在ESXi上為Ubuntu18.04掛載新硬盤

在ESXi上添加新硬盤

ESXi部分

• 首先將虛擬機關機，然后在網頁端右鍵該虛擬機，選擇“編輯”

• 在打開的窗口中選擇“添加硬盤”、“新標准硬盤”，然后輸入想要擴充的硬盤空間大小

  

• 保存后，重新開機

Ubuntu部分

• 此處Ubuntu版本為18.04

• 打開控制台，查看linux系統是否能找到掛載的未分區硬盤：

  lemon@lemon-virtual-machine:~$ sudo hdparm -I /dev/sdb
  
  /dev/sdb:
  SG_IO: bad/missing sense data, sb[]:  70 00 05 00 00 00 00 0a 00 00 00 00 20 00 00 c0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
  
  ATA device, with non-removable media
  Standards:
  	Likely used: 1
  Configuration:
  	Logical		max	current
  	cylinders	0	0
  	heads		0	0
  	sectors/track	0	0
  	--
  	Logical/Physical Sector size:           512 bytes
  	device size with M = 1024*1024:           0 MBytes
  	device size with M = 1000*1000:           0 MBytes 
  	cache/buffer size  = unknown
  Capabilities:
  	IORDY not likely
  	Cannot perform double-word IO
  	R/W multiple sector transfer: not supported
  	DMA: not supported
  	PIO: pio0 
  

• 創建新的分區：

  lemon@lemon-virtual-machine:~$ sudo fdisk /dev/sdb
  
  Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.31.1).
  Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
  Be careful before using the write command.
  
  Device does not contain a recognized partition table.
  Created a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x19cf3d7f.
  
  Command (m for help): 
  

  • 注意，sda是第一塊SCSI硬盤，sdb第二塊，以此類推。物理分區使用a、b編號，每個物理硬盤最多有4個主邏輯分區（或擴展分區），所以自動分區中，擴展分區sda2下第一個邏輯分區編號從5開始
  • 輸入m可以查看命令幫助
  • 輸入p查看分區信息：

    Command (m for help): p
    Disk /dev/sdb: 100 GiB, 107374182400 bytes, 209715200 sectors
    Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
    Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
    I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
    Disklabel type: dos
    Disk identifier: 0x19cf3d7f
  

  • 輸入n創建新分區：

   Command (m for help): n
   Partition type
      p   primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
      e   extended (container for logical partitions)
   Select (default p): e
   Partition number (1-4, default 1): 
   First sector (2048-209715199, default 2048): 
   Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (2048-209715199, default 209715199): 
    
   Created a new partition 1 of type 'Extended' and of size 100 GiB.
  

    這里，extended表示擴展分區，primary表示主分區。此處選擇了創建extended，所以后面還要進行其他操作。而且，此處只對該硬盤進行一個分區的操作，所以在輸入`e`后，其余輸入都是回車默認。
  

  • 輸入p再次查看分區信息

    Command (m for help): p
    Disk /dev/sdb: 100 GiB, 107374182400 bytes, 209715200 sectors
    Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
    Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
    I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
    Disklabel type: dos
    Disk identifier: 0x19cf3d7f
  
    Device     Boot Start       End   Sectors  Size Id Type
    /dev/sdb1        2048 209715199 209713152  100G  5 Extended
  

  • 輸入w保存：

    Command (m for help): w
    Information: Don't forget to update /etc/fstab, if necessary. 
  

• 將新創建的硬盤分區格式化為ext3格式（后面也改成了ext4格式）

  lemon@lemon-virtual-machine:~$ sudo mkfs -t ext3 /dev/sdb1
  mke2fs 1.44.1 (24-Mar-2018)
  Found a dos partition table in /dev/sdb1
  Proceed anyway? (y,N) y
  mkfs.ext4: inode_size (128) * inodes_count (0) too big for a
  	filesystem with 0 blocks, specify higher inode_ratio (-i)
  	or lower inode count (-N).
  

• 這里提示報錯了，原因是不能直接建立一個擴展分區，需要一個主分區，或者是在擴展分區上建立一個邏輯分區

• 再次對sdb進行操作

  lemon@lemon-virtual-machine:~$ sudo fdisk /dev/sdb
  
  Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.31.1).
  Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
  Be careful before using the write command.
  

  • 輸入n創建一個邏輯分區

  Command (m for help): n
  All space for primary partitions is in use.
  Adding logical partition 5
  First sector (4096-209715199, default 4096): 
  Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (4096-209715199, default 209715199): 
  
  Created a new partition 5 of type 'Linux' and of size 100 GiB.
  

  • 輸入p查看分區信息

  Command (m for help): p
  
  Disk /dev/sdb: 100 GiB, 107374182400 bytes, 209715200 sectors
  Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
  Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
  I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
  Disklabel type: dos
  Disk identifier: 0x19cf3d7f
  
  Device     Boot Start       End   Sectors  Size Id Type
  /dev/sdb1        2048 209715199 209713152  100G  5 Extended
  /dev/sdb5        4096 209715199 209711104  100G 83 Linux
  

  此處多了一個sdb5，接下來就對其進行操作

  • 輸入w保存

  Command (m for help): w
  The partition table has been altered.
  Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
  Syncing disks.
  

• 將新創建的硬盤分區格式化為ext4格式

  lemon@lemon-virtual-machine:~$ sudo mkfs -t ext4 /dev/sdb5
  mke2fs 1.44.1 (24-Mar-2018)
  Creating filesystem with 26213888 4k blocks and 6553600 inodes
  Filesystem UUID: 1347b2f3-872f-4692-b79c-b14038dd0e65
  Superblock backups stored on blocks: 
  	32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208, 
  	4096000, 7962624, 11239424, 20480000, 23887872
  
  Allocating group tables: done                            
  Writing inode tables: done                            
  Creating journal (131072 blocks): done
  Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done   
  

• 創建一個文件夾，將其設為硬盤的掛載點

  lemon@lemon-virtual-machine:~$ mkdir ~/storage_1
  

  此處選擇了將掛載點置於當前用戶的主目錄下，因為直接放在根目錄下，訪問的時候需要root權限，比較麻煩

• 將sdb5掛載到~/storage_1下

  lemon@lemon-virtual-machine:~$ sudo mount /dev/sdb5 ~/storage_1
  

  ps 如果想取消掛載

  lemon@lemon-virtual-machine:~$ sudo unmount /dev/sdb5 
  

• 設置開機自動掛載，編輯/etc/fstab文件

  lemon@lemon-virtual-machine:~$ vim /etc/fstab
  

  • 在文件的最后追加信息

  /dev/sdb5            /home/lemon/storage_1     ext4  defaults  0  0
  

  ​ 如下圖所示

  

  • 保存退出

• 重啟計算機，查看分區空間，發現已經掛載上了

lemon@lemon-virtual-machine:~$ df -l

遇到的問題

• 我在重啟的時候發現無法開機，使用恢復模式，查看/etc/fstab文件，發現是將defaults寫成了default造成的，所以如果無法開機，可以先刪除新條件的條目，然后開機以后再尋找問題

參考資料

• centos 7 新增硬盤掛載分區，及擴容

• Ubuntu加掛新硬盤全套解決方案

• Linux 格式化擴展分區(Extended)

• Centos7.6進入掛載硬盤后，進入應急模式（emergency mode）而非圖形模式解決方法