總體來說，有2種思路：
1、可以通過proxmox中的qemu-system-arm命令來模擬，這種方式需要 使用github上經過修改的kernel以及dtb（設備樹文件，dt表示device tree），需要3個文件:raspbian的img文件（需要從官網下載）、dtb文件、經過修改的kernel（這2個文件需要從github上下載）
raspbian官網下載地址：
http://downloads.raspberrypi.org/raspbian/images/
對應的lite鏡像 http://downloads.raspberrypi.org/raspbian_lite/images/
dtb文件以及kernel下載地址：
https://github.com/dhruvvyas90/qemu-rpi-kernel 在此github上還有詳細的使用說明
在proxmox上使用，難點： 注意配套使用proxmox的bridge網卡而不要使用github示例中的qemu內置nat網卡
qemu-system-arm \
-M versatilepb,accel=tcg \ -----accel=tcg才能啟動
-cpu arm1176 \
-m 256 \
-hda /root/raspbian/2020-02-13-raspbian-buster.img \
-net user,hostfwd=tcp::5022-:22 \
-dtb /root/raspbian/versatile-pb-buster.dtb \
-kernel /root/raspbian/kernel-qemu-4.19.50-buster \
-append 'root=/dev/sda2 panic=1' \
-no-reboot
qemu-system-arm \
-machine versatilepb \
-cpu arm1176 \
-m 256 \
-hda /root/raspbian/2020-02-13-raspbian-buster.img \
-netdev 'type=tap,id=net1,ifname=tap101i1,script=/var/lib/qemu-server/pve-bridge,downscript=/var/lib/qemu-server/pve-bridgedown,vhost=on' \
-device 'virtio-net-pci,mac=1A:E8:8F:FA:D7:5C,netdev=net1,bus=pci.0,addr=0x13,id=net1,bootindex=301' \
-dtb /root/raspbian/versatile-pb-buster.dtb \
-kernel /root/raspbian/kernel-qemu-4.19.50-buster \
-append 'root=/dev/sda2 panic=1' \
-no-reboot
提示錯誤：qemu-system-arm: -machine accel=kvm: No accelerator found
參考：https://www.reddit.com/r/qemu_kvm/comments/87h8nw/accelkvm_no_accelerator_found_only_for_arm/ （需要FQ）
結論：
KVM uses virtualization features of the host processor to run binaries of the same architecture. You can't emulate ARM through x86/x86_64 KVM because they're different architectures.
qemu-system-arm
-M versatilepb,accel=tcg
-nographic
-cpu arm1176
-m 256
-hda /root/raspbian/2020-02-13-raspbian-buster.img
-dtb /root/raspbian/versatile-pb-buster.dtb
-kernel /root/raspbian/kernel-qemu-4.19.50-buster
-append 'root=/dev/sda2 panic=1'
-no-reboot
可以正常啟動（-nographic ），不知道為什么不能使用accel=kvm只能用模擬tcg 如下：
注意啟動過程有2個fail
vpb_sic_write: Bad register offset 0x2c
Booting Linux on physical CPU 0x0
Linux version 4.19.50+ (niklas@ubuntu) (gcc version 9.2.1 20191008 (Ubuntu 9.2.1-9ubuntu2)) #1 Tue Nov 26 01:49:16 CET 2019
CPU: ARMv6-compatible processor [410fb767] revision 7 (ARMv7), cr=00c5387d
CPU: VIPT aliasing data cache, unknown instruction cache
OF: fdt: Machine model: ARM Versatile PB
Memory policy: Data cache writeback
random: get_random_bytes called from start_kernel+0x88/0x414 with crng_init=0
Built 1 zonelists, mobility grouping on. Total pages: 64960
Kernel command line: root=/dev/sda2 panic=1
Dentry cache hash table entries: 32768 (order: 5, 131072 bytes)
Inode-cache hash table entries: 16384 (order: 4, 65536 bytes)
Memory: 252032K/262144K available (5406K kernel code, 211K rwdata, 1360K rodata, 196K init, 142K bss, 10112K reserved, 0K cma-reserved)
Virtual kernel memory layout:
vector : 0xffff0000 - 0xffff1000 ( 4 kB)
fixmap : 0xffc00000 - 0xfff00000 (3072 kB)
vmalloc : 0xd0800000 - 0xff800000 ( 752 MB)
lowmem : 0xc0000000 - 0xd0000000 ( 256 MB)
modules : 0xbf000000 - 0xc0000000 ( 16 MB)
.text : 0x(ptrval) - 0x(ptrval) (5408 kB)
.init : 0x(ptrval) - 0x(ptrval) ( 196 kB)
.data : 0x(ptrval) - 0x(ptrval) ( 212 kB)
.bss : 0x(ptrval) - 0x(ptrval) ( 143 kB)
NR_IRQS: 16, nr_irqs: 16, preallocated irqs: 16
VIC @(ptrval): id 0x00041190, vendor 0x41
FPGA IRQ chip 0 "intc" @ (ptrval), 20 irqs, parent IRQ: 47
clocksource: arm,sp804: mask: 0xffffffff max_cycles: 0xffffffff, max_idle_ns: 1911260446275 ns
sched_clock: 32 bits at 1000kHz, resolution 1000ns, wraps every 2147483647500ns
Failed to initialize '/amba/timer@101e3000': -22
sched_clock: 32 bits at 24MHz, resolution 41ns, wraps every 89478484971ns
Console: colour dummy device 80x30
console [tty0] enabled
Calibrating delay loop... 956.00 BogoMIPS (lpj=4780032)
pid_max: default: 32768 minimum: 301
Mount-cache hash table entries: 1024 (order: 0, 4096 bytes)
Mountpoint-cache hash table entries: 1024 (order: 0, 4096 bytes)
CPU: Testing write buffer coherency: ok
Setting up static identity map for 0x8220 - 0x827c
devtmpfs: initialized
VFP support v0.3: implementor 41 architecture 1 part 20 variant b rev 5
clocksource: jiffies: mask: 0xffffffff max_cycles: 0xffffffff, max_idle_ns: 19112604462750000 ns
futex hash table entries: 256 (order: -1, 3072 bytes)
NET: Registered protocol family 16
DMA: preallocated 256 KiB pool for atomic coherent allocations
OF: amba_device_add() failed (-19) for /amba/smc@10100000
OF: amba_device_add() failed (-19) for /amba/mpmc@10110000
OF: amba_device_add() failed (-19) for /amba/sctl@101e0000
OF: amba_device_add() failed (-19) for /amba/watchdog@101e1000
OF: amba_device_add() failed (-19) for /amba/sci@101f0000
OF: amba_device_add() failed (-19) for /amba/ssp@101f4000
OF: amba_device_add() failed (-19) for /amba/fpga/sci@a000
Serial: AMBA PL011 UART driver
101f1000.uart: ttyAMA0 at MMIO 0x101f1000 (irq = 28, base_baud = 0) is a PL011 rev1
console [ttyAMA0] enabled
101f2000.uart: ttyAMA1 at MMIO 0x101f2000 (irq = 29, base_baud = 0) is a PL011 rev1
101f3000.uart: ttyAMA2 at MMIO 0x101f3000 (irq = 30, base_baud = 0) is a PL011 rev1
10009000.uart: ttyAMA3 at MMIO 0x10009000 (irq = 54, base_baud = 0) is a PL011 rev1
vgaarb: loaded
SCSI subsystem initialized
clocksource: Switched to clocksource arm,sp804
NET: Registered protocol family 2
tcp_listen_portaddr_hash hash table entries: 512 (order: 0, 4096 bytes)
TCP established hash table entries: 2048 (order: 1, 8192 bytes)
TCP bind hash table entries: 2048 (order: 1, 8192 bytes)
TCP: Hash tables configured (established 2048 bind 2048)
UDP hash table entries: 256 (order: 0, 4096 bytes)
UDP-Lite hash table entries: 256 (order: 0, 4096 bytes)
NET: Registered protocol family 1
RPC: Registered named UNIX socket transport module.
RPC: Registered udp transport module.
RPC: Registered tcp transport module.
RPC: Registered tcp NFSv4.1 backchannel transport module.
NetWinder Floating Point Emulator V0.97 (double precision)
workingset: timestamp_bits=14 max_order=16 bucket_order=2
Installing knfsd (copyright (C) 1996 okir@monad.swb.de).
jffs2: version 2.2. (NAND) © 2001-2006 Red Hat, Inc.
romfs: ROMFS MTD (C) 2007 Red Hat, Inc.
9p: Installing v9fs 9p2000 file system support
Block layer SCSI generic (bsg) driver version 0.4 loaded (major 252)
io scheduler noop registered
io scheduler deadline registered
io scheduler cfq registered (default)
io scheduler mq-deadline registered
io scheduler kyber registered
pl061_gpio 101e4000.gpio: PL061 GPIO chip @0x101e4000 registered
pl061_gpio 101e5000.gpio: PL061 GPIO chip @0x101e5000 registered
pl061_gpio 101e6000.gpio: PL061 GPIO chip @0x101e6000 registered
pl061_gpio 101e7000.gpio: PL061 GPIO chip @0x101e7000 registered
versatile-pci 10001000.pci: host bridge /amba/pci@10001000 ranges:
versatile-pci 10001000.pci: IO 0x43000000..0x4300ffff -> 0x00000000
versatile-pci 10001000.pci: MEM 0x50000000..0x5fffffff -> 0x50000000
versatile-pci 10001000.pci: MEM 0x60000000..0x6fffffff -> 0x60000000
versatile-pci 10001000.pci: PCI core found (slot 11)
versatile-pci 10001000.pci: PCI host bridge to bus 0000:00
pci_bus 0000:00: root bus resource [bus 00-ff]
pci_bus 0000:00: root bus resource [io 0x0000-0xffff]
pci_bus 0000:00: root bus resource [mem 0x50000000-0x5fffffff]
pci_bus 0000:00: root bus resource [mem 0x60000000-0x6fffffff pref]
PCI: bus0: Fast back to back transfers disabled
pci 0000:00:0c.0: BAR 2: assigned [mem 0x50000000-0x50001fff]
pci 0000:00:0c.0: BAR 1: assigned [mem 0x50002000-0x500023ff]
pci 0000:00:0c.0: BAR 0: assigned [io 0x1000-0x10ff]
drm-clcd-pl111 dev:20: no max memory bandwidth specified, assume unlimited
drm-clcd-pl111 dev:20: set up callbacks for Versatile PL110
drm-clcd-pl111 dev:20: found bridge on endpoint 0
drm-clcd-pl111 dev:20: Using non-panel bridge
[drm] Supports vblank timestamp caching Rev 2 (21.10.2013).
[drm] No driver support for vblank timestamp query.
drm-clcd-pl111 dev:20: enable Versatile CLCD connectors
Console: switching to colour frame buffer device 128x48
drm-clcd-pl111 dev:20: fb0: DRM emulated frame buffer device
[drm] Initialized pl111 1.0.0 20170317 for dev:20 on minor 0
brd: module loaded
loop: module loaded
sym53c8xx 0000:00:0c.0: enabling device (0100 -> 0103)
sym0: <895a> rev 0x0 at pci 0000:00:0c.0 irq 66
sym0: No NVRAM, ID 7, Fast-40, LVD, parity checking
sym0: SCSI BUS has been reset.
scsi host0: sym-2.2.3
random: fast init done
scsi 0:0:0:0: Direct-Access QEMU QEMU HARDDISK 2.5+ PQ: 0 ANSI: 5
scsi target0:0:0: tagged command queuing enabled, command queue depth 16.
scsi target0:0:0: Beginning Domain Validation
scsi target0:0:0: Domain Validation skipping write tests
scsi target0:0:0: Ending Domain Validation
scsi 0:0:2:0: CD-ROM QEMU QEMU CD-ROM 2.5+ PQ: 0 ANSI: 5
scsi target0:0:2: tagged command queuing enabled, command queue depth 16.
scsi target0:0:2: Beginning Domain Validation
scsi target0:0:2: Domain Validation skipping write tests
scsi target0:0:2: Ending Domain Validation
sr 0:0:2:0: Power-on or device reset occurred
sr 0:0:2:0: [sr0] scsi3-mmc drive: 16x/50x cd/rw xa/form2 cdda tray
cdrom: Uniform CD-ROM driver Revision: 3.20
sd 0:0:0:0: Power-on or device reset occurred
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] 7397376 512-byte logical blocks: (3.79 GB/3.53 GiB)
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] Write Protect is off
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] Write cache: enabled, read cache: enabled, doesn't support DPO or FUA
of-flash 34000000.flash: versatile/realview flash protection
34000000.flash: Found 1 x32 devices at 0x0 in 32-bit bank. Manufacturer ID 0x000000 Chip ID 0x000000
Intel/Sharp Extended Query Table at 0x0031
Using buffer write method
sda: sda1 sda2
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] Attached SCSI disk
smc91x.c: v1.1, sep 22 2004 by Nicolas Pitre <nico@fluxnic.net>
smc91x 10010000.net eth0: SMC91C11xFD (rev 1) at (ptrval) IRQ 41
smc91x 10010000.net eth0: Ethernet addr: 52:54:00:12:34:56
rtc-ds1307 0-0068: registered as rtc0
versatile reboot driver registered
device-mapper: ioctl: 4.39.0-ioctl (2018-04-03) initialised: dm-devel@redhat.com
mmci-pl18x fpga:05: /aliases ID not available
mmci-pl18x fpga:05: mmc0: PL181 manf 41 rev0 at 0x10005000 irq 59,60 (pio)
mmci-pl18x fpga:05: DMA channels RX none, TX none
mmci-pl18x fpga:0b: /aliases ID not available
mmci-pl18x fpga:0b: mmc1: PL181 manf 41 rev0 at 0x1000b000 irq 49,50 (pio)
mmci-pl18x fpga:0b: DMA channels RX none, TX none
leds-syscon 10000000.core-module:led@08.0: registered LED versatile:0
leds-syscon 10000000.core-module:led@08.1: registered LED versatile:1
leds-syscon 10000000.core-module:led@08.2: registered LED versatile:2
leds-syscon 10000000.core-module:led@08.3: registered LED versatile:3
leds-syscon 10000000.core-module:led@08.4: registered LED versatile:4
leds-syscon 10000000.core-module:led@08.5: registered LED versatile:5
leds-syscon 10000000.core-module:led@08.6: registered LED versatile:6
leds-syscon 10000000.core-module:led@08.7: registered LED versatile:7
ledtrig-cpu: registered to indicate activity on CPUs
NET: Registered protocol family 17
Bridge firewalling registered
9pnet: Installing 9P2000 support
input: AT Raw Set 2 keyboard as /devices/platform/amba/amba:fpga/10006000.kmi/serio0/input/input0
rtc-ds1307 0-0068: setting system clock to 2020-11-19 04:46:41 UTC (1605761201)
uart-pl011 101f1000.uart: no DMA platform data
input: ImExPS/2 Generic Explorer Mouse as /devices/platform/amba/amba:fpga/10007000.kmi/serio1/input/input2
EXT4-fs (sda2): mounted filesystem with ordered data mode. Opts: (null)
VFS: Mounted root (ext4 filesystem) readonly on device 8:2.
devtmpfs: mounted
Freeing unused kernel memory: 196K
This architecture does not have kernel memory protection.
Run /sbin/init as init process
systemd[1]: Failed to lookup module alias 'autofs4': Function not implemented
systemd[1]: systemd 241 running in system mode. (+PAM +AUDIT +SELINUX +IMA +APPARMOR +SMACK +SYSVINIT +UTMP +LIBCRYPTSETUP +GCRYPT +GNUTLS +ACL +XZ +LZ4 +SECCOMP +BLKID +ELFUTILS +KMOD -IDN2 +IDN -PCRE2 default-hierarchy=hybrid)
systemd[1]: Detected architecture arm.
Welcome to Raspbian GNU/Linux 10 (buster)!
systemd[1]: Set hostname to <raspberrypi>.
random: systemd: uninitialized urandom read (16 bytes read)
systemd[1]: Initializing machine ID from random generator.
systemd[1]: Installed transient /etc/machine-id file.
systemd[1]: File /lib/systemd/system/systemd-journald.service:12 configures an IP firewall (IPAddressDeny=any), but the local system does not support BPF/cgroup based firewalling.
systemd[1]: Proceeding WITHOUT firewalling in effect! (This warning is only shown for the first loaded unit using IP firewalling.)
random: systemd: uninitialized urandom read (16 bytes read)
random: systemd: uninitialized urandom read (16 bytes read)
systemd[1]: Created slice User and Session Slice.
[ OK ] Created slice User and Session Slice.
random: systemd: uninitialized urandom read (16 bytes read)
systemd[1]: Listening on udev Control Socket.
[ OK ] Listening on udev Control Socket.
systemd[1]: Listening on initctl Compatibility Named Pipe.
[ OK ] Listening on initctl Compatibility Named Pipe.
[ OK ] Listening on udev Kernel Socket.
[ OK ] Created slice system-systemd\x2dfsck.slice.
[ OK ] Reached target Slices.
[ OK ] Listening on Journal Socket.
Mounting Kernel Debug File System...
Starting udev Coldplug all Devices...
Starting Restore / save the current clock...
Starting Set the console keyboard layout...
systemd[1]: Mounting POSIX Message Queue File System...
Mounting POSIX Message Queue File System...
systemd[1]: Starting Load Kernel Modules...
Starting Load Kernel Modules...
systemd[1]: Listening on Syslog Socket.
[ OK ] Listening on Syslog Socket.
systemd[1]: Listening on fsck to fsckd communication Socket.
[ OK ] Listening on fsck to fsckd communication Socket.
systemd[1]: Listening on Journal Socket (/dev/log).
[ OK ] Listening on Journal Socket (/dev/log).
systemd[1]: Condition check resulted in Journal Audit Socket being skipped.
systemd[1]: Starting Journal Service...
Starting Journal Service...
systemd[1]: Started Forward Password Requests to Wall Directory Watch.
[ OK ] Started Forward Password R…uests to Wall Directory Watch.
systemd[1]: Created slice system-getty.slice.
[ OK ] Created slice system-getty.slice.
systemd[1]: Reached target Swap.
[ OK ] Reached target Swap.
Mounting RPC Pipe File System...
[ OK ] Created slice system-serial\x2dgetty.slice.
[ OK ] Mounted Kernel Debug File System.
[ OK ] Started Restore / save the current clock.
[ OK ] Mounted POSIX Message Queue File System.
[FAILED] Failed to start Load Kernel Modules.
See 'systemctl status systemd-modules-load.service' for details.
[ OK ] Mounted RPC Pipe File System.
Starting Apply Kernel Variables...
Starting File System Check on Root Device...
[ OK ] Started Apply Kernel Variables.
[ OK ] Started File System Check Daemon to report status.
[ OK ] Started File System Check on Root Device.
Starting Remount Root and Kernel File Systems...
[ OK ] Started Journal Service.
[ OK ] Started Set the console keyboard layout.
[ OK ] Started Remount Root and Kernel File Systems.
Starting Load/Save Random Seed...
Starting Flush Journal to Persistent Storage...
Starting Create System Users...
[ OK ] Started udev Coldplug all Devices.
Starting Helper to synchronize boot up for ifupdown...
[ OK ] Started Load/Save Random Seed.
[ OK ] Started Flush Journal to Persistent Storage.
[ OK ] Started Helper to synchronize boot up for ifupdown.
[ OK ] Started Create System Users.
Starting Create Static Device Nodes in /dev...
[ OK ] Started Create Static Device Nodes in /dev.
[ OK ] Reached target Local File Systems (Pre).
Starting udev Kernel Device Manager...
[ OK ] Started udev Kernel Device Manager.
Starting Show Plymouth Boot Screen...
[ OK ] Started Show Plymouth Boot Screen.
[ OK ] Started Forward Password R…s to Plymouth Directory Watch.
[ OK ] Reached target Local Encrypted Volumes.
[ OK ] Reached target Paths.
[ OK ] Found device /dev/ttyAMA0.
[ OK ] Found device QEMU_HARDDISK boot.
Starting File System Check…isk/by-partuuid/ea7d04d6-01...
[ OK ] Started File System Check …/disk/by-partuuid/ea7d04d6-01.
Mounting /boot...
[ OK ] Mounted /boot.
[ OK ] Reached target Local File Systems.
Starting Raise network interfaces...
Starting Create Volatile Files and Directories...
Starting Commit a transient machine-id on disk...
Starting Tell Plymouth To Write Out Runtime Data...
Starting Set console font and keymap...
Starting Preprocess NFS configuration...
[ OK ] Started Tell Plymouth To Write Out Runtime Data.
[ OK ] Started Set console font and keymap.
[ OK ] Started Commit a transient machine-id on disk.
[ OK ] Started Preprocess NFS configuration.
[ OK ] Reached target NFS client services.
[ OK ] Reached target Remote File Systems (Pre).
[ OK ] Reached target Remote File Systems.
[ OK ] Started Create Volatile Files and Directories.
Starting Update UTMP about System Boot/Shutdown...
Starting Network Time Synchronization...
[ OK ] Started Update UTMP about System Boot/Shutdown.
[ OK ] Started Network Time Synchronization.
[ OK ] Reached target System Initialization.
[ OK ] Started Daily Cleanup of Temporary Directories.
[ OK ] Listening on triggerhappy.socket.
[ OK ] Listening on Avahi mDNS/DNS-SD Stack Activation Socket.
[ OK ] Listening on D-Bus System Message Bus Socket.
[ OK ] Reached target Sockets.
[ OK ] Reached target Basic System.
Starting Login Service...
Starting LSB: Switch to on…nless shift key is pressed)...
[ OK ] Started D-Bus System Message Bus.
Starting rng-tools.service...
Starting Regenerate SSH host keys...
Starting System Logging Service...
Starting Check for v3d driver...
Starting Check for Raspberry Pi EEPROM updates...
Starting Avahi mDNS/DNS-SD Stack...
[ OK ] Started Regular background program processing daemon.
Starting triggerhappy global hotkey daemon...
Starting LSB: Resize the r…ilesystem to fill partition...
Starting Disk Manager...
Starting dphys-swapfile - …unt, and delete a swap file...
Starting WPA supplicant...
Starting dhcpcd on all interfaces...
[ OK ] Reached target System Time Synchronized.
[ OK ] Started Daily rotation of log files.
[ OK ] Started Daily apt download activities.
[ OK ] Started Daily apt upgrade and clean activities.
[ OK ] Started Daily man-db regeneration.
[ OK ] Reached target Timers.
[ OK ] Started System Logging Service.
[ OK ] Started triggerhappy global hotkey daemon.
[ OK ] Started Raise network interfaces.
[FAILED] Failed to start rng-tools.service.
See 'systemctl status rng-tools.service' for details.
[ OK ] Started Check for v3d driver.
[ OK ] Started Check for Raspberry Pi EEPROM updates.
[ OK ] Started dhcpcd on all interfaces.
Starting Authorization Manager...
[ OK ] Started Login Service.
[ OK ] Started Avahi mDNS/DNS-SD Stack.
[ OK ] Started WPA supplicant.
[ OK ] Reached target Network.
Starting Permit User Sessions...
Starting /etc/rc.local Compatibility...
[ OK ] Started LSB: Switch to ond…(unless shift key is pressed).
[ OK ] Started /etc/rc.local Compatibility.
[ OK ] Started Permit User Sessions.
Starting Hold until boot process finishes up...
Starting Light Display Manager...
[ OK ] Started dphys-swapfile - s…mount, and delete a swap file.
[ OK ] Started Authorization Manager.
[ OK ] Started LSB: Resize the ro… filesystem to fill partition.
[ OK ] Started Hold until boot process finishes up.
Raspbian GNU/Linux 10 raspberrypi ttyAMA0
查看systemd-module-load服務如下：
調試如下：
qemu-system-arm \
-M versatilepb,accel=tcg \
-cpu arm1176 \
-m 256 \
-net user,hostfwd=tcp::5022-:22 \
-hda /root/raspbian/2020-02-13-raspbian-buster.img \
-dtb /root/raspbian/versatile-pb-buster.dtb \
-kernel /root/raspbian/kernel-qemu-4.19.50-buster \
-append 'root=/dev/sda2 panic=1' \
-no-reboot
提示
WARNING: Image format was not specified for '/root/raspbian/2020-02-13-raspbian-buster.img' and probing guessed raw.
Automatically detecting the format is dangerous for raw images, write operations on block 0 will be restricted.
Specify the 'raw' format explicitly to remove the restrictions.
qemu-system-arm: warning: vlan 0 with no nics
Running QEMU with SDL 1.2 is deprecated, and will be removed
in a future release. Please switch to SDL 2.0 instead
Could not initialize SDL(No available video device) - exiting
qemu-system-arm \
-M versatilepb,accel=tcg \
-cpu arm1176 \
-m 256 \
-hda /root/raspbian/2020-02-13-raspbian-buster.img \
-dtb /root/raspbian/versatile-pb-buster.dtb \
-kernel /root/raspbian/kernel-qemu-4.19.50-buster \
-append 'root=/dev/sda2 panic=1' \
-no-reboot
提示以上錯誤
qemu-system-arm \
-M versatilepb,accel=tcg \
-cpu arm1176 \
-m 256 \
-hda /root/raspbian/2020-02-13-raspbian-buster.img \
-dtb /root/raspbian/versatile-pb-buster.dtb \
-kernel /root/raspbian/kernel-qemu-4.19.50-buster \
-append 'root=/dev/sda2 panic=1' \
-nodefaults \
-no-reboot
提示以上錯誤
qemu-system-arm \
-M versatilepb \
-disable-kvm \
-cpu arm1176 \
-m 256 \
-hda /root/raspbian/2020-02-13-raspbian-buster.img \
-dtb /root/raspbian/versatile-pb-buster.dtb \
-kernel /root/raspbian/kernel-qemu-4.19.50-buster \
-append 'root=/dev/sda2 panic=1' \
-nodefaults \
-no-reboot
提示qemu-system-arm: -disable-kvm: invalid option
qemu-system-arm \
-M versatilepb,accel=tcg \
-nographic \
-cpu arm1176 \
-m 256 \
-hda /root/raspbian/2020-02-13-raspbian-buster.img \
-dtb /root/raspbian/versatile-pb-buster.dtb \
-kernel /root/raspbian/kernel-qemu-4.19.50-buster \
-append 'root=/dev/sda2 panic=1' \
-no-reboot
正常啟動，有2個服務沒有啟動
qemu-system-arm \
-M versatilepb,accel=tcg \
-serial mon:stdio \
-nographic \
-cpu arm1176 \
-m 256 \
-hda /root/raspbian/2020-02-13-raspbian-buster.img \
-dtb /root/raspbian/versatile-pb-buster.dtb \
-kernel /root/raspbian/kernel-qemu-4.19.50-buster \
-append 'root=/dev/sda2 panic=1' \
-no-reboot
正常啟動，有2個服務沒有啟動
qemu-system-arm \
-M versatilepb,accel=tcg \
-serial mon:stdio \
-nographic \
-cpu arm1176 \
-m 256 \
-netdev 'type=tap,id=net1,ifname=tap101i1,script=/var/lib/qemu-server/pve-bridge,downscript=/var/lib/qemu-server/pve-bridgedown,vhost=on' \
-device 'virtio-net-pci,mac=1A:E8:8F:FA:D7:5C,netdev=net1,bus=pci.0,addr=0x13,id=net1,bootindex=301' \
-hda /root/raspbian/2020-02-13-raspbian-buster.img \
-dtb /root/raspbian/versatile-pb-buster.dtb \
-kernel /root/raspbian/kernel-qemu-4.19.50-buster \
-append 'root=/dev/sda2 panic=1' \
-no-reboot
提示qemu-system-arm: could not configure /dev/net/tun (tap101i1): Device or resource busy
qemu-system-arm \
-M versatilepb,accel=tcg \
-serial mon:stdio \
-nographic \
-cpu arm1176 \
-m 256 \
-netdev 'type=tap,id=net1,ifname=vmbr0' \
-device 'virtio-net-pci,mac=1A:E8:8F:FA:D7:5C,netdev=net1,id=net1' \
-hda /root/raspbian/2020-02-13-raspbian-buster.img \
-dtb /root/raspbian/versatile-pb-buster.dtb \
-kernel /root/raspbian/kernel-qemu-4.19.50-buster \
-append 'root=/dev/sda2 panic=1' \
-no-reboot
提示qemu-system-arm: could not configure /dev/net/tun (vmbr0): Invalid argument
qemu-system-arm \
-M versatilepb,accel=tcg \
-serial mon:stdio \
-nographic \
-cpu arm1176 \
-m 256 \
-netdev 'type=tap,id=net1,ifname=tap101i1' \
-device 'virtio-net-pci,mac=1A:E8:8F:FA:D7:5C,netdev=net1,id=net1' \
-hda /root/raspbian/2020-02-13-raspbian-buster.img \
-dtb /root/raspbian/versatile-pb-buster.dtb \
-kernel /root/raspbian/kernel-qemu-4.19.50-buster \
-append 'root=/dev/sda2 panic=1' \
-no-reboot
提示qemu-system-arm: could not configure /dev/net/tun (tap101i1): Device or resource busy
qemu-system-arm \
-M versatilepb,accel=tcg \
-serial mon:stdio \
-nographic \
-cpu arm1176 \
-m 256 \
-net user,hostfwd=tcp::5022-:22 \
-hda /root/raspbian/2020-02-13-raspbian-buster.img \
-dtb /root/raspbian/versatile-pb-buster.dtb \
-kernel /root/raspbian/kernel-qemu-4.19.50-buster \
-append 'root=/dev/sda2 panic=1' \
-no-reboot
提示：正常啟動，2個服務沒有啟動 rng-tools.service systemctl status systemd-modules-load.service 沒有看到網絡應該和systemd-modules-load沒有啟動有關系
以上采用lite版本（沒有gui）的img來啟動，如下：
qemu-system-arm \
-M versatilepb,accel=tcg \
-cpu arm1176 \
-nographic \
-m 256 \
-hda /root/raspbian/2020-02-13-raspbian-buster-lite.img \
-dtb /root/raspbian/versatile-pb-buster.dtb \
-kernel /root/raspbian/kernel-qemu-4.19.50-buster \
-append 'root=/dev/sda2 panic=1' \
-no-reboot
發現只有一個服務rng-tools服務沒有正常啟動，其他服務正常，網絡默認有個qemu nat網卡，可以正常解析域名的ip，說明可以正常上網，如何設定tap橋接網卡呢？？
systemctl status rng-tools.service如下：
以上的netdev bridge配置參考proxmox原有的bridge的netdev配置：
-netdev 'type=tap,id=net0,ifname=tap101i0,script=/var/lib/qemu-server/pve-bridge,downscript=/var/lib/qemu-server/pve-bridgedown,vhost=on'
-device 'virtio-net-pci,mac=C2:70:7B:D0:05:14,netdev=net0,bus=pci.0,addr=0x12,id=net0,bootindex=300' \
-netdev 'type=tap,id=net1,ifname=tap101i1,script=/var/lib/qemu-server/pve-bridge,downscript=/var/lib/qemu-server/pve-bridgedown,vhost=on'
-device 'virtio-net-pci,mac=1A:E8:8F:FA:D7:C5,netdev=net1,bus=pci.0,addr=0x13,id=net1,bootindex=301'
目前不太理解其中vhost是什么意思？？
2、可以使用通過proxmox來模擬正常的raspbian x86系統，下載地址：
http://downloads.raspberrypi.org/rpd_x86/images/
raspbian x86系統的介紹：
https://www.raspberrypi.org/downloads/raspberry-pi-desktop/
參考：
使用QEMU模擬樹莓派Raspberry Pi 重點參考 https://cloud.tencent.com/developer/article/1685107
使用QEMU擴展樹莓派鏡像增加剩余使用空間 https://blog.csdn.net/talkxin/article/details/81264605 這篇文章沒有測試過
x86下用qemu起不帶GUI的虛擬機 https://blog.csdn.net/wujianyongw4/article/details/80169778
raspbian登錄pi raspberry
qemu-system-arm -machine help可以查看支持的machine類型
在proxmox中最新測試：
qemu-system-arm
-M versatilepb,accel=tcg
-serial mon:stdio
-nographic
-cpu arm1176
-m 256
-netdev 'type=tap,id=net1,ifname=tapywh'
-device 'virtio-net-pci,mac=1A:E8:8F:FA:D7:5C,netdev=net1,id=net1'
-hda /root/raspbian/2020-02-13-raspbian-buster.img
-dtb /root/raspbian/versatile-pb-buster.dtb
-kernel /root/raspbian/kernel-qemu-4.19.50-buster
-append 'root=/dev/sda2 panic=1'
-no-reboot
發現proxmox會自動增加tapywh，自動加入到vmbr0的bridge中，樹莓派可以自動獲取到ip地址。但還是存在2個服務沒有啟動。這里面涉及到qemu-kvm bridge的相關設定。