C#中HttpWebRequest、WebClient、HttpClient的使用詳解


HttpWebRequest:

命名空間: System.Net,這是.NET創建者最初開發用於使用HTTP請求的標准類。使用HttpWebRequest可以讓開發者控制請求/響應流程的各個方面,如 timeouts, cookies, headers, protocols。另一個好處是HttpWebRequest類不會阻塞UI線程。例如,當您從響應很慢的API服務器下載大文件時,您的應用程序的UI不會停止響應。HttpWebRequest通常和WebResponse一起使用,一個發送請求,一個獲取數據。HttpWebRquest更為底層一些,能夠對整個訪問過程有個直觀的認識,但同時也更加復雜一些。

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  //POST方法
public static string HttpPost( string Url, string postDataStr)
{
   HttpWebRequest request = (HttpWebRequest)WebRequest.Create(Url);
   request.Method = "POST" ;
   request.ContentType = "application/x-www-form-urlencoded" ;
   Encoding encoding = Encoding.UTF8;
   byte [] postData = encoding.GetBytes(postDataStr);
   request.ContentLength = postData.Length;
   Stream myRequestStream = request.GetRequestStream();
   myRequestStream.Write(postData, 0, postData.Length);
   myRequestStream.Close();
   HttpWebResponse response = (HttpWebResponse)request.GetResponse();
   Stream myResponseStream = response.GetResponseStream();
   StreamReader myStreamReader = new StreamReader(myResponseStream, encoding);
   string retString = myStreamReader.ReadToEnd();
   myStreamReader.Close();
   myResponseStream.Close();
 
   return retString;
}
//GET方法
public static string HttpGet( string Url, string postDataStr)
{
   HttpWebRequest request = (HttpWebRequest)WebRequest.Create(Url + (postDataStr == "" ? "" : "?" ) + postDataStr);
   request.Method = "GET" ;
   request.ContentType = "text/html;charset=UTF-8" ;
   HttpWebResponse response = (HttpWebResponse)request.GetResponse();
   Stream myResponseStream = response.GetResponseStream();
   StreamReader myStreamReader = new StreamReader(myResponseStream, Encoding.GetEncoding( "utf-8" ));
   string retString = myStreamReader.ReadToEnd();
   myStreamReader.Close();
   myResponseStream.Close();
   return retString;
}

WebClient:

命名空間System.Net,WebClient是一種更高級別的抽象,是HttpWebRequest為了簡化最常見任務而創建的,使用過程中你會發現他缺少基本的header,timeoust的設置,不過這些可以通過繼承httpwebrequest來實現。相對來說,WebClient比WebRequest更加簡單,它相當於封裝了request和response方法,不過需要說明的是,Webclient和WebRequest繼承的是不同類,兩者在繼承上沒有任何關系。使用WebClient可能比HttpWebRequest直接使用更慢(大約幾毫秒),但卻更為簡單,減少了很多細節,代碼量也比較少。

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public class WebClientHelper
   {
     public static string DownloadString( string url)
     {
       WebClient wc = new WebClient();
       //wc.BaseAddress = url;  //設置根目錄
       wc.Encoding = Encoding.UTF8;  //設置按照何種編碼訪問,如果不加此行,獲取到的字符串中文將是亂碼
       string str = wc.DownloadString(url);
       return str;
     }
     public static string DownloadStreamString( string url)
     {
       WebClient wc = new WebClient();
       wc.Headers.Add( "User-Agent" , "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/76.0.3809.132 Safari/537.36" );
       Stream objStream = wc.OpenRead(url);
       StreamReader _read = new StreamReader(objStream, Encoding.UTF8);  //新建一個讀取流,用指定的編碼讀取,此處是utf-8
       string str = _read.ReadToEnd();
       objStream.Close();
       _read.Close();
       return str;
     }
 
     public static void DownloadFile( string url, string filename)
     {
       WebClient wc = new WebClient();
       wc.DownloadFile(url, filename);   //下載文件
     }
 
     public static void DownloadData( string url, string filename)
     {
       WebClient wc = new WebClient();
       byte [] bytes = wc.DownloadData(url);  //下載到字節數組
       FileStream fs = new FileStream(filename, FileMode.Create);
       fs.Write(bytes, 0, bytes.Length);
       fs.Flush();
       fs.Close();
     }
 
     public static void DownloadFileAsync( string url, string filename)
     {
       WebClient wc = new WebClient();
       wc.DownloadFileCompleted += DownCompletedEventHandler;
       wc.DownloadFileAsync( new Uri(url), filename);
       Console.WriteLine( "下載中。。。" );
     }
     private static void DownCompletedEventHandler( object sender, AsyncCompletedEventArgs e)
     {
       Console.WriteLine(sender.ToString());  //觸發事件的對象
       Console.WriteLine(e.UserState);
       Console.WriteLine(e.Cancelled);
       Console.WriteLine( "異步下載完成!" );
     }
 
     public static void DownloadFileAsync2( string url, string filename)
     {
       WebClient wc = new WebClient();
       wc.DownloadFileCompleted += (sender, e) =>
       {
         Console.WriteLine( "下載完成!" );
         Console.WriteLine(sender.ToString());
         Console.WriteLine(e.UserState);
         Console.WriteLine(e.Cancelled);
       };
       wc.DownloadFileAsync( new Uri(url), filename);
       Console.WriteLine( "下載中。。。" );
     }
   }

HttpClient:

HttpClient是.NET4.5引入的一個HTTP客戶端庫,其命名空間為 System.Net.Http ,.NET 4.5之前我們可能使用WebClient和HttpWebRequest來達到相同目的。HttpClient利用了最新的面向任務模式,使得處理異步請求非常容易。它適合用於多次請求操作,一般設置好默認頭部后,可以進行重復多次的請求,基本上用一個實例可以提交任何的HTTP請求。HttpClient有預熱機制,第一次進行訪問時比較慢,所以不應該用到HttpClient就new一個出來,應該使用單例或其他方式獲取HttpClient的實例

單例模式:

單例模式(Singleton Pattern)這種類型的設計模式屬於創建型模式,它提供了一種創建對象的最佳方式。

這種模式涉及到一個單一的類,該類負責創建自己的對象,同時確保只有單個對象被創建。這個類提供了一種訪問其唯一的對象的方式,可以直接訪問,不需要實例化該類的對象。

單例創建步驟:1、定義靜態私有對象;2、定義私有構造函數;3、提供公共獲取對象方法;

單例模式一般分為兩種實現模式:懶漢模式、餓漢模式(以下為Java代碼實現)

懶漢模式:  默認不會實例化,什么時候用什么時候new

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public class Singleton {
   private static Singleton instance = null ;
   private Singleton (){}
  
   public static Singleton getInstance() {
   if (instance == null ) {
     instance = new Singleton();
   }
   return instance;
   }
}

這種方式是最基本的實現方式,這種實現最大的問題就是不支持多線程。因為沒有加鎖 synchronized,所以嚴格意義上它並不算單例模式。
這種方式 lazy loading 很明顯,不要求線程安全,在多線程不能正常工作。

餓漢模式:  類初始化時,會立即加載該對象,線程天生安全,調用效率高

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public class Singleton {
   private static Singleton instance = new Singleton();
   private Singleton (){}
   public static Singleton getInstance() {
   return instance;
   }
}

雙檢鎖/雙重校驗鎖(DCL,即 double-checked locking):這種方式采用雙鎖機制,安全且在多線程情況下能保持高性能

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public class Singleton {
   private volatile static Singleton singleton;
   private Singleton (){}
   public static Singleton getSingleton() {
   if (singleton == null ) {
     synchronized (Singleton. class ) {
     if (singleton == null ) {
       singleton = new Singleton();
     }
     }
   }
   return singleton;
   }
}

HttpClient:

 

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public class HttpClientHelper
   {
     private static readonly object LockObj = new object ();
     private static HttpClient client = null ;
     public HttpClientHelper() {
       GetInstance();
     }
     public static HttpClient GetInstance()
     {
 
       if (client == null )
       {
         lock (LockObj)
         {
           if (client == null )
           {
             client = new HttpClient();
           }
         }
       }
       return client;
     }
     public async Task< string > PostAsync( string url, string strJson) //post異步請求方法
     {
       try
       {
         HttpContent content = new StringContent(strJson);
         content.Headers.ContentType = new System.Net.Http.Headers.MediaTypeHeaderValue( "application/json" );
         //由HttpClient發出異步Post請求
         HttpResponseMessage res = await client.PostAsync(url, content);
         if (res.StatusCode == System.Net.HttpStatusCode.OK)
         {
           string str = res.Content.ReadAsStringAsync().Result;
           return str;
         }
         else
           return null ;
       }
       catch (Exception ex)
       {
         return null ;
       }
     }
 
     public string Post( string url, string strJson) //post同步請求方法
     {
       try
       {
         HttpContent content = new StringContent(strJson);
         content.Headers.ContentType = new System.Net.Http.Headers.MediaTypeHeaderValue( "application/json" );
         //client.DefaultRequestHeaders.Connection.Add("keep-alive");
         //由HttpClient發出Post請求
         Task<HttpResponseMessage> res = client.PostAsync(url, content);
         if (res.Result.StatusCode == System.Net.HttpStatusCode.OK)
         {
           string str = res.Result.Content.ReadAsStringAsync().Result;
           return str;
         }
         else
           return null ;
       }
       catch (Exception ex)
       {
         return null ;
       }
     }
 
     public string Get( string url)
     {
       try
       {
         var responseString = client.GetStringAsync(url);
         return responseString.Result;
       }
       catch (Exception ex)
       {
         return null ;
       }
     }
 
   }

HttpClient有預熱機制,第一次請求比較慢;可以通過初始化前發送一次head請求解決:

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_httpClient = new HttpClient() { BaseAddress = new Uri(BASE_ADDRESS) };
 
     //幫HttpClient熱身
     _httpClient.SendAsync( new HttpRequestMessage {
         Method = new HttpMethod( "HEAD" ),
         RequestUri = new Uri(BASE_ADDRESS + "/" ) })
       .Result.EnsureSuccessStatusCode();

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