一、三種網絡模式
https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1Sv411r7vd?p=7
1、橋接模式
該虛擬機和宿主機同一網段，和外部網絡相通，但是占用網段地址資源，IP分配有限
2、NAT模式
建立了獨立網路IP地址，通過宿主機代理訪問外部網路，非宿主同一網段
但是外部網絡無法訪問該虛擬機
3、主機模式
獨立的操作系統
二、VmTool 文件共享
只安裝終端方式的VM已經把工具弄好了
然后實現文件共享只需要把宿主機的目錄掛載出來
在Linux的掛載目錄在這里：
/mnt/hgfs/share-doc
share-doc是共享的目錄名
在linux這個目錄中編輯一個新文件，在宿主機windows這里也會出現對應的新文件
[root@localhost hgfs]# cd share-doc [root@localhost share-doc]# vim aa.txt [root@localhost share-doc]#
三、目錄結構：
[root@localhost /]# ll 總用量 20 lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 7 11月 28 10:40 bin -> usr/bin dr-xr-xr-x. 5 root root 4096 11月 29 10:17 boot drwxr-xr-x. 20 root root 3260 11月 29 10:23 dev drwxr-xr-x. 82 root root 8192 11月 29 10:44 etc drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 4月 11 2018 home lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 7 11月 28 10:40 lib -> usr/lib lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 9 11月 28 10:40 lib64 -> usr/lib64 drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 4月 11 2018 media drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 18 11月 28 12:13 mnt drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 16 11月 29 10:44 opt dr-xr-xr-x. 153 root root 0 11月 29 10:23 proc dr-xr-x---. 2 root root 199 11月 29 10:36 root drwxr-xr-x. 25 root root 740 11月 29 10:44 run lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 8 11月 28 10:40 sbin -> usr/sbin drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 4月 11 2018 srv dr-xr-xr-x. 13 root root 0 11月 29 10:23 sys drwxrwxrwt. 14 root root 4096 11月 29 10:44 tmp drwxr-xr-x. 13 root root 155 11月 28 10:40 usr drwxr-xr-x. 19 root root 267 11月 28 10:54 var
/bin目錄 binary縮寫，存放經常使用的命令腳本，我們所寫的命令其實也是基於這些腳本文件實現的
[root@localhost /]# ls /bin [ cksum dwp gio-querymodules-64 infocmp luac nl-addr-list perl rename sg shuf teamnl vmware-checkvm a2p clean-binary-files echo glib-compile-schemas infokey lz4 nl-class-add perl5.16.3 renice sg_compare_and_write signver tee vmware-hgfsclient abs2rel clear egrep gmake infotocap lz4c nl-class-delete perlbug rescan-scsi-bus.sh sg_copy_results size test vmware-namespace-cmd addr2line cmp eject gneqn install lz4cat nl-classid-lookup perldoc reset sg_dd skill testgdbm vmware-rpctool alias cmsutil elfedit gnroff ionice machinectl nl-class-list perlthanks resizecons sg_decode_sense slabinfo tic vmware-toolbox-cmd alt-java col env gpasswd ipcalc mailq nl-cls-add pflags rev sg_emc_trespass slabtop timedatectl vmware-vgauth-cmd apropos colcrt envsubst gpg ipcmk mailq.postfix nl-cls-delete pgawk rm sg_format sleep timeout vmware-xferlogs ar colrm eqn gpg2 ipcrm make nl-cls-list pgrep rmail sg_get_config slogin tload vxloader arch column ex gpg-agent ipcs makedb nl-fib-lookup pic rmail.postfix sg_get_lba_status snice tmon w as comm expand gpgconf iptables-xml man nl-link-enslave piconv rmdir sg_ident soelim tnameserv wait aserver command expr gpg-connect-agent isosize mandb nl-link-ifindex2name pinentry rmid sginfo sort toe wall audit2allow coredumpctl factor gpg-error java manpath nl-link-list pinentry-curses rmiregistry sg_inq sotruss top watch audit2why cp fallocate gpgparsemail jjs mapscrn nl-link-name2ifindex ping rpcgen sg_logs splain touch watchgnupg aulast cpio false gpgsplit jobs mcookie nl-link-release ping6 rpm sg_luns split tput wc aulastlog cpp fc gpgv join md5sum nl-link-set pinky rpm2cpio sg_map sprof tr wdctl ausyscall cpupower fc-cache gpgv2 journalctl mesg nl-link-stats pk12util rpmdb sg_map26 sqlite3 tracepath wget auvirt create-jar-links fc-cache-64 gpg-zip jvmjar mixartloader nl-list-caches pkaction rpmkeys sgm_dd ssh tracepath6 whatis awk crlutil fc-cat gpic kbdinfo mkdir nl-list-sockets pkcheck rpmquery sg_modes ssh-add troff whereis base64 crontab fc-conflist gprof kbd_mode mkfifo nl-monitor pkexec rpmverify sg_opcodes ssh-agent true which basename csplit fc-list gr2fonttest kbdrate mkfontdir nl-neigh-add pkg-config rsyslog-recover-qi.pl sgp_dd ssh-copy-id truncate whiptail bash csslint-0.6 fc-match grep kdumpctl mkfontscale nl-neigh-delete pkill runcon sg_persist ssh-keygen trust who bashbug curl fc-pattern groff kernel-install mkinitrd nl-neigh-list pkla-admin-identities run-parts sg_prevent ssh-keyscan tset whoami bashbug-64 cut fc-query grops keytool mknod nl-neightbl-list pkla-check-authorization rvi sg_raw ssltap tsort withsctp bc cvtsudoers fc-scan grotty kill mktemp nl-pktloc-lookup pkttyagent rview sg_rbuf stat ttmkfdir write bdftopcf date fc-validate groups kmod modutil nl-qdisc-add pl2pm rvim sg_rdac stdbuf tty x86_64 bdftruncate db_archive fg grub2-editenv last more nl-qdisc-delete pldd s2p sg_read strings turbostat x86_64-redhat-linux-gcc bg db_checkpoint fgconsole grub2-file lastb mount nl-qdisc-list plymouth sandbox sg_read_block_limits strip tzselect x86_energy_perf_policy bond2team db_deadlock fgrep grub2-fstest lastlog mountpoint nl-route-add pmap scl sg_read_buffer stty ucs2any xargs bootctl db_dump file grub2-glue-efi lchfn msgattrib nl-route-delete pod2html scl_enabled sg_readcap su udevadm xgettext build-classpath db_dump185 find grub2-kbdcomp lchsh msgcat nl-route-get pod2man scl_source sg_read_long sudo ul xmlcatalog build-classpath-directory db_hotbackup find2perl grub2-menulst2cfg ld msgcmp nl-route-list pod2text scp sg_reassign sudoedit ulockmgr_server xmllint build-jar-repository db_load find-jar grub2-mkfont ld.bfd msgcomm nl-rule-list pod2usage script sg_referrals sudoreplay umask xmlsec1 busctl db_log_verify findmnt grub2-mkimage ldd msgconv nl-tctree-list policytool scriptreplay sg_requests sum umount xmlwf c2ph db_printlog fipscheck grub2-mklayout ld.gold msgen nl-util-addr post-grohtml scsi_logging_level sg_reset sync unalias xmvn-builddep c89 db_recover fipshmac grub2-mknetdir less msgexec nm powernow-k8-decode scsi_mandat sg_rmsn systemctl uname xorg-x11-fonts-update-dirs c99 db_replicate firewall-cmd grub2-mkpasswd-pbkdf2 lessecho msgfilter nmcli pr scsi_readcap sg_rtpg systemd-analyze unexpand xsltproc cairo-sphinx db_stat firewall-offline-cmd grub2-mkrelpath lesskey msgfmt nm-online preconv scsi_ready sg_safte systemd-ask-password unicode_start xxd cal db_tuner flock grub2-mkrescue lesspipe.sh msggrep nmtui pre-grohtml scsi-rescan sg_sanitize systemd-cat unicode_stop xz ca-legacy db_upgrade fmt grub2-mkstandalone lexgrog msghack nmtui-connect printenv scsi_satl sg_sat_identify systemd-cgls uniq xzcat captoinfo dbus-binding-tool fold grub2-render-label link msginit nmtui-edit printf scsi_start sg_sat_phy_event systemd-cgtop unlink xzcmp cat dbus-cleanup-sockets fonttosfnt grub2-script-check linux32 msgmerge nmtui-hostname prlimit scsi_stop sg_sat_set_features systemd-coredumpctl unlz4 xzdec catchsegv dbus-daemon free grub2-syslinux2cfg linux64 msgunfmt nohup ps scsi_temperature sg_scan systemd-delta unpack200 xzdiff catman dbus-monitor fribidi gsettings linux-boot-prober msguniq nproc psed sctp_darn sg_senddiag systemd-detect-virt unshare xzegrep cc dbus-run-session fusermount gsoelim ln mv nroff psfaddtable sctp_status sg_ses systemd-escape unxz xzfgrep cd dbus-send gapplication gtar loadkeys namei nsenter psfgettable sctp_test sg_start systemd-firstboot update-ca-trust xzgrep centrino-decode dbus-test-tool gawk gtbl loadunimap ndptool nss-policy-check psfstriptable sdiff sg_stpg systemd-hwdb update-gtk-immodules xzless certutil dbus-update-activation-environment gcc gtk-query-immodules-2.0-64 locale neqn numfmt psfxtable secon sg_sync systemd-inhibit update-mime-database xzmore c++filt dbus-uuidgen gcc-ar gtk-update-icon-cache localectl newaliases objcopy pstruct sed sg_test_rwbuf systemd-loginctl uptime yes chacl db_verify gcc-nm gtroff localedef newaliases.postfix objdump ptaskset sedismod sg_turs systemd-machine-id-setup urlgrabber ypdomainname chage dc gcc-ranlib gunzip logger newgidmap od ptx sedispol sg_unmap systemd-notify users yum chattr dd gcov gzexe login newgrp oldfind pwd semodule_package sg_verify systemd-nspawn usleep zcat chcat deallocvt gdbus gzip loginctl newuidmap open pwdx seq sg_vpd systemd-path usx2yloader zcmp chcon df gdk-pixbuf-query-loaders-64 h2ph logname nf-ct-add openssl pwmake servertool sg_write_buffer systemd-run utmpdump zdiff check-binary-files dgawk gdk-pixbuf-thumbnailer hdsploader look nf-ct-list openvt pwscore setarch sg_write_long systemd-stdio-bridge uuidgen zegrep checkmodule diff gencat head ls nf-exp-add orbd pydoc setfacl sg_write_same systemd-sysv-convert vdir zfgrep checkpolicy diff3 genl-ctrl-list hexdump lsattr nf-exp-delete os-prober python setfont sg_wr_mode systemd-tmpfiles VGAuthService zforce checksctp diff-jars geqn hostid lsblk nf-exp-list p11-kit python2 setkeycodes sg_xcopy systemd-tty-ask-password-agent vi zgrep chfn dir getconf hostname lscpu nf-log pack200 python2.7 setleds sh tabs view zless chgrp dircolors getent hostnamectl lsinitrd nf-monitor page_owner_sort ranlib setmetamode sha1sum tac vim zmore chmem dirname getfacl i386 lsipc nf-queue pango-list raw setpriv sha224sum tail vimdiff znew chmod dmesg getkeycodes iconv lslocks ngettext pango-querymodules-64 read setsid sha256sum tailf vimtutor zsoelim chown dnsdomainname getopt id lslogins nice pango-view readelf setterm sha384sum tar vlock chronyc domainname getopts idiag-socket-details lsmem nisdomainname passwd readlink setup-nsssysinit sha512sum taskset vmhgfs-fuse chrt dracut gettext idn lsns nl paste realpath setup-nsssysinit.sh showconsolefont tbl vmstat chsh du gettext.sh igawk lsscsi nl-addr-add pathchk rebuild-jar-repository setvtrgb showkey teamd vm-support chvt dumpkeys gio info lua nl-addr-delete pchrt recode-sr-latin sftp shred teamdctl vmtoolsd
/sbin目錄s意思superUser超級用戶，存放超級管理員使用的管理程序，權限控制與安全管理相關
[root@localhost /]# ls /sbin accessdb bridge chroot e2image fsck.minix grub2-probe iprdbg lshw matchpathcon nl-cls-delete postfix resize2fs semodule telinit vgck xfs_admin addgnupghome btrfs clock e2label fsck.xfs grub2-reboot iprdump lsmod mkdict nl-cls-list postkick resizepart sendmail thin_check vgconvert xfs_bmap addpart btrfsck clockdiff e2undo fsfreeze grub2-rpm-sort iprinit lspci mkdumprd nl-link-list postlock restorecon sendmail.postfix thin_delta vgcreate xfs_copy adduser btrfs-convert consoletype e4defrag fstrim grub2-set-default iprsos luseradd mke2fs nl-pktloc-lookup postlog rmmod service thin_dump vgdisplay xfs_db agetty btrfs-debug-tree cracklib-check eapol_test fxload grub2-setpassword iprupdate luserdel mkfs nl-qdisc-add postmap routef sestatus thin_ls vgexport xfs_estimate alternatives btrfs-find-root cracklib-format ebtables genhomedircon grub2-sparc64-setup ipset lusermod mkfs.btrfs nl-qdisc-delete postmulti routel setcap thin_metadata_size vgextend xfs_freeze anacron btrfs-image cracklib-packer ebtables-restore genhostid grubby iptables lvchange mkfs.cramfs nl-qdisc-list postqueue rsyslogd setenforce thin_repair vgimport xfs_fsr applygnupgdefaults btrfs-map-logical cracklib-unpacker ebtables-save genl halt iptables-restore lvconvert mkfs.ext2 nologin postsuper rtacct setfiles thin_restore vgimportclone xfs_growfs arpd btrfs-select-super create-cracklib-dict era_check genl-ctrl-list hardlink iptables-save lvcreate mkfs.ext3 nstat poweroff rtcwake setpci thin_rmap vgmerge xfs_info arping btrfstune crond era_dump getcap hwclock irqbalance lvdisplay mkfs.ext4 ownership ppp-watch rtmon setsebool thin_trim vgmknodes xfs_io audispd btrfs-zero-log ctrlaltdel era_invalidate getenforce iconvconfig kexec lvextend mkfs.minix packer pvchange rtpr sfdisk tracepath vgreduce xfs_logprint auditctl build-locale-archive ctstat era_restore getpcaps iconvconfig.x86_64 killall5 lvm mkfs.xfs pam_console_apply pvck rtstat shutdown tracepath6 vgremove xfs_mdrestore auditd cacertdir_rehash debugfs ethtool getsebool ifcfg kpartx lvmconf mkhomedir_helper pam_tally2 pvcreate runlevel sln tune2fs vgrename xfs_metadump augenrules cache_check delpart faillock glibc_post_upgrade.x86_64 ifdown lchage lvmconfig mklost+found pam_timestamp_check pvdisplay runuser smtp-sink tuned vgs xfs_mkfile aureport cache_dump depmod fdformat groupadd ifenslave ldattach lvmdiskscan mkswap parted pvmove sasldblistusers2 smtp-source tuned-adm vgscan xfs_ncheck ausearch cache_metadata_size devlink fdisk groupdel ifstat ldconfig lvmdump modinfo partprobe pvremove saslpasswd2 ss udevadm vgsplit xfs_quota authconfig cache_repair dhclient filefrag groupmems ifup lgroupadd lvmetad modprobe partx pvresize sefcontext_compile sshd unix_chkpwd vigr xfs_repair authconfig-tui cache_restore dhclient-script findfs groupmod init lgroupdel lvmpolld mount.fuse pdata_tools pvs selabel_digest sshd-keygen unix_update vipw xfs_rtcp autrace cache_writeback dmeventd firewalld grpck insmod lgroupmod lvmsadc netreport pidof pvscan selabel_lookup sulogin update-alternatives virt-what xtables-multi avcstat capsh dmfilemapd fixfiles grpconv install-info lid lvmsar NetworkManager ping6 pwck selabel_lookup_best_match sushell update-pciids visudo zdump badblocks cbq dmidecode fsadm grpunconv installkernel lnewusers lvreduce new-kernel-pkg pivot_root pwconv selabel_partial_match swaplabel useradd vmcore-dmesg zic biosdecode cfdisk dmsetup fsck grub2-bios-setup intel-microcode2ucode lnstat lvremove newusers plymouthd pwhistory_helper selinuxconlist swapoff userdel vpddecode zramctl biosdevname chcpu dmstats fsck.btrfs grub2-get-kernel-settings ip load_policy lvrename nl-class-add plymouth-set-default-theme pwunconv selinuxdefcon swapon usermod weak-modules blkdeactivate chgpasswd dracut fsck.cramfs grub2-install ip6tables logrotate lvresize nl-class-delete postalias rdisc selinuxenabled switch_root usernetctl wipefs blkdiscard chkconfig dumpe2fs fsck.ext2 grub2-macbless ip6tables-restore logsave lvs nl-classid-lookup postcat rdma selinuxexeccon sysctl vgcfgbackup wpa_cli blkid chpasswd e2freefrag fsck.ext3 grub2-mkconfig ip6tables-save losetup lvscan nl-class-list postconf readprofile selinux_restorecon sys-unconfig vgcfgrestore wpa_passphrase blockdev chronyd e2fsck fsck.ext4 grub2-ofpathname iprconfig lpasswd makedumpfile nl-cls-add postdrop reboot semanage tc vgchange wpa_supplicant
/home存放是其他用戶的目錄，每個用戶名的目錄由它的用戶名稱決定
[root@localhost /]# cd /home [root@localhost home]# ls [root@localhost home]# useradd user-01 [root@localhost home]# useradd user-02 [root@localhost home]# useradd user-03 [root@localhost home]# useradd user-04 [root@localhost home]# ls user-01 user-02 user-03 user-04
/usr目錄存放應用程序和文件，類似windows的programfiles
[root@localhost /]# ls /usr bin etc games include lib lib64 libexec local sbin share src tmp
/boot目錄存放系統啟動需要的相關文件
[root@localhost /]# ls /boot config-3.10.0-1127.el7.x86_64 initramfs-3.10.0-1127.el7.x86_64.img System.map-3.10.0-1127.el7.x86_64 config-3.10.0-1160.6.1.el7.x86_64 initramfs-3.10.0-1127.el7.x86_64kdump.img System.map-3.10.0-1160.6.1.el7.x86_64 efi initramfs-3.10.0-1160.6.1.el7.x86_64.img vmlinuz-0-rescue-8cd9a0197dc14da38e07eed4a07ce8c6 grub initramfs-3.10.0-1160.6.1.el7.x86_64kdump.img vmlinuz-3.10.0-1127.el7.x86_64 grub2 symvers-3.10.0-1127.el7.x86_64.gz vmlinuz-3.10.0-1160.6.1.el7.x86_64 initramfs-0-rescue-8cd9a0197dc14da38e07eed4a07ce8c6.img
/proc目錄映射系統內存，訪問這個目錄獲取系統信息
改變該目錄的文件可能會造成系統崩潰
[root@localhost /]# ls /proc 1 1389 19 28 3017 32 36 410 432 541 61 653 680 746 acpi diskstats irq mdstat sched_debug sysvipc 10 1390 1966 2806 304 320 3621 411 433 550 62 655 681 757 asound dma kallsyms meminfo schedstat timer_list 11 14 2 2807 31 321 37 424 434 57 63 668 7 762 buddyinfo driver kcore misc scsi timer_stats 1118 16 21 2824 311 3288 38 425 435 574 64 669 704 766 bus execdomains keys modules self tty 1120 1639 22 2829 312 33 39 426 46 575 647 674 728 78 cgroups fb key-users mounts slabinfo uptime 1121 1645 2241 29 313 333 398 427 47 576 648 675 729 8 cmdline filesystems kmsg mpt softirqs version 115 17 2257 299 314 34 399 428 48 578 649 676 730 804 consoles fs kpagecount mtrr stat vmallocinfo 12 1781 23 30 315 3459 4 429 49 59 650 677 733 883 cpuinfo interrupts kpageflags net swaps vmstat 13 1786 24 300 316 35 40 430 515 6 651 678 734 9 crypto iomem loadavg pagetypeinfo sys zoneinfo 1382 18 26 301 317 357 41 431 537 60 652 679 739 932 devices ioports locks partitions sysrq-trigger
/srv目錄 service縮寫，是存放服務啟動之后需要提取的數據文件
改變該目錄的文件可能會造成一些服務無法啟動
這里尚未安裝任何程序的服務
[root@localhost /]# ls /srv [root@localhost /]#
/sys目錄 system縮寫，存放系統文件
[root@localhost /]# ls /sys block bus class dev devices firmware fs hypervisor kernel module power
/tmp目錄 temp縮寫，存放一些臨時文件
承接上面vm是自動安裝的，文件都放在這里
[root@localhost /]# ls /tmp hsperfdata_root systemd-private-4a12f7215f734b3b93e5d83f83618bb0-chronyd.service-7StxVn vmware-root_35621-3221043166 vmware-root_732-2999591876 yum.log ks-script-nUDbLZ vmware-root_35599-3178639466 vmware-root_729-4257135007 vmware-root_771-4256545187
/etc 存放所有系統管理所需要的配置文件和子目錄
[root@localhost /]# ls /etc adjtime crypttab gcrypt java maven ppp rwtab.d sudo-ldap.conf aliases csh.cshrc glvnd jvm mke2fs.conf prelink.conf.d sasl2 sysconfig aliases.db csh.login gnupg jvm-commmon modprobe.d printcap scl sysctl.conf alternatives dbus-1 GREP_COLORS kdump.conf modules-load.d profile securetty sysctl.d anacrontab default groff kernel motd profile.d security systemd asound.conf depmod.d group krb5.conf mtab protocols selinux system-release audisp dhcp group- krb5.conf.d NetworkManager python services system-release-cpe audit DIR_COLORS grub2.cfg ld.so.cache networks rc0.d sestatus.conf terminfo bash_completion.d DIR_COLORS.256color grub.d ld.so.conf nsswitch.conf rc1.d shadow tmpfiles.d bashrc DIR_COLORS.lightbgcolor gshadow ld.so.conf.d nsswitch.conf.bak rc2.d shadow- tuned binfmt.d dracut.conf gshadow- libaudit.conf openldap rc3.d shells udev centos-release dracut.conf.d gss libnl opt rc4.d skel vconsole.conf centos-release-upstream e2fsck.conf host.conf libuser.conf os-release rc5.d ssh vimrc chkconfig.d egl hostname locale.conf pam.d rc6.d ssl virc chrony.conf environment hosts localtime passwd rc.d statetab vmware-tools chrony.keys ethertypes hosts.allow login.defs passwd- rc.local statetab.d wgetrc cron.d exports hosts.deny logrotate.conf pkcs11 redhat-release subgid wpa_supplicant cron.daily favicon.png init.d logrotate.d pki resolv.conf subgid- X11 cron.deny filesystems inittab lvm plymouth rpc subuid xdg cron.hourly firewalld inputrc machine-id pm rpm subuid- xinetd.d cron.monthly fonts iproute2 magic polkit-1 rsyslog.conf sudo.conf yum crontab fstab issue makedumpfile.conf.sample popt.d rsyslog.d sudoers yum.conf cron.weekly fuse.conf issue.net man_db.conf postfix rwtab sudoers.d yum.repos.d
/dev目錄 device設備縮寫，類似windows的設備管理器
所有的硬件信息以文件的形式存儲在此目錄中
[root@localhost /]# ls /dev agpgart cpu full mapper port sda2 tty0 tty19 tty29 tty39 tty49 tty59 ttyS2 vcs3 vfio autofs cpu_dma_latency fuse mcelog ppp sg0 tty1 tty2 tty3 tty4 tty5 tty6 ttyS3 vcs4 vga_arbiter block crash hidraw0 mem ptmx sg1 tty10 tty20 tty30 tty40 tty50 tty60 uhid vcs5 vhci bsg disk hpet midi pts shm tty11 tty21 tty31 tty41 tty51 tty61 uinput vcs6 vhost-net btrfs-control dm-0 hugepages mqueue random snapshot tty12 tty22 tty32 tty42 tty52 tty62 urandom vcsa vmci bus dm-1 hwrng net raw snd tty13 tty23 tty33 tty43 tty53 tty63 usbmon0 vcsa1 vsock cdrom dm-2 initctl network_latency rfkill sr0 tty14 tty24 tty34 tty44 tty54 tty7 usbmon1 vcsa2 zero centos dmmidi input network_throughput rtc stderr tty15 tty25 tty35 tty45 tty55 tty8 usbmon2 vcsa3 char dri kmsg null rtc0 stdin tty16 tty26 tty36 tty46 tty56 tty9 vcs vcsa4 console fb0 log nvram sda stdout tty17 tty27 tty37 tty47 tty57 ttyS0 vcs1 vcsa5 core fd loop-control oldmem sda1 tty tty18 tty28 tty38 tty48 tty58 ttyS1 vcs2 vcsa6
/mnt目錄 用於掛載文件系統
[root@localhost /]# ls /mnt hgfs
/media目錄，媒體的意思可能不是很理解，應該說是介質，
用於識別外部接入設備，系統識別后會變成文件或目錄的形式展示
[root@localhost /]# ls /media [root@localhost /]#
/opt目錄，意思option？ 存放安裝軟件的目錄
這里存放了安裝gcc8版本需要的一個目錄。。。
[root@localhost /]# ls opt rh
/usr/local目錄 存放給系統額外安裝程序的目錄
一般這些程序是通過源碼編譯方式安裝的
[root@localhost /]# ls /usr/local bin etc games include lib lib64 libexec sbin share src
/var目錄是存放不斷寫入的文件的目錄，一般存放日志文件
[root@localhost /]# ls /var adm cache crash db empty games gopher kerberos lib local lock log mail nis opt preserve run spool tmp yp
/lib目錄是存放系統核心庫文件的地方，等同windows的dll文件庫
[root@localhost /]# ls /lib binfmt.d firewalld gcc java-1.6.0 jvm kbd modprobe.d os-release sendmail systemd yum-plugins cpp firmware grub java-1.7.0 jvm-commmon kdump modules polkit-1 sendmail.postfix tmpfiles.d debug fontconfig java java-1.8.0 jvm-exports kernel modules-load.d python2.7 sse2 tuned dracut games java-1.5.0 java-ext jvm-private locale NetworkManager rpm sysctl.d udev
/selinux目錄是子安全系統
security-enhanced linux ,該目錄不會主動顯示在終端中，需要設置開啟訪問
四、關機和重啟
shutdown now 立即關機 shutdown -h now 立即關機 shutdown -h 1 一分鍾后關機 halt 立即關機 【就是 -h參數的縮寫】 shutdown -r now 立即重啟 reboot 立即重啟 sync 內存數據同步到磁盤
實際上只需要記住 halt 和 reboot即可,sync操作已經合並在這些命令之前了
五、登錄和注銷
su - 用戶名 切換用戶 logout 注銷
logout只適用本機操作，遠程訪問無法使用此命令
一般就是su 進行用戶之間的切換操作，由root切換其他用戶不需要密碼
但是由其他用戶轉向root則需要輸入密碼
六、用戶管理
創建用戶
useradd 用戶名 創建一個用戶，並且在/home下創建對應用戶名的目錄 useradd -d 指定目錄 用戶名 創建一個用戶，指定所在的用戶目錄（非特殊使用不要這么做）
配置密碼
passwd 用戶名 給該用戶設置密碼或者重置密碼
移除用戶
一般建議不刪除目錄，歷史信息需要保留
userdel 用戶名 刪除該用戶，/home對應的目錄保留 userdel -r 用戶名 刪除該用戶，連同/home對應的目錄一並刪除
查看指定用戶
id 用戶名 演示案例 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - [root@localhost /]# id root uid=0(root) gid=0(root) 組=0(root) [root@localhost /]# id user1 id: user1: no such user - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
查看當前用戶
whoami 查看當前使用的用戶 演示案例 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - [root@localhost /]# whoami root [root@localhost /]# su user-01 [user-01@localhost /]$ whoami user-01 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - who am I 查看一開始登錄使用的用戶信息詳細 演示案例 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - [user-01@localhost /]$ who am I root pts/0 2020-11-29 10:27 (192.168.132.1) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
七、用戶組管理
group即對用戶進行歸納，統一管理
一般用戶創建沒有指定組
組會默認為用戶名稱，因為gid 會和uid一起
創建組
groupadd 組名稱 創建一個用戶組 useradd -g 組名稱 用戶名稱 在創建用戶時指定所屬的用戶組 usermod -g 組名稱 用戶名稱 修改已有的用戶為其指定用戶組 groupdel 組名稱 移除一個用戶組
八、用戶信息文件
passwd文件
[root@localhost /]# cat /etc/passwd root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown halt:x:7:0:halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt mail:x:8:12:mail:/var/spool/mail:/sbin/nologin operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin games:x:12:100:games:/usr/games:/sbin/nologin ftp:x:14:50:FTP User:/var/ftp:/sbin/nologin nobody:x:99:99:Nobody:/:/sbin/nologin systemd-network:x:192:192:systemd Network Management:/:/sbin/nologin dbus:x:81:81:System message bus:/:/sbin/nologin polkitd:x:999:998:User for polkitd:/:/sbin/nologin sshd:x:74:74:Privilege-separated SSH:/var/empty/sshd:/sbin/nologin postfix:x:89:89::/var/spool/postfix:/sbin/nologin chrony:x:998:996::/var/lib/chrony:/sbin/nologin user-01:x:1000:1000::/home/user-01:/bin/bash user-02:x:1001:1001::/home/user-02:/bin/bash user-03:x:1002:1002::/home/user-03:/bin/bash user-04:x:1003:1003::/home/user-04:/bin/bash
信息格式：
用戶名稱：口令：uid：gid：注釋描述：主目錄：登錄shell
shadow文件
user-04:x:1003:1003::/home/user-04:/bin/bash [root@localhost /]# cat /etc/shadow root:$6$WnpmZjGPxd7aYR5j$5Wxq8TpQ8GR/45w2Qixc1suJvL6HuMczmjT3Q01OlvUnSWFqpHGuWHCA5lCTU10HPU5ljrrlwll7Go3Ids1e01::0:99999:7::: bin:*:18353:0:99999:7::: daemon:*:18353:0:99999:7::: adm:*:18353:0:99999:7::: lp:*:18353:0:99999:7::: sync:*:18353:0:99999:7::: shutdown:*:18353:0:99999:7::: halt:*:18353:0:99999:7::: mail:*:18353:0:99999:7::: operator:*:18353:0:99999:7::: games:*:18353:0:99999:7::: ftp:*:18353:0:99999:7::: nobody:*:18353:0:99999:7::: systemd-network:!!:18594:::::: dbus:!!:18594:::::: polkitd:!!:18594:::::: sshd:!!:18594:::::: postfix:!!:18594:::::: chrony:!!:18594:::::: user-01:!!:18595:0:99999:7::: user-02:!!:18595:0:99999:7::: user-03:!!:18595:0:99999:7::: user-04:!!:18595:0:99999:7:::
信息格式：
登錄名稱：加密口令：最后一次修改的時間：最小時間間隔：最大時間間隔：警告時間：不活動時間：失效時間：標志
group文件：
[root@localhost /]# cat /etc/group root:x:0: bin:x:1: daemon:x:2: sys:x:3: adm:x:4: tty:x:5: disk:x:6: lp:x:7: mem:x:8: kmem:x:9: wheel:x:10: cdrom:x:11: mail:x:12:postfix man:x:15: dialout:x:18: floppy:x:19: games:x:20: tape:x:33: video:x:39: ftp:x:50: lock:x:54: audio:x:63: nobody:x:99: users:x:100: utmp:x:22: utempter:x:35: input:x:999: systemd-journal:x:190: systemd-network:x:192: dbus:x:81: polkitd:x:998: ssh_keys:x:997: sshd:x:74: postdrop:x:90: postfix:x:89: chrony:x:996: cgred:x:995: user-01:x:1000: user-02:x:1001: user-03:x:1002: user-04:x:1003:
信息格式：
組名稱：口令：gid：組內用戶列表