最近，在項目開發過程中使用了RedisTemplate，進行單元測試時提示“Field redisTemplate in com.example.demo1.dao.RedisDao required a bean of type ‘org.springframework.data.redis.core.RedisTemplate’ that could not be found”，翻譯過來就是“找不到類型為RedisTemplate的bean”。當然，僅看這句話我們無法確定為什么會出現這個問題。現在，貼出詳細的錯誤日志。
2018-08-10 14:53:49.761 - Caught exception while allowing TestExecutionListener [org.springframework.test.context.web.ServletTestExecutionListener@5af3afd9] to prepare test instance [com.example.demo1.Demo1ApplicationTests@2361365c]
java.lang.IllegalStateException: Failed to load ApplicationContext
at org.springframework.test.context.cache.DefaultCacheAwareContextLoaderDelegate.loadContext(DefaultCacheAwareContextLoaderDelegate.java:124)
at org.springframework.test.context.support.DefaultTestContext.getApplicationContext(DefaultTestContext.java:83)
at org.springframework.test.context.web.ServletTestExecutionListener.setUpRequestContextIfNecessary(ServletTestExecutionListener.java:189)
at org.springframework.test.context.web.ServletTestExecutionListener.prepareTestInstance(ServletTestExecutionListener.java:131)
at org.springframework.test.context.TestContextManager.prepareTestInstance(TestContextManager.java:230)
at org.springframework.test.context.junit4.SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.createTest(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.java:228)
at org.springframework.test.context.junit4.SpringJUnit4ClassRunner$1.runReflectiveCall(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.java:287)
at org.junit.internal.runners.model.ReflectiveCallable.run(ReflectiveCallable.java:12)
at org.springframework.test.context.junit4.SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.methodBlock(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.java:289)
at org.springframework.test.context.junit4.SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.runChild(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.java:247)
at org.springframework.test.context.junit4.SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.runChild(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.java:94)
at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$3.run(ParentRunner.java:290)
at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$1.schedule(ParentRunner.java:71)
at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.runChildren(ParentRunner.java:288)
at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.access$000(ParentRunner.java:58)
at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$2.evaluate(ParentRunner.java:268)
at org.springframework.test.context.junit4.statements.RunBeforeTestClassCallbacks.evaluate(RunBeforeTestClassCallbacks.java:61)
at org.springframework.test.context.junit4.statements.RunAfterTestClassCallbacks.evaluate(RunAfterTestClassCallbacks.java:70)
at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.run(ParentRunner.java:363)
at org.springframework.test.context.junit4.SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.run(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.java:191)
at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit4.runner.JUnit4TestReference.run(JUnit4TestReference.java:86)
at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit.runner.TestExecution.run(TestExecution.java:38)
at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit.runner.RemoteTestRunner.runTests(RemoteTestRunner.java:459)
at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit.runner.RemoteTestRunner.runTests(RemoteTestRunner.java:675)
at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit.runner.RemoteTestRunner.run(RemoteTestRunner.java:382)
at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit.runner.RemoteTestRunner.main(RemoteTestRunner.java:192)
Caused by: org.springframework.beans.factory.UnsatisfiedDependencyException: Error creating bean with name 'redisDao': Unsatisfied dependency expressed through field 'redisTemplate'; nested exception is org.springframework.beans.factory.NoSuchBeanDefinitionException: No qualifying bean of type 'org.springframework.data.redis.core.RedisTemplate<java.lang.String, java.lang.Object>' available: expected at least 1 bean which qualifies as autowire candidate. Dependency annotations: {@org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired(required=true)}
at org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor$AutowiredFieldElement.inject(AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.java:588)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.InjectionMetadata.inject(InjectionMetadata.java:88)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.postProcessPropertyValues(AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.java:366)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.populateBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:1264)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.doCreateBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:553)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.createBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:483)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory$1.getObject(AbstractBeanFactory.java:306)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultSingletonBeanRegistry.getSingleton(DefaultSingletonBeanRegistry.java:230)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.doGetBean(AbstractBeanFactory.java:302)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.getBean(AbstractBeanFactory.java:197)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.preInstantiateSingletons(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:761)
at org.springframework.context.support.AbstractApplicationContext.finishBeanFactoryInitialization(AbstractApplicationContext.java:867)
at org.springframework.context.support.AbstractApplicationContext.refresh(AbstractApplicationContext.java:543)
at org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication.refresh(SpringApplication.java:693)
at org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication.refreshContext(SpringApplication.java:360)
at org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication.run(SpringApplication.java:303)
at org.springframework.boot.test.context.SpringBootContextLoader.loadContext(SpringBootContextLoader.java:120)
at org.springframework.test.context.cache.DefaultCacheAwareContextLoaderDelegate.loadContextInternal(DefaultCacheAwareContextLoaderDelegate.java:98)
at org.springframework.test.context.cache.DefaultCacheAwareContextLoaderDelegate.loadContext(DefaultCacheAwareContextLoaderDelegate.java:116)
... 25 common frames omitted
Caused by: org.springframework.beans.factory.NoSuchBeanDefinitionException: No qualifying bean of type 'org.springframework.data.redis.core.RedisTemplate<java.lang.String, java.lang.Object>' available: expected at least 1 bean which qualifies as autowire candidate. Dependency annotations: {@org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired(required=true)}
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.raiseNoMatchingBeanFound(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:1493)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.doResolveDependency(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:1104)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.resolveDependency(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:1066)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor$AutowiredFieldElement.inject(AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.java:585)
... 43 common frames omitted
看到這一大段錯誤日志是不是有點暈，其實我們只需要看關鍵的錯誤日志就可以定位到問題。錯誤日志中的第二個Caused by打印了關鍵的錯誤日志：No qualifying bean of type ‘org.springframework.data.redis.core.RedisTemplate< java.lang.String, java.lang.Object>。
筆主回看寫的代碼，在注入RedisTemplate< K, V>時指定了具體的類型。
@Component
public class RedisDao {
/**
* 注入時指定了K、V類型
*/
@Autowired
private RedisTemplate<String, Object> redisTemplate;
@Autowired
private StringRedisTemplate stringRedisTemplate;
@Resource(name="redisTemplate")
ValueOperations<String, Object> valOpsObj;
@Resource(name="stringRedisTemplate")
ValueOperations<String, String> valOpsStr;
}
根據錯誤日志查看DefaultListableBeanFactory這個類的第1493行的代碼，源碼如下：
/**
* 為無法解決的依賴拋出NoSuchBeanDefinitionException或BeanNotOfRequiredTypeException。
* Raise a NoSuchBeanDefinitionException or BeanNotOfRequiredTypeException
* for an unresolvable dependency.
*/
private void raiseNoMatchingBeanFound(
Class<?> type, ResolvableType resolvableType, DependencyDescriptor descriptor) throws BeansException {
checkBeanNotOfRequiredType(type, descriptor);
//拋出NoSuchBeanDefinitionException
throw new NoSuchBeanDefinitionException(resolvableType,
"expected at least 1 bean which qualifies as autowire candidate. " +
"Dependency annotations: " + ObjectUtils.nullSafeToString(descriptor.getAnnotations()));
}
/**
* 為無法解決的依賴拋出BeanNotOfRequiredTypeException，如果適用，例如，bean的目標類型匹配但是公開的代理不匹配。
*
*
* Raise a BeanNotOfRequiredTypeException for an unresolvable dependency, if applicable,
* i.e. if the target type of the bean would match but an exposed proxy doesn't.
*/
private void checkBeanNotOfRequiredType(Class<?> type, DependencyDescriptor descriptor) {
for (String beanName : this.beanDefinitionNames) {
RootBeanDefinition mbd = getMergedLocalBeanDefinition(beanName);
Class<?> targetType = mbd.getTargetType();
if (targetType != null && type.isAssignableFrom(targetType) &&
isAutowireCandidate(beanName, mbd, descriptor, getAutowireCandidateResolver())) {
// Probably a proxy interfering with target type match -> throw meaningful exception.
Object beanInstance = getSingleton(beanName, false);
Class<?> beanType = (beanInstance != null ? beanInstance.getClass() : predictBeanType(beanName, mbd));
if (!type.isAssignableFrom((beanType))) {
//拋出BeanNotOfRequiredTypeException
throw new BeanNotOfRequiredTypeException(beanName, type, beanType);
}
}
}
BeanFactory parent = getParentBeanFactory();
if (parent instanceof DefaultListableBeanFactory) {
((DefaultListableBeanFactory) parent).checkBeanNotOfRequiredType(type, descriptor);
}
}
這兩個方法說明了沒有找到RedisTemplate< String, Object>可以匹配的Bean，那么這個問題該如何解決呢？不妨在使用RedisTemplate< K, V>時不指定具體的類型，修改代碼如下：
/**
* 注入時不指定K、V的類型
*/
@Autowired
private RedisTemplate redisTemplate;
重新啟動服務，啟動日志沒有報錯，RedisTemplate注入Bean成功了。為什么RedisTemplate< String, Object>注入Bean會失敗呢，很是納悶。思考很久，想到RedisTemplate在SpringBoot框架中是自動配置的，容器中默認的就是RedisTemplate的實例。想到這里，就需要翻下官網的文檔，看看官網文檔有沒有什么說明。果然，官方文檔第30.1.1章節還是針對RedisTemplate做了說明。
官方文檔地址：https://docs.spring.io/spring-boot/docs/current/reference/htmlsingle/
If you add your own @Bean of any of the auto-configured types, it replaces the default (except in the case of RedisTemplate, when the exclusion is based on the bean name, redisTemplate, not its type).
1
如果針對自動配置類型添加自己的Bean，它將取代默認的。我的代碼好像寫的沒問題啊，等等…括號中這句話才是重點啊。翻譯一波，在RedisTemplate的情況下除外，當排除基於Bean的名稱，而不是它的類型。英文不太好，怎么翻譯好像都不大通順。
現在好像明白了，剛才的RedisTemplate< String, Object>注入時用到了@Autowired，@Autowired默認按照類型裝配的。也就是說，想要獲取RedisTemplate< String, Object>的Bean，要根據名字裝配。那么自然想到使用@Resource，它默認按照名字裝配。再次修改代碼如下：
/**
* 注入時指定了K、V類型
*/
@Resource
private RedisTemplate<String, Object> redisTemplate;
再次重新啟動服務，啟動日志沒有報錯，RedisTemplate< String, Object>注入Bean成功了。通過這個錯誤，學習到SpringBoot框架中自動配置類的一個特性。同時，也反映出學習一門技術要從官網開始，避免踩坑。
在實際開發過程中，使用RedisTemplate< K, V>不是必須指定K、V的類型，使用默認的Bean就能滿足需求。
最后想再驗證一個小的問題，再次修改代碼如下：
/**
* Redis訪問工具類
* @author zhaoheng
* @date 2018年8月10日
*/
@Component
public class RedisDao {
/**
* 注入時指定K、V類型都為String
*/
@Autowired
private RedisTemplate<String, String> redisTemplate;
@Autowired
private StringRedisTemplate stringRedisTemplate;
/**
* 比較兩個對象是否是同一個對象
*/
public boolean compare () {
LOG.info("redisTemplate的hashcode：{}", redisTemplate.hashCode());
LOG.info("stringRedisTemplate的hashcode：{}", stringRedisTemplate.hashCode());
LOG.info("equal()的結果：{}", redisTemplate.equals(stringRedisTemplate));
return redisTemplate == stringRedisTemplate;
}
}
/**
* 單元測試類
* @author zhaoheng
* @date 2018年8月10日
*/
@RunWith(SpringRunner.class)
@SpringBootTest
public class Demo1ApplicationTests {
private static final Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(Demo1ApplicationTests.class);
@Autowired
private RedisDao redisDao;
@Test
public void contextLoads() {
boolean flag = redisDao.compare();
LOG.info("redisTemplate和stringRedisTemplate的比較結果：{}", flag);
}
}
上邊這段代碼在注入RedisTemplate時指定K、V都為String類型，在compare()方法中比較redisTemplate和stringRedisTemplate是否是同一個對象。運行下單元測試類，測試結果如下：
2018-08-10 18:30:57.075 - Started Demo1ApplicationTests in 15.58 seconds (JVM running for 16.974)
2018-08-10 18:30:57.360 - redisTemplate的hashcode：1996087296
2018-08-10 18:30:57.360 - stringRedisTemplate的hashcode：1996087296
2018-08-10 18:30:57.363 - equal()的結果：true
2018-08-10 18:30:57.364 - redisTemplate和stringRedisTemplate的比較結果：true
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2
3
4
5
測試結果表明redisTemplate和stringRedisTemplate是同一個對象。等等…這次注入RedisTemplate時指定K、V都為String為什么沒有錯呢？而且，兩個對象竟然是同一個對象。還是來看下StringRedisTemplate的源碼吧。
public class StringRedisTemplate extends RedisTemplate<String, String> {
/**
* Constructs a new <code>StringRedisTemplate</code> instance. {@link #setConnectionFactory(RedisConnectionFactory)}
* and {@link #afterPropertiesSet()} still need to be called.
*/
public StringRedisTemplate() {
RedisSerializer<String> stringSerializer = new StringRedisSerializer();
setKeySerializer(stringSerializer);
setValueSerializer(stringSerializer);
setHashKeySerializer(stringSerializer);
setHashValueSerializer(stringSerializer);
}
/**
* Constructs a new <code>StringRedisTemplate</code> instance ready to be used.
*
* @param connectionFactory connection factory for creating new connections
*/
public StringRedisTemplate(RedisConnectionFactory connectionFactory) {
this();
setConnectionFactory(connectionFactory);
afterPropertiesSet();
}
protected RedisConnection preProcessConnection(RedisConnection connection, boolean existingConnection) {
return new DefaultStringRedisConnection(connection);
}
}
看了源碼是不是理解了，因為StringRedisTemplate類的父類就是RedisTemplate< String, String>，而Bean默認是單例的，兩個是自然是同一個對象了。
至此，本篇文章書寫完畢。由於筆主水平有限，筆誤或者不當之處還請批評指正。
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版權聲明：本文為CSDN博主「zhaoheng314」的原創文章，遵循CC 4.0 BY-SA版權協議，轉載請附上原文出處鏈接及本聲明。
原文鏈接：https://blog.csdn.net/zhaoheng314/java/article/details/81564166