url + ",password:" + this.password;
}
public void start() {
System.out.println("TestBean 初始化。。。");
}
public void cleanUp() {
System.out.println("TestBean 銷毀。。。");
}
}
配置類:
package com.dxz.demo.configuration;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Scope;
@Configuration
public class TestConfiguration {
public TestConfiguration() {
System.out.println("TestConfiguration容器啟動初始化。。。");
}
// @Bean注解注冊bean,同時可以指定初始化和銷毀方法
// @Bean(name="testBean",initMethod="start",destroyMethod="cleanUp")
@Bean
@Scope("prototype")
public TestBean testBean() {
return new TestBean();
}
}
主方法測試類:
package com.dxz.demo.configuration;
import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.AnnotationConfigApplicationContext;
public class TestMain {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// @Configuration注解的spring容器加載方式,用AnnotationConfigApplicationContext替換ClassPathXmlApplicationContext
ApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(TestConfiguration.class);
// 如果加載spring-context.xml文件:
// ApplicationContext context = new
// ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-context.xml");
//獲取bean
TestBean tb = (TestBean) context.getBean("testBean");
tb.sayHello();
}
}
結果:

注:
(1)、@Bean注解在返回實例的方法上,如果未通過@Bean指定bean的名稱,則默認與標注的方法名相同;
(2)、@Bean注解默認作用域為單例singleton作用域,可通過@Scope(“prototype”)設置為原型作用域;
(3)、既然@Bean的作用是注冊bean對象,那么完全可以使用@Component、@Controller、@Service、@Ripository等注解注冊bean,當然需要配置@ComponentScan注解進行自動掃描。
@Bean下管理bean的生命周期
可以使用基於 Java 的配置來管理 bean 的生命周期。@Bean 支持兩種屬性,即 initMethod 和destroyMethod,這些屬性可用於定義生命周期方法。在實例化 bean 或即將銷毀它時,容器便可調用生命周期方法。生命周期方法也稱為回調方法,因為它將由容器調用。使用 @Bean 注釋注冊的 bean 也支持 JSR-250 規定的標准 @PostConstruct 和 @PreDestroy 注釋。如果您正在使用 XML 方法來定義 bean,那么就應該使用 bean 元素來定義生命周期回調方法。以下代碼顯示了在 XML 配置中通常使用 bean 元素定義回調的方法。
@Configuration
@ComponentScan(basePackages = "com.dxz.demo.configuration")
public class TestConfiguration {
public TestConfiguration() {
System.out.println("TestConfiguration容器啟動初始化。。。");
}
//@Bean注解注冊bean,同時可以指定初始化和銷毀方法
@Bean(name="testBean",initMethod="start",destroyMethod="cleanUp")
@Scope("prototype")
public TestBean testBean() {
return new TestBean();
}
}
啟動類:
public class TestMain {
public static void main(String[] args) {
ApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(TestConfiguration.class);
TestBean tb = (TestBean) context.getBean("testBean");
tb.sayHello();
System.out.println(tb);
TestBean tb2 = (TestBean) context.getBean("testBean");
tb2.sayHello();
System.out.println(tb2);
}
}
結果:

分析:
結果中的1:表明initMethod生效
結果中的2:表明@Scope("prototype")生效
1.3、@Configuration啟動容器+@Component注冊Bean
bean類:
package com.dxz.demo.configuration;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
//添加注冊bean的注解
@Component
public class TestBean {
private String username;
private String url;
private String password;
public void sayHello() {
System.out.println("TestBean sayHello...");
}
public String toString() {
return "username:" + this.username + ",url:" + this.url + ",password:" + this.password;
}
public void start() {
System.out.println("TestBean 初始化。。。");
}
public void cleanUp() {
System.out.println("TestBean 銷毀。。。");
}
}
配置類:
package com.dxz.demo.configuration;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.ComponentScan;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Scope;
@Configuration
//添加自動掃描注解,basePackages為TestBean包路徑
@ComponentScan(basePackages = "com.dxz.demo.configuration")
public class TestConfiguration {
public TestConfiguration() {
System.out.println("TestConfiguration容器啟動初始化。。。");
}
/*// @Bean注解注冊bean,同時可以指定初始化和銷毀方法
// @Bean(name="testNean",initMethod="start",destroyMethod="cleanUp")
@Bean
@Scope("prototype")
public TestBean testBean() {
return new TestBean();
}*/
}
主方法測試獲取bean對象:
package com.dxz.demo.configuration;
import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.AnnotationConfigApplicationContext;
public class TestMain {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// @Configuration注解的spring容器加載方式,用AnnotationConfigApplicationContext替換ClassPathXmlApplicationContext
ApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(TestConfiguration.class);
// 如果加載spring-context.xml文件:
// ApplicationContext context = new
// ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-context.xml");
//獲取bean
TestBean tb = (TestBean) context.getBean("testBean");
tb.sayHello();
}
}
sayHello()方法都被正常調用。

1.4、使用 AnnotationConfigApplicationContext 注冊 AppContext 類的兩種方法
1.4.1、 配置類的注冊方式是將其傳遞給 AnnotationConfigApplicationContext 構造函數
public static void main(String[] args) {
// @Configuration注解的spring容器加載方式,用AnnotationConfigApplicationContext替換ClassPathXmlApplicationContext
ApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(TestConfiguration.class);
//獲取bean
TestBean tb = (TestBean) context.getBean("testBean");
tb.sayHello();
}
1.4.2、 AnnotationConfigApplicationContext 的register 方法傳入配置類來注冊配置類
public static void main(String[] args) {
ApplicationContext ctx = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext();
ctx.register(AppContext.class)
}
1.5、配置Web應用程序(web.xml中配置AnnotationConfigApplicationContext)
過去,您通常要利用 XmlWebApplicationContext 上下文來配置 Spring Web 應用程序,即在 Web 部署描述符文件 web.xml 中指定外部 XML 上下文文件的路徑。XMLWebApplicationContext 是 Web 應用程序使用的默認上下文類。以下代碼描述了 web.xml 中指向將由 ContextLoaderListener 監聽器類載入的外部 XML 上下文文件的元素。
<web-app>
<context-param>
<param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name>
<param-value>/WEB-INF/applicationContext.xml</param-value>
</context-param>
<listener>
<listener-class>
org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener
</listener-class>
</listener>
<servlet>
<servlet-name>sampleServlet</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>
org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet
</servlet-class>
</servlet>
...
</web-app>
現在,您要將 web.xml 中的上述代碼更改為使用 AnnotationConfigApplicationContext 類。切記,XmlWebApplicationContext 是 Spring 為 Web 應用程序使用的默認上下文實現,因此您永遠不必在您的web.xml 文件中顯式指定這個上下文類。現在,您將使用基於 Java 的配置,因此在配置 Web 應用程序時,需要在web.xml 文件中指定 AnnotationConfigApplicationContext 類。上述代碼將修改如下:
<web-app>
<context-param>
<param-name>contextClass</param-name>
<param-value>
org.springframework.web.context.
support.AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext
</param-value>
</context-param>
<context-param>
<param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name>
<param-value>
demo.AppContext
</param-value>
</context-param>
<listener>
<listener-class>
org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener
</listener-class>
</listener>
<servlet>
<servlet-name>sampleServlet</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>
org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet
</servlet-class>
<init-param>
<param-name>contextClass</param-name>
<param-value>
org.springframework.web.context.
support.AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext
</param-value>
</init-param>
</servlet>
...
</web-app>
以上修改后的 web.xml 現在定義了 AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext 上下文類,並將其作為上下文參數和 servlet 元素的一部分。上下文配置位置現在指向 AppContext 配置類。這非常簡單。下一節將演示 bean 的生命周期回調和范圍的實現。
1.6、@Configuation總結
@Configuation等價於<Beans></Beans>
@Bean等價於<Bean></Bean>
@ComponentScan等價於<context:component-scan base-package="com.dxz.demo"/>
二、組合多個配置類
2.1、在@configuration中引入spring的xml配置文件
package com.dxz.demo.configuration2;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.ImportResource;
@Configuration
@ImportResource("classpath:applicationContext-configuration.xml")
public class WebConfig {
}
bean類:
package com.dxz.demo.configuration2;
public class TestBean2 {
private String username;
private String url;
private String password;
public void sayHello() {
System.out.println("TestBean2 sayHello...");
}
public String toString() {
return "TestBean2 username:" + this.username + ",url:" + this.url + ",password:" + this.password;
}
public void start() {
System.out.println("TestBean2 初始化。。。");
}
public void cleanUp() {
System.out.println("TestBean2 銷毀。。。");
}
}
測試類:
package com.dxz.demo.configuration2;
import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.AnnotationConfigApplicationContext;
public class TestMain2 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// @Configuration注解的spring容器加載方式,用AnnotationConfigApplicationContext替換ClassPathXmlApplicationContext
ApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(WebConfig.class);
// 如果加載spring-context.xml文件:
// ApplicationContext context = new
// ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-context.xml");
// 獲取bean
TestBean2 tb = (TestBean2) context.getBean("testBean2");
tb.sayHello();
}
}
結果:

2.2、在@configuration中引入其它注解配置
package com.dxz.demo.configuration2;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Import;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.ImportResource;
import com.dxz.demo.configuration.TestConfiguration;
@Configuration
@ImportResource("classpath:applicationContext-configuration.xml")
@Import(TestConfiguration.class)
public class WebConfig {
}
測試類:
package com.dxz.demo.configuration2;
import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.AnnotationConfigApplicationContext;
import com.dxz.demo.configuration.TestBean;
public class TestMain2 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// @Configuration注解的spring容器加載方式,用AnnotationConfigApplicationContext替換ClassPathXmlApplicationContext
ApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(WebConfig.class);
// 如果加載spring-context.xml文件:
// ApplicationContext context = new
// ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-context.xml");
// 獲取bean
TestBean2 tb2 = (TestBean2) context.getBean("testBean2");
tb2.sayHello();
TestBean tb = (TestBean) context.getBean("testBean");
tb.sayHello();
}
}
結果:

2.3、@configuration嵌套(嵌套的Configuration必須是靜態類)
通過配置類嵌套的配置類,達到組合多個配置類的目的。但注意內部類必須是靜態類。
上代碼:
package com.dxz.demo.configuration3;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
@Component
public class TestBean {
private String username;
private String url;
private String password;
public void sayHello() {
System.out.println("TestBean sayHello...");
}
public String toString() {
return "username:" + this.username + ",url:" + this.url + ",password:" + this.password;
}
public void start() {
System.out.println("TestBean start");
}
public void cleanUp() {
System.out.println("TestBean destory");
}
}
package com.dxz.demo.configuration3;
public class DataSource {
private String dbUser;
private String dbPass;
public String getDbUser() {
return dbUser;
}
public void setDbUser(String dbUser) {
this.dbUser = dbUser;
}
public String getDbPass() {
return dbPass;
}
public void setDbPass(String dbPass) {
this.dbPass = dbPass;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "DataSource [dbUser=" + dbUser + ", dbPass=" + dbPass + "]";
}
}
配置類:
package com.dxz.demo.configuration3;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.ComponentScan;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
@Configuration
@ComponentScan(basePackages = "com.dxz.demo.configuration3")
public class TestConfiguration {
public TestConfiguration() {
System.out.println("TestConfiguration容器啟動初始化。。。");
}
@Configuration
static class DatabaseConfig {
@Bean
DataSource dataSource() {
return new DataSource();
}
}
}
啟動類:
package com.dxz.demo.configuration3;
import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.AnnotationConfigApplicationContext;
public class TestMain {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// @Configuration注解的spring容器加載方式,用AnnotationConfigApplicationContext替換ClassPathXmlApplicationContexts
ApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(TestConfiguration.class);
//bean
TestBean tb = (TestBean) context.getBean("testBean");
tb.sayHello();
DataSource ds = (DataSource) context.getBean("dataSource");
System.out.println(ds);
}
}
結果:
TestConfiguration容器啟動初始化。。。 TestBean sayHello... DataSource [dbUser=null, dbPass=null]
3、@EnableXXX注解
配合@Configuration使用,包括 @EnableAsync, @EnableScheduling, @EnableTransactionManagement, @EnableAspectJAutoProxy, @EnableWebMvc。
@EnableAspectJAutoProxy---《spring AOP 之:@Aspect注解》
@EnableScheduling--《Spring 3.1新特性之二:@Enable*注解的源碼,spring源碼分析之定時任務Scheduled注解》
4、@Profile邏輯組配置
5、使用外部變量
1、@PropertySource + Environment,通過@PropertySource注解將properties配置文件中的值存儲到Spring的 Environment中,Environment接口提供方法去讀取配置文件中的值,參數是properties文件中定義的key值。
2、@PropertySource(PropertySourcesPlaceholderConfigurer)+@Value
轉載自:https://www.cnblogs.com/duanxz/p/7493276.html

