TIPS
本文基於MySQL 8.0編寫,理論支持MySQL 5.6及更高版本。
OPTIMIZER_TRACE是MySQL 5.6引入的一項跟蹤功能,它可以跟蹤優化器做出的各種決策(比如訪問表的方法、各種開銷計算、各種轉換等),並將跟蹤結果記錄到 INFORMATION_SCHEMA.OPTIMIZER_TRACE
表中。此功能默認關閉,開啟后,可分析如下語句:
- SELECT
- INSERT
- REPLACE
- UPDATE
- DELETE
- EXPLAIN
- SET
- DECLARE
- CASE
- IF
- RETURN
- CALL
OPTIMIZER_TRACE相關參數
TIPS
參考 https://dev.mysql.com/doc/internals/en/system-variables-controlling-trace.html
-
optimizer_trace
- optimizer_trace總開關,默認值:
enabled=off,one_line=off
- enabled:是否開啟optimizer_trace;on表示開啟,off表示關閉。
- one_line:是否開啟單行存儲。on表示開啟;off表示關閉,將會用標准的JSON格式化存儲。設置成on將會有良好的格式,設置成off可節省一些空間。
- optimizer_trace總開關,默認值:
-
optimizer_trace_features
- 控制optimizer_trace跟蹤的內容,默認值:
greedy_search=on,range_optimizer=on,dynamic_range=on,repeated_subselect=on
,表示開啟所有跟蹤項。
- 控制optimizer_trace跟蹤的內容,默認值:
-
greedy_search:是否跟蹤貪心搜索,有關貪心算法詳見 https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_42813521/article/details/105563103
- range_optimizer:是否跟蹤范圍優化器
-
dynamic_range:是否跟蹤動態范圍優化
- repeated_subselect:是否跟蹤子查詢,如果設置成off,只跟蹤第一條Item_subselect的執行
-
詳見 https://dev.mysql.com/doc/internals/en/optimizer-features-to-trace.html
-
optimizer_trace_limit:控制optimizer_trace展示多少條結果,默認1
-
optimizer_trace_max_mem_size:optimizer_trace堆棧信息允許的最大內存,默認1048576
-
optimizer_trace_offset:第一個要展示的optimizer trace的偏移量,默認-1。
-
end_markers_in_json:如果JSON結構很大,則很難將右括號和左括號配對。為了幫助讀者閱讀,可將其設置成on,這樣會在右括號附近加上注釋,默認off。
參考: https://dev.mysql.com/doc/internals/en/end-markers-in-json-system-variable.html
TIPS
以上參數可用SET語句操作,例如,用如下命令即可打開OPTIMIZER TRACE
> SET OPTIMIZER_TRACE="enabled=on",END_MARKERS_IN_JSON=on; >
也可用SET GLOBAL全局開啟。但即使全局開啟OPTIMIZER_TRACE,每個Session也只能跟蹤它自己執行的語句:
> SET GLOBAL OPTIMIZER_TRACE="enabled=on",END_MARKERS_IN_JSON=on; >
optimizer_trace_limit和optimizer_trace_offset這兩個參數經常配合使用,例如:
> SET optimizer_trace_offset=<OFFSET>, optimizer_trace_limit=<LIMIT> >
這兩個參數配合使用,有點類似MySQL里面的 limit語句。
默認情況下,由於optimizer_trace_offset=-1,optimizer_trace_limit=1,記錄最近的一條SQL語句,展示時,每次展示1條數據;
如果改成
SET optimizer_trace_offset=-2, optimizer_trace_limit=1
,則會記錄倒數第二條SQL語句;有關 optimizer_trace_offset 、optimizer_trace_limit更多細節,可參考 https://dev.mysql.com/doc/internals/en/tuning-trace-purging.html
OPTIMIZER_TRACE使用
-
開啟OPTIMIZER_TRACE功能,並設置要展示的數據條目數:
SET OPTIMIZER_TRACE="enabled=on",END_MARKERS_IN_JSON=on; SET optimizer_trace_offset=-30, optimizer_trace_limit=30;
-
發送你想要分析的SQL語句,例如:
select * from salaries where from_date = '1986-06-26' and to_date = '1987-06-26';
-
使用如下語句分析,即可獲得類似如下的結果:
mysql> SELECT * FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.OPTIMIZER_TRACE limit 30 \G; *************************** 1. row *************************** QUERY: select * from salaries where from_date = '1986-06-26' and to_date = '1987-06-26' TRACE: { "steps": [ { "join_preparation": { "select#": 1, "steps": [ { "expanded_query": "/* select#1 */ select `salaries`.`emp_no` AS `emp_no`,`salaries`.`salary` AS `salary`,`salaries`.`from_date` AS `from_date`,`salaries`.`to_date` AS `to_date` from `salaries` where ((`salaries`.`from_date` = '1986-06-26') and (`salaries`.`to_date` = '1987-06-26'))" } ] /* steps */ } /* join_preparation */ }, { "join_optimization": { "select#": 1, "steps": [ { "condition_processing": { "condition": "WHERE", "original_condition": "((`salaries`.`from_date` = '1986-06-26') and (`salaries`.`to_date` = '1987-06-26'))", "steps": [ { "transformation": "equality_propagation", "resulting_condition": "(multiple equal('1986-06-26', `salaries`.`from_date`) and multiple equal('1987-06-26', `salaries`.`to_date`))" }, { "transformation": "constant_propagation", "resulting_condition": "(multiple equal('1986-06-26', `salaries`.`from_date`) and multiple equal('1987-06-26', `salaries`.`to_date`))" }, { "transformation": "trivial_condition_removal", "resulting_condition": "(multiple equal(DATE'1986-06-26', `salaries`.`from_date`) and multiple equal(DATE'1987-06-26', `salaries`.`to_date`))" } ] /* steps */ } /* condition_processing */ }, { "substitute_generated_columns": { } /* substitute_generated_columns */ }, { "table_dependencies": [ { "table": "`salaries`", "row_may_be_null": false, "map_bit": 0, "depends_on_map_bits": [ ] /* depends_on_map_bits */ } ] /* table_dependencies */ }, { "ref_optimizer_key_uses": [ { "table": "`salaries`", "field": "from_date", "equals": "DATE'1986-06-26'", "null_rejecting": false }, { "table": "`salaries`", "field": "to_date", "equals": "DATE'1987-06-26'", "null_rejecting": false } ] /* ref_optimizer_key_uses */ }, { "rows_estimation": [ { "table": "`salaries`", "range_analysis": { "table_scan": { "rows": 2838216, "cost": 286799 } /* table_scan */, "potential_range_indexes": [ { "index": "PRIMARY", "usable": false, "cause": "not_applicable" }, { "index": "salaries_from_date_to_date_index", "usable": true, "key_parts": [ "from_date", "to_date", "emp_no" ] /* key_parts */ } ] /* potential_range_indexes */, "setup_range_conditions": [ ] /* setup_range_conditions */, "group_index_range": { "chosen": false, "cause": "not_group_by_or_distinct" } /* group_index_range */, "skip_scan_range": { "potential_skip_scan_indexes": [ { "index": "salaries_from_date_to_date_index", "usable": false, "cause": "query_references_nonkey_column" } ] /* potential_skip_scan_indexes */ } /* skip_scan_range */, "analyzing_range_alternatives": { "range_scan_alternatives": [ { "index": "salaries_from_date_to_date_index", "ranges": [ "0xda840f <= from_date <= 0xda840f AND 0xda860f <= to_date <= 0xda860f" ] /* ranges */, "index_dives_for_eq_ranges": true, "rowid_ordered": true, "using_mrr": false, "index_only": false, "rows": 86, "cost": 50.909, "chosen": true } ] /* range_scan_alternatives */, "analyzing_roworder_intersect": { "usable": false, "cause": "too_few_roworder_scans" } /* analyzing_roworder_intersect */ } /* analyzing_range_alternatives */, "chosen_range_access_summary": { "range_access_plan": { "type": "range_scan", "index": "salaries_from_date_to_date_index", "rows": 86, "ranges": [ "0xda840f <= from_date <= 0xda840f AND 0xda860f <= to_date <= 0xda860f" ] /* ranges */ } /* range_access_plan */, "rows_for_plan": 86, "cost_for_plan": 50.909, "chosen": true } /* chosen_range_access_summary */ } /* range_analysis */ } ] /* rows_estimation */ }, { "considered_execution_plans": [ { "plan_prefix": [ ] /* plan_prefix */, "table": "`salaries`", "best_access_path": { "considered_access_paths": [ { "access_type": "ref", "index": "salaries_from_date_to_date_index", "rows": 86, "cost": 50.412, "chosen": true }, { "access_type": "range", "range_details": { "used_index": "salaries_from_date_to_date_index" } /* range_details */, "chosen": false, "cause": "heuristic_index_cheaper" } ] /* considered_access_paths */ } /* best_access_path */, "condition_filtering_pct": 100, "rows_for_plan": 86, "cost_for_plan": 50.412, "chosen": true } ] /* considered_execution_plans */ }, { "attaching_conditions_to_tables": { "original_condition": "((`salaries`.`to_date` = DATE'1987-06-26') and (`salaries`.`from_date` = DATE'1986-06-26'))", "attached_conditions_computation": [ ] /* attached_conditions_computation */, "attached_conditions_summary": [ { "table": "`salaries`", "attached": "((`salaries`.`to_date` = DATE'1987-06-26') and (`salaries`.`from_date` = DATE'1986-06-26'))" } ] /* attached_conditions_summary */ } /* attaching_conditions_to_tables */ }, { "finalizing_table_conditions": [ { "table": "`salaries`", "original_table_condition": "((`salaries`.`to_date` = DATE'1987-06-26') and (`salaries`.`from_date` = DATE'1986-06-26'))", "final_table_condition ": null } ] /* finalizing_table_conditions */ }, { "refine_plan": [ { "table": "`salaries`" } ] /* refine_plan */ } ] /* steps */ } /* join_optimization */ }, { "join_execution": { "select#": 1, "steps": [ ] /* steps */ } /* join_execution */ } ] /* steps */ } MISSING_BYTES_BEYOND_MAX_MEM_SIZE: 0 INSUFFICIENT_PRIVILEGES: 0 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
-
分析完成,關閉OPTIMIZER_TRACE
SET optimizer_trace="enabled=off";
OPTIMIZER_TRACE結果分析
由上面的結果可知,OPTIMIZER_TRACE有四個字段:
- QUERY:查詢語句
- TRACE:QUERY字段對應語句的跟蹤信息
- MISSING_BYTES_BEYOND_MAX_MEM_SIZE:跟蹤信息過長時,被截斷的跟蹤信息的字節數。
- INSUFFICIENT_PRIVILEGES:執行跟蹤語句的用戶是否有查看對象的權限。當不具有權限時,該列信息為1且TRACE字段為空,一般在調用帶有SQL SECURITY DEFINER的視圖或者是存儲過程的情況下,會出現此問題。
TIPS
參考: https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/optimizer-trace-table.html
最核心的是TRACE字段的內容。我們逐段分析:
join_preparation
join_preparation段落展示了准備階段的執行過程。
{
"join_preparation": {
"select#": 1,
"steps": [
{
-- 對比下原始語句,可以知道,這一步做了個格式化。
"expanded_query": "/* select#1 */ select `salaries`.`emp_no` AS `emp_no`,`salaries`.`salary` AS `salary`,`salaries`.`from_date` AS `from_date`,`salaries`.`to_date` AS `to_date` from `salaries` where ((`salaries`.`from_date` = '1986-06-26') and (`salaries`.`to_date` = '1987-06-26'))"
}
]
/* steps */
}
/* join_preparation */
}
join_optimization
join_optimization展示了優化階段的執行過程,是分析OPTIMIZER TRACE的重點。這段內容超級長,而且分了好多步驟,不妨按照步驟逐段分析:
condition_processing
該段用來做條件處理,主要對WHERE條件進行優化處理。
"condition_processing": {
"condition": "WHERE",
"original_condition": "((`salaries`.`from_date` = '1986-06-26') and (`salaries`.`to_date` = '1987-06-26'))",
"steps": [
{
"transformation": "equality_propagation",
"resulting_condition": "(multiple equal('1986-06-26', `salaries`.`from_date`) and multiple equal('1987-06-26', `salaries`.`to_date`))"
},
{
"transformation": "constant_propagation",
"resulting_condition": "(multiple equal('1986-06-26', `salaries`.`from_date`) and multiple equal('1987-06-26', `salaries`.`to_date`))"
},
{
"transformation": "trivial_condition_removal",
"resulting_condition": "(multiple equal(DATE'1986-06-26', `salaries`.`from_date`) and multiple equal(DATE'1987-06-26', `salaries`.`to_date`))"
}
] /* steps */
} /* condition_processing */
其中:
- condition:優化對象類型。WHERE條件句或者是HAVING條件句
- original_condition:優化前的原始語句
- steps:主要包括三步,分別是quality_propagation(等值條件句轉換),constant_propagation(常量條件句轉換),trivial_condition_removal(無效條件移除的轉換)
- transformation:轉換類型句
- resulting_condition:轉換之后的結果輸出
substitute_generated_columns
substitute_generated_columns用於替換虛擬生成列
"substitute_generated_columns": {
} /* substitute_generated_columns */
table_dependencies
分析表之間的依賴關系
{
"table_dependencies": [
{
"table": "`salaries`",
"row_may_be_null": false,
"map_bit": 0,
"depends_on_map_bits": [
] /* depends_on_map_bits */
}
] /* table_dependencies */
}
其中:
- table:涉及的表名,如果有別名,也會展示出來
- row_may_be_null:行是否可能為NULL,這里是指JOIN操作之后,這張表里的數據是不是可能為NULL。如果語句中使用了LEFT JOIN,則后一張表的row_may_be_null會顯示為true
- map_bit:表的映射編號,從0開始遞增
- depends_on_map_bits:依賴的映射表。主要是當使用STRAIGHT_JOIN強行控制連接順序或者LEFT JOIN/RIGHT JOIN有順序差別時,會在depends_on_map_bits中展示前置表的map_bit值。
ref_optimizer_key_uses
列出所有可用的ref類型的索引。如果使用了組合索引的多個部分(例如本例,用到了index(from_date, to_date) 的多列索引),則會在ref_optimizer_key_uses下列出多個元素,每個元素中會列出ref使用的索引及對應值。
{
"ref_optimizer_key_uses": [
{
"table": "`salaries`",
"field": "from_date",
"equals": "DATE'1986-06-26'",
"null_rejecting": false
},
{
"table": "`salaries`",
"field": "to_date",
"equals": "DATE'1987-06-26'",
"null_rejecting": false
}
] /* ref_optimizer_key_uses */
}
rows_estimation
顧名思義,用於估算需要掃描的記錄數。
{
"rows_estimation": [
{
"table": "`salaries`",
"range_analysis": {
"table_scan": {
"rows": 2838216,
"cost": 286799
} /* table_scan */,
"potential_range_indexes": [
{
"index": "PRIMARY",
"usable": false,
"cause": "not_applicable"
},
{
"index": "salaries_from_date_to_date_index",
"usable": true,
"key_parts": [
"from_date",
"to_date",
"emp_no"
] /* key_parts */
}
] /* potential_range_indexes */,
"setup_range_conditions": [
] /* setup_range_conditions */,
"group_index_range": {
"chosen": false,
"cause": "not_group_by_or_distinct"
} /* group_index_range */,
"skip_scan_range": {
"potential_skip_scan_indexes": [
{
"index": "salaries_from_date_to_date_index",
"usable": false,
"cause": "query_references_nonkey_column"
}
] /* potential_skip_scan_indexes */
} /* skip_scan_range */,
"analyzing_range_alternatives": {
"range_scan_alternatives": [
{
"index": "salaries_from_date_to_date_index",
"ranges": [
"0xda840f <= from_date <= 0xda840f AND 0xda860f <= to_date <= 0xda860f"
] /* ranges */,
"index_dives_for_eq_ranges": true,
"rowid_ordered": true,
"using_mrr": false,
"index_only": false,
"rows": 86,
"cost": 50.909,
"chosen": true
}
] /* range_scan_alternatives */,
"analyzing_roworder_intersect": {
"usable": false,
"cause": "too_few_roworder_scans"
} /* analyzing_roworder_intersect */
} /* analyzing_range_alternatives */,
"chosen_range_access_summary": {
"range_access_plan": {
"type": "range_scan",
"index": "salaries_from_date_to_date_index",
"rows": 86,
"ranges": [
"0xda840f <= from_date <= 0xda840f AND 0xda860f <= to_date <= 0xda860f"
] /* ranges */
} /* range_access_plan */,
"rows_for_plan": 86,
"cost_for_plan": 50.909,
"chosen": true
} /* chosen_range_access_summary */
} /* range_analysis */
}
] /* rows_estimation */
}
其中:
-
table:表名
-
range_analysis:
-
table_scan:如果全表掃描的話,需要掃描多少行(row,2838216),以及需要的代價(cost,286799)
-
potential_range_indexes:列出表中所有的索引並分析其是否可用。如果不可用的話,會列出不可用的原因是什么;如果可用會列出索引中可用的字段;
-
setup_range_conditions:如果有可下推的條件,則帶條件考慮范圍查詢
-
group_index_range:當使用了GROUP BY或DISTINCT時,是否有合適的索引可用。當未使用GROUP BY或DISTINCT時,會顯示chosen=false, cause=not_group_by_or_distinct;如使用了GROUP BY或DISTINCT,但是多表查詢時,會顯示chosen=false,cause =not_single_table。其他情況下會嘗試分析可用的索引(potential_group_range_indexes)並計算對應的掃描行數及其所需代價
-
skip_scan_range:是否使用了skip scan
TIPS
skip_scan_range是MySQL 8.0的新特性,感興趣的可詳見 https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_43970890/article/details/89494915
-
analyzing_range_alternatives:分析各個索引的使用成本
- range_scan_alternatives:range掃描分析
- index:索引名
- ranges:range掃描的條件范圍
- index_dives_for_eq_ranges:是否使用了index dive,該值會被參數eq_range_index_dive_limit變量值影響。
- rowid_ordered:該range掃描的結果集是否根據PK值進行排序
- using_mrr:是否使用了mrr
- index_only:表示是否使用了覆蓋索引
- rows:掃描的行數
- cost:索引的使用成本
- chosen:表示是否使用了該索引
- analyzing_roworder_intersect:分析是否使用了索引合並(index merge),如果未使用,會在cause中展示原因;如果使用了索引合並,會在該部分展示索引合並的代價。
- range_scan_alternatives:range掃描分析
-
chosen_range_access_summary:在前一個步驟中分析了各類索引使用的方法及代價,得出了一定的中間結果之后,在summary階段匯總前一階段的中間結果確認最后的方案
- range_access_plan:range掃描最終選擇的執行計划。
- type:展示執行計划的type,如果使用了索引合並,則會顯示index_roworder_intersect
- index:索引名
- rows:掃描的行數
- ranges:range掃描的條件范圍
- rows_for_plan:該執行計划的掃描行數
- cost_for_plan:該執行計划的執行代價
- chosen:是否選擇該執行計划
- range_access_plan:range掃描最終選擇的執行計划。
-
considered_execution_plans
負責對比各可行計划的開銷,並選擇相對最優的執行計划。
{
"considered_execution_plans": [
{
"plan_prefix": [
] /* plan_prefix */,
"table": "`salaries`",
"best_access_path": {
"considered_access_paths": [
{
"access_type": "ref",
"index": "salaries_from_date_to_date_index",
"rows": 86,
"cost": 50.412,
"chosen": true
},
{
"access_type": "range",
"range_details": {
"used_index": "salaries_from_date_to_date_index"
} /* range_details */,
"chosen": false,
"cause": "heuristic_index_cheaper"
}
] /* considered_access_paths */
} /* best_access_path */,
"condition_filtering_pct": 100,
"rows_for_plan": 86,
"cost_for_plan": 50.412,
"chosen": true
}
] /* considered_execution_plans */
}
其中:
- plan_prefix:當前計划的前置執行計划。
- table:涉及的表名,如果有別名,也會展示出來
- best_access_path:通過對比considered_access_paths,選擇一個最優的訪問路徑
- considered_access_paths:當前考慮的訪問路徑
- access_type:使用索引的方式,可參考explain中的type字段
- index:索引
- rows:行數
- cost:開銷
- chosen:是否選用這種執行路徑
- considered_access_paths:當前考慮的訪問路徑
- condition_filtering_pct:類似於explain的filtered列,是一個估算值
- rows_for_plan:執行計划最終的掃描行數,由considered_access_paths.rows X condition_filtering_pct計算獲得。
- cost_for_plan:執行計划的代價,由considered_access_paths.cost相加獲得
- chosen:是否選擇了該執行計划
attaching_conditions_to_tables
基於considered_execution_plans中選擇的執行計划,改造原有where條件,並針對表增加適當的附加條件,以便於單表數據的篩選。
TIPS
- 這部分條件的增加主要是為了便於ICP(索引條件下推),但ICP是否開啟並不影響這部分內容的構造。
- ICP參考文檔:https://www.cnblogs.com/Terry-Wu/p/9273177.html
{
"attaching_conditions_to_tables": {
"original_condition": "((`salaries`.`to_date` = DATE'1987-06-26') and (`salaries`.`from_date` = DATE'1986-06-26'))",
"attached_conditions_computation": [
] /* attached_conditions_computation */,
"attached_conditions_summary": [
{
"table": "`salaries`",
"attached": "((`salaries`.`to_date` = DATE'1987-06-26') and (`salaries`.`from_date` = DATE'1986-06-26'))"
}
] /* attached_conditions_summary */
} /* attaching_conditions_to_tables */
}
其中:
- original_condition:原始的條件語句
- attached_conditions_computation:使用啟發式算法計算已使用的索引,如果已使用的索引的訪問類型是ref,則計算用range能否使用組合索引中更多的列,如果可以,則用range的方式替換ref。
- attached_conditions_summary:附加之后的情況匯總
- table:表名
- attached:附加的條件或原語句中能直接下推給單表篩選的條件。
finalizing_table_conditions
最終的、經過優化后的表條件。
{
"finalizing_table_conditions": [
{
"table": "`salaries`",
"original_table_condition": "((`salaries`.`to_date` = DATE'1987-06-26') and (`salaries`.`from_date` = DATE'1986-06-26'))",
"final_table_condition ": null
}
] /* finalizing_table_conditions */
}
refine_plan
改善執行計划:
{
"refine_plan": [
{
"table": "`salaries`"
}
] /* refine_plan */
}
其中:
- table:表名及別名
join_execution
join_execution段落展示了執行階段的執行過程。
"join_execution": {
"select#": 1,
"steps": [
] /* steps */
}
參考文檔
相關文章
本文由博客一文多發平台 OpenWrite 發布!